Ictal-interictal continuum:a review of recent advancements

Continuous electroencephalogram(cEEG)has become an indispensable technique in the management of critically ill patients for early detection and treatment of non-convulsive seizures(NCS)and non-convulsive status epilepticus(NCSE).It has also brought about a renaissance in a wide range of rhythmic and periodic patterns with heterogeneous frequency and morphology.These patterns share the rhythmic and sharp appearances of electrographic seizures,but often lack the necessary frequency,spatiotemporal evolution and clinical accompaniments to meet the definitive criteria for ictal patterns.They may be associated with cerebral metabolic crisis and neuronal injury,therefore not clearly interictal either,but lie along an intervening spectrum referred to as ictal-interictal continuum(IIC).Generally speaking,rhythmic and periodic patterns are categorized as interictal patterns when occurring at a rate of<1Hz,and are categorized as NCS and NCSE when occurring at a rate of>2.5 Hz with spatiotemporal evolution.As such,IIC commonly includes the rhythmic and periodic patterns occurring at a rate of 1–2.5 Hz without spatiotemporal evolution and clinical correlates.Currently there are no evidence-based guidelines on when and if to treat patients with IIC patterns,and particularly how aggressively to treat,presenting a challenging electrophysiological and clinical conundrum.In practice,a diagnostic trial with preferably a non-sedative anti-seizure medication(ASM)can be considered with the end point being both clinical and electrographic improvement.When available and necessary,correlation of IIC with biomarkers of neuronal injury,such as neuronal specific enolase(NSE),neuroimaging,depth electrode recording,cerebral microdialysis and oxygen measurement,can be assessed for the consideration of ASM treatment.Here we review the recent advancements in their clinical significance,risk stratification and treatment algorithm.

Interface state-based bound states in continuum and below-continuum-resonance modes with high-Q factors in the rotational periodic system

We have introduced a new approach to calculate the orbital angular momentum(OAM)of bound states in continuum(BICs)and below-continuum-resonance(BCR)modes in the rotational periodic system nested inside and outside by transforming the Bloch wave number from the translational periodic system.We extensively classify and study these BICs and BCR modes,which exhibit high-quality(high-Q)factors,in different regions relative to the interface of the system.These BICs and BCR modes with a high-Q factor have been studied in detail based on distinctive structural parameters and scattering theory.The outcomes of this research break the periodic limitation of interface state-based BICs,and realize more and higher symmetry interface state-based BICs and BCR modes.Moreover,we can control the region where light is captured by adjusting the frequency,and show that the Q factor of BICs is more closely related to the ordinal number of rings and the rotational symmetry number of the system.

Using fracture-based continuum modeling of coupled geomechanical-hydrological processes for numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing

This paper describes numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing using fracture-based continuum modeling(FBCM)of coupled geomechanical-hydrological processes to evaluate a technique for high-density fracturing and fracture caging.The simulations are innovative because of modeling discrete fractures explicitly in continuum analysis.A key advantage of FBCM is that fracture initiation and propagation are modeled explicitly without changing the domain grid(i.e.no re-meshing).Further,multiple realizations of a preexisting fracture distribution can be analyzed using the same domain grid.The simulated hydraulic fracturing technique consists of pressurizing multiple wells simultaneously:initially without permeating fluids into the rock,to seed fractures uniformly and at high density in the wall rock of the wells;followed by fluid injection to propagate the seeded fracture density hydraulically.FBCM combines the ease of continuum modeling with the potential accuracy of modeling discrete fractures and fracturing explicitly.Fractures are modeled as piecewise planar based on intersections with domain elements;fracture geometry stored as continuum properties is used to calculate parameters needed to model individual fractures;and rock behavior is modeled through tensorial aggregation of the behavior of discrete fractures and unfractured rock.Simulations are presented for previously unfractured rock and for rock with preexisting fractures of horizontal,shallow-dipping,steeply dipping,or vertical orientation.Simulations of a single-well model are used to determine the pattern and spacing for a multiple-well design.The results illustrate high-density fracturing and fracture caging through simultaneous fluid injection in multiple wells:for previously unfractured rock or rock with preexisting shallow-dipping or horizontal fractures,and in situ vertical compressive stress greater than horizontal.If preexisting fractures are steeply dipping or vertical,and considering the same in situ stress condition,well pressurization without fluid permeation appears to be the only practical way to induce new fractures and contain fracturing within the target domain.

