A Review of the History and Development of Integrated Pest Management(IPM)

The evolvement of IPM has experienced several significant stages. IPM is an ecosystem as a governance unit. It allows the presence of low numbers of pests because a direct or indirect relationship between biological species and their associated environmental living conditions could keep a long-term ecological balance. IPM also emphasizes overall benefits; it is necessary to integrate all kinds of safe, effective, economic, and simple managements as far as possible. When synthesizing and coordinating various managements, effective control object, effective time limit, effective scope, and effective degree of the individual method should be analysed first. The ultimate goal of IPM is for the sustainable development of agriculture. In the future IPM system engineering, crop resistance, the role of natural enemies, agricultural control, and the application of biological control technologies will be greatly strengthened, and the role of chemical pesticides will be significantly reduced. Safe, effective, and long-lasting control of pest populations will be below the level of harm caused, which could protect the ecological environment and the health of people and livestock, and promote the development of production.

An integrated pest management program for managing fusarium head blight disease in cereals

Fusarium head blight(FHB)is a worldwide devastating disease of small grain cereals and Fusarium graminearum species complex(FGSC)is the major pathogen causing the disease.The epidemics of FHB lead to the reduction of grain yield and economic losses.Additionally,mycotoxins produced by the FHB pathogens are hazardous to the health of human and livestock.In this review,we summarize the epidemiology of FHB,and introduce effects of this disease on economy,environment and food safety.We focus on the integrated management approaches for controlling FHB including agronomic practices,resistant cultivars,chemical control,and biocontrol.In addition,we also discuss the potential novel management strategies against FHB and mycotoxin.

The use of Bacillus thuringiensis on Forest Integrated Pest Management

Bacillus thuringiensis is a major microbial insecticide and a source of genes encoding several proteins toxic to insects. In this paper the authors g ive a brief summary of Bacillus thuringiensis used on the integrated pest manage ment in forestry. The derivatives of Bt strain HD1 subsp kurstaki have been wide ly used to control the forest pests such as the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), s pruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), the pine processionary moth (Thaumetop oea pityocampa), the European pine shoot moth (Rhyacionia buoliana) and the nun moth (Lymantria monacha). Some progresses of transferring and expressing Bt toxi n gene in forest trees are offered with a discussion on the limits and future pr ospects of using Bt products in forestry.

Integrated pest management programme for cereal blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

Magnaporthe oryzae,the causal agent of blast diseases,is a destructive filamentous fungus that infects many plants including most economically important food crops,rice,wheat,pearl millet and finger millet.Magnaporthe oryzae has numerous pathotypes because of its high host-specificity in the field.The Oryza pathotype(MoO)of M.oryzae is the most devastating pathogen of rice,causing 10–30%yield loss in the world.On the other hand,the Triticum pathotype(MoT)causes blast disease in wheat,which is now a serious threat to wheat production in some South American countries,Bangladesh and Zambia.Because of low fungicide efficacy against the blast diseases and lack of availability of resistant varieties,control of rice and wheat blast diseases is difficult.Therefore,an integrated management programme should be adopted to control these two diseases in the field.Here,we introduced and summarized the classification,geographical distribution,host range,disease symptoms,biology and ecology,economic impact,and integrated pest management(IPM)programme of both rice and wheat blast diseases.

Recent progress in maize lethal necrosis disease:From pathogens to integrated pest management

Maize(Zea mays),as a staple food and an important industrial raw material,has been widely cultivated for centuries especially by smallholder farmers.Maize lethal necrosis disease(MLND)is a serious disease infecting maize,which caused devastating damage in the African region recently.MLND is induced by co-infection of maize chlorotic mottle virus and one of several cereal-infecting viruses in the Potyviridae family,with the symptoms ranging from chlorotic mottle to plant death at different infection stages.Integrated pest management for MLND needs strengthening detection,focusing on prevention and effective control.Early detection system of MLND has been successfully established by serological methods,nucleic acid-based methods,next-generation sequencing,etc.The practices,such as using certified seeds,sanitary measures,crop rotation,tolerant or resistant varieties etc.,have been considered as the effective,economical and eco-friendly way to prevent and control MLND.

Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus （Olivier）： Economic Importance, Biology, Biogeography and Integrated Pest Management

The Red Palm Weevil （RPW）, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus （Olivier）, （Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Rhynchophorinae）, is an invasive species that is originated from Southeast Asia. It has.invaded Middle East and several countries of the Mediterranean Basin during the last three decades where it attacks palm trees. During the last three decades, multiple introductions of RPW to the Middle East, Europe and Caribbean （Island of Curacao, Netherland Antilles）, Lebanon and United States of America （Laguna Beach, Orange County, California） （USA） have occurred and the RPW is now a serious pest of many palm species. Duration of all life parameters varies significantly where the entire life cycle takes about 45 to 298 days. Different artificial diets were developed and were tested for mass rearing of RPW. Control of RPW is difficult due to the concealed nature of the life cycle of the pest. Integrated Pest Management （IPM） strategy has been applied successfully to deal with RPW problem. The IPM strategy consists of various preventive and curative methods; those methods were categorized in nine categories in this review. The main objective of this work was to review the existing knowledge on RPW＇s different aspects, with an ultimate aim of revealing the actual situation of the research on RPW.

