The infrared radiation temperature(IRT)variation concerning stress and crack evolution of rocks is a critical focus in rock mechanics domain and engineering disaster warning.In this paper,a methodology to extract the ...The infrared radiation temperature(IRT)variation concerning stress and crack evolution of rocks is a critical focus in rock mechanics domain and engineering disaster warning.In this paper,a methodology to extract the key IRT features related to stress and crack evolution of loaded rocks is proposed.Specifically,the wavelet denoising and reconstruction in thermal image sequence(WDRTIS)method is employed to eliminate temporal noise in thermal image sequences.Subsequently,the adaptive partition temperature drift correction(APTDC)method is introduced to alleviate temperature drift.On this basis,the spatial noise correction method based on threshold segmentation and adaptive median filtering(OTSU-AMF)is proposed to extract the key IRT features associated with microcracks of loaded rocks.Following temperature drift correction,IRT provides an estimation of the thermoelastic factor in rocks,typically around 5.29×10^(-5) MPa^(-1) for sandstones.Results reveal that the high-temperature concentrated region in cumulative thermal images of crack evolution(TICE)can elucidate the spatiotemporal evolution of localized damage.Additionally,heat dissipation of crack evolution(HDCE)acquired from TICE quantifies the progressive failure process of rocks.The proposed methodology enhances the reliability of IRT monitoring results and provides an innovative approach for conducting research in rock mechanics and monitoring engineering disasters.展开更多
We measured the IR back radiation using a relatively low-cost experimental setup and a test chamber with increasing CO2 concentrations starting with a pure N2 atmosphere against a temperature-controlled black referenc...We measured the IR back radiation using a relatively low-cost experimental setup and a test chamber with increasing CO2 concentrations starting with a pure N2 atmosphere against a temperature-controlled black reference background. The results confirm estimations within this work and previous finding about CO2-induced infrared radiation saturation within realistic atmospheric conditions. We used this setup also to study thermal forcing effects with stronger and rare greenhouse gases against a clear night sky. Our results and their interpretation are another indication for having a more critical approach in climate modelling and against monocausal interpretation of climate indices only caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Basic physics combined with measurements and data taken from the literature allow us to conclude that CO2 induced infrared back-radiation must follow an asymptotic logarithmic-like behavior, which is also widely accepted in the climate-change community. The important question of climate sensitivity by doubling current CO2 concentrations is estimated to be below 1˚C. This value is important when the United Nations consider climate change as an existential threat and many governments intend rigorously to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions, led by an ambitious European Union inspired by IPCC assessments is targeting for more than 55% in 2030 and up to 100% in 2050 [1]. But probably they should also listen to experts [2] [3] who found that all these predictions have considerable flaws in basic models, data and impact scenarios.展开更多
Knowledge about thermal radiation of the atmosphere is rich in hypotheses and theories but poor in empiric evidence. Thereby, the Stefan-Boltzmann relation is of central importance in atmosphere physics, and holds the...Knowledge about thermal radiation of the atmosphere is rich in hypotheses and theories but poor in empiric evidence. Thereby, the Stefan-Boltzmann relation is of central importance in atmosphere physics, and holds the status of a natural law. However, its empirical foundation is little, tracing back to experiments made by Dulong and Petit two hundred years ago. Originated by Stefan at the end of the 19th century, and theoretically founded afterwards by Boltzmann, it delivers the absolute temperature of a blackbody—or rather of a solid opaque body (SOB)—as a result of the incident solar radiation intensity, the emitted thermal radiation of this body, and the counter-radiation of the atmosphere. Thereby, a similar character of the blackbody radiation—describable by the expression σ·T4—and the atmospheric counter-radiation was assumed. But this appears quite abstruse and must be questioned, not least since no pressure-dependency is provided. Thanks to the author’s recently published work—proposing novel measuring methods—, the possibility was opened-up not only to find an alternative approach for the counter-radiation of the atmosphere, but also to verify it by measurements. This approach was ensued from the observation that the IR-radiative emission of gases is proportional to the pressure and to the square root of the absolute temperature, which could be bolstered by applying the kinetic gas theory. The here presented verification of the modified counter-radiation term A·p·T0.5 in the Stefan-Boltzmann relation was feasible using a direct caloric method for determining the solar absorption coefficients of coloured aluminium-plates and the respective limiting temperatures under direct solar irradiation. For studying the pressure dependency, the experiments were carried out at locations with different altitudes. For the so-called atmospheric emission constant A an approximate value of 22 Wm-2 bar-1 K-0.5 was found. In the non-steady-state, the total thermal emission power of the soil is given by the difference between its blackbody radiation and the counter-radiation of the atmosphere. This relation explains to a considerable part the fact that on mountains the atmospheric temperature is lower than on lowlands, in spite of the enhanced sunlight intensity. Thereto, the so-called greenhouse gases such as carbon-dioxide do not have any influence.展开更多