Enhancing the Goos-Hänchen shift based on quasi-bound states in the continuum through material asymmetric dielectric compound gratings

Quasi-bound state in the continuum(QBIC)resonance is gradually attracting attention and being applied in Goos-Hänchen(GH)shift enhancement due to its high quality(Q)factor and superior optical confinement.Currently,symmetry-protected QBIC resonance is often achieved by breaking the geometric symmetry,but few cases are achieved by breaking the material symmetry.This paper proposes a dielectric compound grating to achieve a high Q factor and high-reflection symmetry-protectede QBIC resonance based on material asymmetry.Theoretical calculations show that the symmetry-protected QBIC resonance achieved by material asymmetry can significantly increase the GH shift up to-980 times the resonance wavelength,and the maximum GH shift is located at the reflection peak with unity reflectance.This paper provides a theoretical basis for designing and fabricating high-performance GH shift tunable metasurfaces/dielectric gratings in the future.

Static-to-kinematic modeling and experimental validation of tendon-driven quasi continuum manipulators with nonconstant subsegment stiffness

Continuum robots with high flexibility and compliance have the capability to operate in confined and cluttered environments. To enhance the load capacity while maintaining robot dexterity, we propose a novel non-constant subsegment stiffness structure for tendon-driven quasi continuum robots(TDQCRs) comprising rigid-flexible coupling subsegments.Aiming at real-time control applications, we present a novel static-to-kinematic modeling approach to gain a comprehensive understanding of the TDQCR model. The analytical subsegment-based kinematics for the multisection manipulator is derived based on screw theory and product of exponentials formula, and the static model considering gravity loading,actuation loading, and robot constitutive laws is established. Additionally, the effect of tension attenuation caused by routing channel friction is considered in the robot statics, resulting in improved model accuracy. The root-mean-square error between the outputs of the static model and the experimental system is less than 1.63% of the arm length(0.5 m). By employing the proposed static model, a mapping of bending angles between the configuration space and the subsegment space is established. Furthermore, motion control experiments are conducted on our TDQCR system, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the static-to-kinematic model.

Nonlinear wave dispersion in monoatomic chains with lumped and distributed masses:discrete and continuum models

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of inertia of nonlinear springs on the dispersion behavior of discrete monoatomic chains with lumped and distributed masses.The developed model can represent the wave propagation problem in a non-homogeneous material consisting of heavy inclusions embedded in a matrix.The inclusions are idealized by lumped masses,and the matrix between adjacent inclusions is modeled by a nonlinear spring with distributed masses.Additionally,the model is capable of depicting the wave propagation in bi-material bars,wherein the first material is represented by a rigid particle and the second one is represented by a nonlinear spring with distributed masses.The discrete model of the nonlinear monoatomic chain with lumped and distributed masses is first considered,and a closed-form expression of the dispersion relation is obtained by the second-order Lindstedt-Poincare method(LPM).Next,a continuum model for the nonlinear monoatomic chain is derived directly from its discrete lattice model by a suitable continualization technique.The subsequent use of the second-order method of multiple scales(MMS)facilitates the derivation of the corresponding nonlinear dispersion relation in a closed form.The novelties of the present study consist of(i)considering the inertia of nonlinear springs on the dispersion behavior of the discrete mass-spring chains;(ii)developing the second-order LPM for the wave propagation in the discrete chains;and(iii)deriving a continuum model for the nonlinear monoatomic chains with lumped and distributed masses.Finally,a parametric study is conducted to examine the effects of the design parameters and the distributed spring mass on the nonlinear dispersion relations and phase velocities obtained from both the discrete and continuum models.These parameters include the ratio of the spring mass to the lumped mass,the nonlinear stiffness coefficient of the spring,and the wave amplitude.

Human immunodeficiency virus cascade–continuum of care stages and outcomes in a hospital in southern Brazil