Toward a Decision Support System for Integrated Pest Management of Pine Caterpillar

A decision support system for IPM of the pine caterpillar, Dendrolimus spectabilis Buter, DS-IPM-DSS, has recently been developed using a GW-0520 CH microcomputer. The software system consists of , a Model Base and its Management System, a Database and its Management System, a Control Program, a Problem Analysis Program, and a User’s Interface System. Also further development aimed at expanding the DS-IPM-DSS into a more generalized and flexible package, i. e., making it helpful in creating computer-based system for other forest insect pests, are discussed.

Sustainable Management of Rice Insect Pests by Non-Chemical-Insecticide Technologies in China

Chemical pesticides play crucial roles in the management of crop diseases and pests. However, excessive and irrational use of pesticides has become a major concern and obstacle to sustainable agriculture. As a result, the quality and security of agricultural products are reduced, and the ecological and environmental integrities are threatened. Recently, environment-friendly pest management measures have been introduced and adopted to manage rice insect pests and reduce the use of insecticides. This paper reviewed the advancements in development and application of non-chemical technologies for insect pest management during rice production in China.

Potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans:From molecular interactions to integrated management strategies

Over 170 years after the infamous Irish Potato Famine,potato late blight(PLB)caused by Phytophthora infestans remains the single most devastating disease of global potato production,causing up to 10 billion USD in yield loss and management costs.Through decades of research,growers and agronomists in the field as well as laboratory scientists have made significant progress in understanding the molecular pathogenesis process of this critical pathosystem and effective management strategies to control PLB.Yet,the need to feed an ever-increasing global population under changing climate demands continued improvement in efficient and sustainable PLB management schemes that can be implemented across a broad economic spectrum.In this review,we briefly summarize the current understanding of the molecular interaction between P.infestans and its host plants,highlight the current integrated pest management strategy to control PLB on local and continental scales,and discuss the potential of further improvement of sustainable PLB control through genetic enhancement of crop resistance and emerging crop protection technologies.

Evaluation of Synthetic and Natural Insecticides for the Management of Insect Pest Control of Eggplant (<i>Solanum Melongena</i>L.) and Pesticide Residue Dissipation Pattern

Eggplant shoot and fruit borer (ESFB), Leucinodes orbonalis G. is a key pest of eggplant, Solanum melongena L. Organophosphates (OP) having high toxicity and persistence are used to control the pests in many developing countries, despite availability of new insecticides with better qualities. Field evaluation of thiacloprid and indoxacarb were carried out against ESFB, with an OP insecticide, methyl parathion. Two Bacillus thuriegensis (Bt) based formulations namely Biolep and PUSA Bt and two azadirachtin formulations namely Neem Seed Kernal Extract (NSKE) and Nimbo Bas were also evaluated against ESFB for the management of the pest. HPLC and GC methods for the estimation of indoxacarb, thiacloprid and methyl parathion from the fruits were developed and their dissipation patterns and safety parameters were compared. For indoxacarb, the method involving Florisil gave highest recovery (88%) whereas average recoveries of other methods varied from 59% to 82%. The mean initial deposits of indoxacarb on fruits were 2.60 mg/kg to 3.64 mg/kg and 2.63 mg/kg to 3.68 mg/kg from 75 and 150 g·ai/ha treatments from two-year field studies. The half-life of indoxacarb was 3.0 d - 3.8 d from both years. The Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) was found to be 0.446 mg/person/day to 0.643 mg/person/day for day-1 residues which is in par with the Maximum Permissible Intake (MPI) of 0.6 mg/person/day. The TMDI from 3 d residues was found to be less than the MPI calculated with the data of 3 d residues which ensures better margin of safety. For thiacloprid, the method involving Florisil gave highest recovery (89%). The mean initial deposits of thiacloprid on fruits were 3.39 to 5.40 mg/kg and 3.40 to 5.39 mg/kg from 30 and 60 g·ai/ha treatments from both years. The half-life values were determined to be 11.1 and 11.6 d for both years. The TMDI from maximum residues observed for first day for both the treatments during first year trials was found to be 0.682 to 1.098 mg person/day, which was higher than the MPI of 0.72 mg/person/day, which proved that the application is toxic to humans. Thiacloprid at the experimented doses (30 and 60 g·ai/ha) was found not effective to manage ESFB and was not safe for human consumption after a waiting period of 3 days. For methyl parathion, the method involving Florisil gave highest average recovery (89%). The initial residues on fruits from recommended dose declined from 3.60 to 3.12 mg/kg in one day and 0.27 mg/kg in twentyfive days from 100 g·ai/ha. Similar pattern was observed with higher dose also. The dissipation rate constants were 0.123 and 0.140 for 100 and 200 g·ai/ha treatments, respectively. The half life values ranged from 6.0 to 7.4 days. Using dose (100 g·ai/ha), the residues reached safe level only after 20 days. A minimum gap of 20 days after the last application of the insecticide to the harvest is impractical for this crop. The efficacy of methyl parathion against ESFB was good at lower dose, but due to its toxic residue profile there is a high health risk. Biolep at both doses were not effective against ESFB, however PUSA Bt gave better control against ESFB at similar dose. NSKE was found effective against ESFB, however NimboBas found to be non-effective against ESFB.