The actual treatise represents a synopsis of six important previous contributions of the author, concerning atmospheric physics and climate change. Since this issue is influenced by politics like no other, and since t...The actual treatise represents a synopsis of six important previous contributions of the author, concerning atmospheric physics and climate change. Since this issue is influenced by politics like no other, and since the greenhouse-doctrine with CO<sub>2</sub> as the culprit in climate change is predominant, the respective theory has to be outlined, revealing its flaws and inconsistencies. But beyond that, the author’s own contributions are focused and deeply discussed. The most eminent one concerns the discovery of the absorption of thermal radiation by gases, leading to warming-up, and implying a thermal radiation of gases which depends on their pressure. This delivers the final evidence that trace gases such as CO<sub>2</sub> don’t have any influence on the behaviour of the atmosphere, and thus on climate. But the most useful contribution concerns the method which enables to determine the solar absorption coefficient β<sub>s</sub> of coloured opaque plates. It delivers the foundations for modifying materials with respect to their capability of climate mitigation. Thereby, the main influence is due to the colouring, in particular of roofs which should be painted, preferably light-brown (not white, from aesthetic reasons). It must be clear that such a drive for brightening-up the World would be the only chance of mitigating the climate, whereas the greenhouse doctrine, related to CO<sub>2</sub>, has to be abandoned. However, a global climate model with forecasts cannot be aspired to since this problem is too complex, and since several climate zones exist.展开更多
A three-dimensional infrared radiation code for exhaust system was developed by the finite volume method coupled with narrow band k-distribution in non-gray absorbing-emitting media.The final infrared signature had co...A three-dimensional infrared radiation code for exhaust system was developed by the finite volume method coupled with narrow band k-distribution in non-gray absorbing-emitting media.The final infrared signature had considered the atmosphere effect,and the simulation values were favorably consistent with testing ones.The results indicate that the relative errors considering the effect of atmosphere compared with that of the contrary condition reduce by 31%,it shows that when simulating the infrared radiation of the target which is received by the infrared detectors,even the calculation band is in atmospheric windows 3～5 μm,the effect of atmospheric transmission on infrared signature of the target should not be neglected.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51874280)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2021ZDPY0211)+2 种基金the Graduate Innovation Program of China University of Mining and Technology(No.2023WLKXJ046)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.KYCX23_2811)the Project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(No.JYTMS20231458).
文摘The infrared radiation temperature(IRT)variation concerning stress and crack evolution of rocks is a critical focus in rock mechanics domain and engineering disaster warning.In this paper,a methodology to extract the key IRT features related to stress and crack evolution of loaded rocks is proposed.Specifically,the wavelet denoising and reconstruction in thermal image sequence(WDRTIS)method is employed to eliminate temporal noise in thermal image sequences.Subsequently,the adaptive partition temperature drift correction(APTDC)method is introduced to alleviate temperature drift.On this basis,the spatial noise correction method based on threshold segmentation and adaptive median filtering(OTSU-AMF)is proposed to extract the key IRT features associated with microcracks of loaded rocks.Following temperature drift correction,IRT provides an estimation of the thermoelastic factor in rocks,typically around 5.29×10^(-5) MPa^(-1) for sandstones.Results reveal that the high-temperature concentrated region in cumulative thermal images of crack evolution(TICE)can elucidate the spatiotemporal evolution of localized damage.Additionally,heat dissipation of crack evolution(HDCE)acquired from TICE quantifies the progressive failure process of rocks.The proposed methodology enhances the reliability of IRT monitoring results and provides an innovative approach for conducting research in rock mechanics and monitoring engineering disasters.