BACKGROUND The human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)continuum of care cascade illustrates the 90-90-90 goals defined by the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(UNAIDS).The care cascade includes the following five steps:Diagnosis,linkage to care,retention in care,adherence to antiretroviral therapy(ART),and viral suppression.AIM To elaborate the HIV cascade of patients diagnosed with HIV at the Nossa Senhora da Conceição Hospital(HNSC)and to determine possible local causes for the loss of patients between each step of the cascade.METHODS This retrospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with HIV infection from January 1,2015 to December 31,2016 and followed up until July 31,2019.The data were analyzed by IBM SPSS software version 25,and Poisson regression with simple robust variance was used to analyze variables in relation to each step of the cascade.Variables with P<0.20 were included in multivariable analysis,and P<0.05 was considered significant.Pearson’sχ^(2) test was used to compare the groups of patients followed up at the HNSC and those followed up at other sites.RESULTS The results were lower than those expected by the UNAIDS,with 94%of patients linked,91%retained,81%adhering to ART,and 84%in viral suppression.Age and site of follow-up were the variables with the highest statistical significance.A comparison showed that the cascade of patients from the HNSC had superior results than outpatients,with a significant difference in the last step of the cascade.CONCLUSION The specialized and continued care provided at the HNSC was associated with better results and was closer to the goals set by the UNAIDS.The development of the HIV cascade using local data allowed for the stratification and evaluation of risk factors associated with the losses occurring between each step of the cascade.

General Kinetostatic Modeling and Deformation Analysis of a Two-Module Rod-Driven Continuum Robot with Friction Considered

Continuum robots actuated by flexible rods have large potential applications,such as detection and operation tasks in confined environments,since the push and pull actuation of flexible rods withstand tension and compressive force,and increase the structure's rigidity.In this paper,a generalized kinetostatics model for multi-module and multi-segment continuum robots considering the effect of friction based on the Cosserat rod theory is established.Then,the model is applied to a two-module rod-driven continuum robot with winding ropes to analyze its deformation and load characteristics.Four different in-plane configurations under the external load term as S1,S2,C1,and C2 are defined.Taking a bending plane as an example,the tip deformation along thex-axis of these shapes is simulated and compared,which shows that the load capacity of C1 and C2 is generally larger than that of S1 and S2.Furthermore,the deformation experiments and simulations show that the maximum error ratio without external loads relative to the total length is no more than 3%,and it is no more than 4.7%under the external load.The established kinetostatics model is proven sufficient to accurately analyze the rod-driven continuum robot with the consideration of internal friction.

Variation of soil-plant-atmosphere continuum stable isotope and water source in Qinghai spruce forest of the eastern Qilian Mountains

Understanding the hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope composition and characteristics of different water bodies in soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is of significance for revealing regional hydrological processes and water cycle mechanisms.In this study,we analyzed the stable isotopic composition,relationship and indicative significance of precipitation,soil water(0~100 cm depth)and xylem water of Qinghai spruce(Picea crassifolia)forest in the eastern Qilian Mountains,and explored the circulation process among different water bodies.The results show that the stable isotopes of precipitation vary greatly during the entire observation period.The values ofδ2H andδ^(18)O in the precipitation in the warm season are richer than those in the cold season,and the slope and intercept of local meteoric water line(LMWL,δ2H=6.79δ18O+7.13)are both smaller than global meteoric water line(GMWL,δ2H=8.17δ18O+10.56).The stable isotopes of soil water at different depths underwent different degrees of evaporative fractionation,and theδ18O andδ2H of shallow soil water varied greatly,while the deep soil water tended to be similar.The topsoil(0~10 cm)can respond quickly to precipitation,and the response of the deep soil has a time lag.In the whole growing season,0~30 cm and 60~100 cm soil water are the main water sources of Qinghai spruce.The water source of Qinghai spruce was from all soil layers in May and September,mainly from the shallow soil layer(0~30 cm)in August and October,and mainly from the deep soil layer(60~100 cm)in June and July.

Hybrid bound states in the continuum in terahertz metasurfaces

Bound states in the continuum(BICs)have exhibited extraordinary properties in photonics for enhanced light-matter interactions that enable appealing applications in nonlinear optics,biosensors,and ultrafast optical switches.The most common strategy to apply BICs in a metasurface is by breaking symmetry of resonators in the uniform array that leaks the otherwise uncoupled mode to free space and exhibits an inverse quadratic relationship between quality factor(Q)and asymmetry.Here,we propose a scheme to further reduce scattering losses and improve the robustness of symmetry-protected BICs by decreasing the radiation density with a hybrid BIC lattice.We observe a significant increase of radiative Q in the hybrid lattice compared to the uniform lattice with a factor larger than 14.6.In the hybrid BIC lattice,modes are transferred toГpoint inherited from high symmetric X,Y,and M points in the Brillouin zone that reveal as multiple Fano resonances in the far field and would find applications in hyperspectral sensing.This work initiates a novel and generalized path toward reducing scattering losses and improving the robustness of BICs in terms of lattice engineering that would release the rigid requirements of fabrication accuracy and benefit applications of photonics and optoelectronic devices.