我国IPM策略的发展与害虫控制

从IPM的历史、取得的成效、发展与展望等几方面 ,综述了IPM的策略思想在害虫防治中的重大作用 ,指出了IPM策略思想是可持续农业发展的重要基石。

有害生物综合治理(IPM)的几点探讨

从客观的角度 ,审视了有害生物综合治理 (IPM)现状 ,分析了IPM在实践和理论上的局限性 ,并评述了IPM的基本思想、IPM与可持续发展。

城市园林绿地实施IPM战略初探

在城市园林绿地建设中应当实施 IPM战略，在规划设计、施工、养护等环节融入 IPM思想，通过适地适树、复层种植、精心施工和按规程养护管理等措施，协调园林植物──有害生物──环境所组成的生态系统的关系，建设生态和谐的园林，提高园林绿地的生态质量。

基于IPM策略的捕食与被捕食系统的动力学性质

本文基于综合害虫管理策略(IPM),对具有脉冲效应的 Lotka-Volterra 捕食与被捕食系统进 行了分析。证明了当脉冲周期小于某个临界值时,系统存在一个全局渐进稳定的害虫根除周期 解,否则系统是持续生存的,而且通过分析表明如果采取有效的化学控制策略,那么综合害虫管 理策略是最有效的。

我国水稻IPM研究回顾与展望

本文报道从“八五”以来，我国水稻病虫害综合治理（ＩＰＭ）研究在主要病虫动态规律，关键防治措施，综合治理技术体系等方面取得的重大进展，这些成绩保障了我国水稻生产的持续发展。

基于IPM策略的捕食系统的全局稳定性

对具有害虫综合管理策略(IPM)的Lotka-Volterra捕食与被捕食系统进行了定性分析.利用Floquet理论和微分方程比较定理证明了当临界值R0<1时,系统的害虫根除周期解是全局渐近稳定的,而当R0>1系统是持久生存的.数值模拟分析了喷洒杀虫剂的剂量和次数,天敌和害虫的残存率如何影响临界值,为成功的害虫控制策略提供理论依据.

论世界持续农业(SA)与有害生物综合治理(IPM)

本文重点介绍了世界持续农业（SA）的基本内容和有害生物综合治理（IPM）的新概念及传统农业向持续农业转变的主要限制和对策。阐述了IPM在未来持续农业中的作用和地位。

IPM计算机决策技术简述

害虫综合管理(IPM)的对象是一个复杂的生态系统。计算机已成为操纵这种复杂系统的有效决策工具。IPM统计分析、模型生成、生态过程模拟和数据管理是计算机辅助决策的初级形式。在此基础上,IPM决策过程的计算机化在近几年达到了很高的程度,出现了IPM决策支持系统(DSS)和专家系统(EXS)。这标志着IPM科学决策时代的到来。在某种意义上,计算机软硬件的技术进步改变了IPM的过去,影响着IPM的现在,决定着IPM的未来。

我国实施IPM的影响因素及对策

在分析影响我国有害生物综合治理(Integratedpestmanagement,IPM)实施的各种问题,如农户对IPM技术的需求、IPM推广服务体系、IPM应用基础理论及技术研究、农药市场和社会环境等问题的基础上,提出了相应的对策.认为IPM不仅是一个应用生物学、生态学问题,其实施过程涉及社会各相关领域,为了全面推进IPM在生产中的应用,必须进一步加强IPM应用基础理论的研究,开发符合IPM要求的新技术,完善推广服务体系,加强农药生产、销售与使用的管理,创造有利于IPM实施的社会环境等.

文献保存环境控制IPM方案——以日本国立国会图书馆、美国伊利诺伊大学图书馆为例

介绍了有害生物综合防治管理方案及其在文献保护工作中的应用,通过分析日本国立国会图书馆与美国伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校图书馆IPM项目设计与实施,从可持续发展角度出发总结了IPM管理方案,综合各项环境控制措施,图书馆内外沟通合作,强调实用性与可行性等特点,指出文献保护管理是我国文献保护工作亟待加强的方面。