In order to optionally regulate embedding capacity and embedding transparency according to user's requirements in voice-over-IP(VoIP) steganography,a dynamic matrix encoding strategy(DMES) was presented.Differing ...In order to optionally regulate embedding capacity and embedding transparency according to user's requirements in voice-over-IP(VoIP) steganography,a dynamic matrix encoding strategy(DMES) was presented.Differing from the traditional matrix encoding strategy,DMES dynamically chose the size of each message group in a given set of adoptable message sizes.The appearance possibilities of all adoptable sizes were set in accordance with the desired embedding performance(embedding rate or bit-change rate).Accordingly,a searching algorithm that could provide an optimal combination of appearance possibilities was proposed.Furthermore,the roulette wheel algorithm was employed to determine the size of each message group according to the optimal combination of appearance possibilities.The effectiveness of DMES was evaluated in StegVoIP,which is a typical covert communication system based on VoIP.The experimental results demonstrate that DMES can adjust embedding capacity and embedding transparency effectively and flexibly,and achieve the desired embedding performance in any case.For the desired embedding rate,the average errors are not more than 0.000 8,and the standard deviations are not more than 0.002 0;for the desired bit-change rate,the average errors are not more than 0.001 4,and the standard deviations are not more than 0.002 6.展开更多
The pervasive transcription of the genome creates many types of non-coding RNAs(nc RNAs).However,we know very little regarding the functions and the regulatory mechanisms of these nc RNAs.Exploring the interactions of...The pervasive transcription of the genome creates many types of non-coding RNAs(nc RNAs).However,we know very little regarding the functions and the regulatory mechanisms of these nc RNAs.Exploring the interactions of RNA and RNA binding proteins(RBPs) is vital because it can allow us to truly understand how these nc RNAs behave in vivo.High-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by cross-linking immunoprecipitation(HITS-CLIP or CLIP-seq) and its variants have been successfully used as systemic techniques to study RBP binding sites.In this review,we will explain the major differences between the CLIP techniques,summarize successful applications of these techniques,discuss limitations of CLIP,present some suggested solutions and project their promising future roles in studying the RNA world.展开更多
基金Project(2009AA01A402) supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of ChinaProject(NCET-06-0650) supported by Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University Project(IRT-0725) supported by Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in Chinese University
文摘In order to optionally regulate embedding capacity and embedding transparency according to user's requirements in voice-over-IP(VoIP) steganography,a dynamic matrix encoding strategy(DMES) was presented.Differing from the traditional matrix encoding strategy,DMES dynamically chose the size of each message group in a given set of adoptable message sizes.The appearance possibilities of all adoptable sizes were set in accordance with the desired embedding performance(embedding rate or bit-change rate).Accordingly,a searching algorithm that could provide an optimal combination of appearance possibilities was proposed.Furthermore,the roulette wheel algorithm was employed to determine the size of each message group according to the optimal combination of appearance possibilities.The effectiveness of DMES was evaluated in StegVoIP,which is a typical covert communication system based on VoIP.The experimental results demonstrate that DMES can adjust embedding capacity and embedding transparency effectively and flexibly,and achieve the desired embedding performance in any case.For the desired embedding rate,the average errors are not more than 0.000 8,and the standard deviations are not more than 0.002 0;for the desired bit-change rate,the average errors are not more than 0.001 4,and the standard deviations are not more than 0.002 6.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31200593,31230042)the Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (S2011040001760)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (13lgpy40)the National Basic Research Program of China (2011CB811300)
文摘The pervasive transcription of the genome creates many types of non-coding RNAs(nc RNAs).However,we know very little regarding the functions and the regulatory mechanisms of these nc RNAs.Exploring the interactions of RNA and RNA binding proteins(RBPs) is vital because it can allow us to truly understand how these nc RNAs behave in vivo.High-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by cross-linking immunoprecipitation(HITS-CLIP or CLIP-seq) and its variants have been successfully used as systemic techniques to study RBP binding sites.In this review,we will explain the major differences between the CLIP techniques,summarize successful applications of these techniques,discuss limitations of CLIP,present some suggested solutions and project their promising future roles in studying the RNA world.