Variable Curvature Modeling Method of Soft Continuum Robots with Constraints

The inherent compliance of continuum robots holds great promise in the fields of soft manipulation and safe human–robot interaction.This compliance reduces the risk of damage to the manipulated object and its surroundings.However,continuum robots possess theoretically infinite degrees of freedom,and this high flexibility usually leads to complex deformations when subjected to external forces and positional constraints.Describing these complex deformations is the main challenge in modeling continuum robots.In this study,we investigated a novel variable curvature modeling method for continuum robots,considering external forces and positional constraints.The robot configuration curve is described using the developed mechanical model,and then the robot is fitted to the curve.A ten-section continuum robot prototype with a length of 1 m was developed in order to validate the model.The feasibility and accuracy of the model were verified by the ability of the robot to reach target points and track complex trajectories with a load.This work was able to serve as a new perspective for the design analysis and motion control of continuum robots.

Alfvén continuum in the presence of a magnetic island in a cylinder configuration

In this work,the effect of a magnetic island on Alfvén waves is studied.A physical model is established wherein Alfvén waves propagate in the presence of a magnetic island in a cylindrical geometry.The structure of the Alfvén wave continuum is calculated by considering only the coupling caused by the periodicity in the helical angle of the magnetic island.The results show that the magnetic island can induce an upshift in the Alfvén continuum.Moreover,the coupling between different branches of the continuous spectrum becomes more significant with increasing continuum mode numbers near the boundary of the magnetic island.

Fundamentals and applications of photonic waveguides with bound states in the continuum

Photonic waveguides are the most fundamental element for photonic integrated circuits(PICs).Waveguide properties,such as propagation loss,modal areas,nonlinear coefficients,etc.,directly determine the functionalities and performance of PICs.Recently,the emerging waveguides with bound states in the continuum(BICs)have opened new opportunities for PICs because of their special properties in resonance and radiation.Here,we review the recent progress of PICs composed of waveguides with BICs.First,fundamentals including background physics and design rules of a BIC-based waveguide will be introduced.Next,two types of BIC-based waveguide structures,including shallowly etched dielectric and hybrid waveguides,will be presented.Lastly,the challenges and opportunities of PICs with BICs will be discussed.

The Primes and Their Subsets as Continuum like the Integers

The present paper gives the proof of the set of primes as a continuum. It starts with the density of the primes, and shortly recapitulates the prime-number-formula and the complete-prime-number-formula. Reflecting the series of the primes over any prime gives the double density of occupation of integer positions by the union of the series of multiples of the primes. The remaining free positions render it possible to prove Goldbach’s conjecture and the set of primes as a continuum. The theoretical evaluation is followed in annexes by numerical evaluation, demonstrating the theoretical results. The numerical evaluation results in different constants and relations, which represent inherent properties of the set of primes.

The Historical Logic on the Basic Theory of Physics—A Summary on the Cosmic Continuum Theory

Any scientific system has a unified basic theory. But physics has no unified basic theory in the modern sense. Classical mechanics, relativity and quantum mechanics have their own basic concepts, categories and principles, so none of them can be regarded as true basic theories of physics. Cosmic Continuum Theory holds that the continuity and discreteness of the universe are fundamental issues related to the unification of physics. Because the contradiction between quantum non-locality and local reality is the fundamental obstacle to the unification of physics, while locality and non-locality correspond to the continuity and discreteness of physical reality respectively. The cosmic continuum theory introduces mathematical continuum and axiomatic ideas to reconstruct the basic theory of physics, and by the correspondence of existence and its dimensions to achieve the unification of the essence of physical reality, by introducing the cosmic continuum hypothesis to achieve the unification of the continuity and discreteness of physical reality, by introducing axiomatic methods to achieve formal unification of the foundations on physics. From the perspective of Cosmic Continuum, classical mechanics, relativity and quantum mechanics are no longer the basic theories of physics, but three branch theories of physics that are respectively applicable to macroscopic, cosmoscopic and microcosmic systems.