文摘We measured the IR back radiation using a relatively low-cost experimental setup and a test chamber with increasing CO2 concentrations starting with a pure N2 atmosphere against a temperature-controlled black reference background. The results confirm estimations within this work and previous finding about CO2-induced infrared radiation saturation within realistic atmospheric conditions. We used this setup also to study thermal forcing effects with stronger and rare greenhouse gases against a clear night sky. Our results and their interpretation are another indication for having a more critical approach in climate modelling and against monocausal interpretation of climate indices only caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Basic physics combined with measurements and data taken from the literature allow us to conclude that CO2 induced infrared back-radiation must follow an asymptotic logarithmic-like behavior, which is also widely accepted in the climate-change community. The important question of climate sensitivity by doubling current CO2 concentrations is estimated to be below 1˚C. This value is important when the United Nations consider climate change as an existential threat and many governments intend rigorously to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions, led by an ambitious European Union inspired by IPCC assessments is targeting for more than 55% in 2030 and up to 100% in 2050 [1]. But probably they should also listen to experts [2] [3] who found that all these predictions have considerable flaws in basic models, data and impact scenarios.
文摘Knowledge about thermal radiation of the atmosphere is rich in hypotheses and theories but poor in empiric evidence. Thereby, the Stefan-Boltzmann relation is of central importance in atmosphere physics, and holds the status of a natural law. However, its empirical foundation is little, tracing back to experiments made by Dulong and Petit two hundred years ago. Originated by Stefan at the end of the 19th century, and theoretically founded afterwards by Boltzmann, it delivers the absolute temperature of a blackbody—or rather of a solid opaque body (SOB)—as a result of the incident solar radiation intensity, the emitted thermal radiation of this body, and the counter-radiation of the atmosphere. Thereby, a similar character of the blackbody radiation—describable by the expression σ·T4—and the atmospheric counter-radiation was assumed. But this appears quite abstruse and must be questioned, not least since no pressure-dependency is provided. Thanks to the author’s recently published work—proposing novel measuring methods—, the possibility was opened-up not only to find an alternative approach for the counter-radiation of the atmosphere, but also to verify it by measurements. This approach was ensued from the observation that the IR-radiative emission of gases is proportional to the pressure and to the square root of the absolute temperature, which could be bolstered by applying the kinetic gas theory. The here presented verification of the modified counter-radiation term A·p·T0.5 in the Stefan-Boltzmann relation was feasible using a direct caloric method for determining the solar absorption coefficients of coloured aluminium-plates and the respective limiting temperatures under direct solar irradiation. For studying the pressure dependency, the experiments were carried out at locations with different altitudes. For the so-called atmospheric emission constant A an approximate value of 22 Wm-2 bar-1 K-0.5 was found. In the non-steady-state, the total thermal emission power of the soil is given by the difference between its blackbody radiation and the counter-radiation of the atmosphere. This relation explains to a considerable part the fact that on mountains the atmospheric temperature is lower than on lowlands, in spite of the enhanced sunlight intensity. Thereto, the so-called greenhouse gases such as carbon-dioxide do not have any influence.
文摘The actual treatise represents a synopsis of six important previous contributions of the author, concerning atmospheric physics and climate change. Since this issue is influenced by politics like no other, and since the greenhouse-doctrine with CO<sub>2</sub> as the culprit in climate change is predominant, the respective theory has to be outlined, revealing its flaws and inconsistencies. But beyond that, the author’s own contributions are focused and deeply discussed. The most eminent one concerns the discovery of the absorption of thermal radiation by gases, leading to warming-up, and implying a thermal radiation of gases which depends on their pressure. This delivers the final evidence that trace gases such as CO<sub>2</sub> don’t have any influence on the behaviour of the atmosphere, and thus on climate. But the most useful contribution concerns the method which enables to determine the solar absorption coefficient β<sub>s</sub> of coloured opaque plates. It delivers the foundations for modifying materials with respect to their capability of climate mitigation. Thereby, the main influence is due to the colouring, in particular of roofs which should be painted, preferably light-brown (not white, from aesthetic reasons). It must be clear that such a drive for brightening-up the World would be the only chance of mitigating the climate, whereas the greenhouse doctrine, related to CO<sub>2</sub>, has to be abandoned. However, a global climate model with forecasts cannot be aspired to since this problem is too complex, and since several climate zones exist.
文摘A three-dimensional infrared radiation code for exhaust system was developed by the finite volume method coupled with narrow band k-distribution in non-gray absorbing-emitting media.The final infrared signature had considered the atmosphere effect,and the simulation values were favorably consistent with testing ones.The results indicate that the relative errors considering the effect of atmosphere compared with that of the contrary condition reduce by 31%,it shows that when simulating the infrared radiation of the target which is received by the infrared detectors,even the calculation band is in atmospheric windows 3～5 μm,the effect of atmospheric transmission on infrared signature of the target should not be neglected.