Strain localization of Mohr-Coulomb soils with non-associated plasticity based on micropolar continuum theory

To address the problems of strain localization, the exact Mohr-Coulomb (MC) model is used based on second-order cone programming (mpcFEM-SOCP) in the framework of micropolar continuum finite element method. Using the uniaxial compression test, we focused on the earth pressure problem of rigid wall segment involving non-associated plasticity. The numerical results reveal that when mpcFEM-SOCP is applied, the problems of mesh dependency can be effectively addressed. For geotechnical strain localization analysis involving non-associated MC plasticity, mpcFEM-SOCP in conjunction with the pseudo-time discrete scheme can improve the numerical stability and avoid the unreasonable softening issue in the pressure-displacement curves, which may be encountered in the conventional FEM. It also shows that the pressure-displacement responses calculated by mpcFEM-SOCP with the pseudo-time discrete scheme are higher than those calculated by mpcFEM-SOCP with the Davis scheme. The inclination angle of shear band predicted by mpcFEM-SOCP with the pseudo-time discrete scheme agrees well with the theoretical solution of non-associated MC plasticity.

非厄米物理启发的高效无线电能传输

无线电能传输技术是指不需要线缆或者波导结构,利用电磁波直接将电能从电源传输到负载的技术。作为能量传输的一种全新方式,无线电能传输技术可以极大地提高供电设备的安全性、可靠性和便捷性,其在消费电子行业、自动化工业车间以及人工智能平台等需要高自由度供能的场景中具有重要的应用价值。目前无线电能传输技术仍存在一定的局限性,特别是对于广为关注的磁共振耦合无线电能传输技术,面临着高效率和稳定性难以兼顾的巨大挑战。文章以近场无线电能传输技术为研究框架,深入介绍非厄米新物理在无线电能传输系统中的调控机理,及其在高效、稳定、待机功率损耗、电磁环境兼容等方面的突出优势,最后对无线电能传输未来的研究方向进行了展望。

页岩无机孔和有机孔的渗透率计算方法

针对页岩储层无机孔隙和有机孔隙共存的问题,运用双重连续介质方法,结合油相和水相在页岩无机孔隙和有机孔隙中的润湿性和渗流特征,得到油相和水相在页岩中的渗流数学模型。基于该模型拟合页岩油水自吸实验结果,分别得到了页岩的无机孔渗透率和有机孔渗透率,实现了对页岩储层含油量的准确计算,研究了页岩渗流过程的动态特征和影响规律。结果表明:无机孔渗透率为10^(-8)~10^(-5)D,有机孔渗透率为10^(-10)~10^(-7)D;随无机孔渗透率、有机孔渗透率的增加,页岩自吸速率加快;当有机孔渗透率与无机孔渗透率比值小于10^(-3)时,有机孔渗透率对自吸速率的影响不显著。研究成果对页岩储层渗透率和储量的精细评价具有重要指导意义。

基于准连续域束缚态的全介质超构表面双参数传感器

本文设计了由不对称半圆柱对阵列组成的全介质超构表面,获得了两个高品质因子的准连续域束缚态模式(quasi-bound states in the continuum,QBIC).通过选择不同形式的对称破缺,在近红外频段均可产生两个稳健的QBIC,并且二者的谐振波长、品质因子、偏振依赖等表现出不同的特性.模拟计算表明,通过测量两个QBIC的谐振波长,能够实现折射率和温度的双参数传感;通过调节不对称参数,利用QBIC的品质因子依赖于不对称参数的二次方反比关系,理论上能够提高品质因子到任意的数值,从而实现传感性能的提升和调节.该超构表面的折射率传感灵敏度、品质因子和优值分别达到194.7 nm/RIU,45829和8197,其温度传感灵敏度达到24 pm/℃.

基于连续介质损伤力学的钛合金耐压球壳极限强度分析

本文在连续介质损伤力学理论框架下,以深海载人装备耐压球壳结构为研究对象,开展Bonora损伤模型适用性研究。首先,设计TA31钛合金加载卸载试验,依据试验结果,分析Bonora模型参数对材料应力应变响应的影响规律;随后,提出一种模型参数校准方法,依据试验数据确定TA31钛合金的模型参数;最后,将Bonora模型通过VUMAT子程序的形式嵌入到有限元软件中,开展钛合金球壳结构的极限强度分析,并与传统方法进行对比。研究结果表明,在耐压球壳极限强度分析中,引入Bonora模型可以准确模拟耐压球壳结构的失效模式和破坏压力。该模型在材料本构关系中考虑了屈服强度、抗拉强度以及最大塑性应变的影响,结构失效的物理意义更加明确,对材料性能的优化与提升具有指导意义。