Dynamic imaging through scattering medium under white-light illumination [Invited]

Imaging objects hidden behind turbid media is of great scientific importance and practical value, which has been drawing a lot of attention recently. However, most of the scattering imaging methods rely on a narrow linewidth of light, limiting their application. A mixture of the scattering light from various spectra blurs the detected speckle pattern, bringing difficulty in phase retrieval. Image reconstruction becomes much worse for dynamic objects due to short exposure times. We here investigate non-invasively recovering images of dynamic objects under white-light irradiation with the multi-frame OTF retrieval engine (MORE). By exploiting redundant information from multiple measurements, MORE recovers the phases of the optical-transfer-function (OTF) instead of recovering a single image of an object. Furthermore, we introduce the number of non-zero pixels (NNP) into MORE, which brings improvement on recovered images. An experimental proof is performed for dynamic objects at a frame rate of 20 Hz under white-light irradiation of more than 300 nm bandwidth.

Computational Generation and the Simulation of the Light Scattering of Self-Affine Fractal Random Surface

We propose a method for the generation of self-affine fractal random surfaces,in which we use Fourier transform and its inversion in the algorithm.The light scattering of surfaces of this kind is simulated at different incident angles of illumination.The variation of the full width at half maximum(FWHM)of the intensity profile versus the perpendicular component k_(⊥)of the wave-vector shows clearly the characteristics of the surfaces parameters.The simulation demonstrates how the value of FWHM at k^(2)_(⊥)w^(2)≤1 region and the slope of ln wp-ln k_(⊥)curve at k^(2)_(⊥)w^(2)≥1 region are used,respectively,to extract the lateral correlation lengthξand the roughness exponentα.

Imaging through scattering media via spatial-temporal encoded pattern illumination

Optical imaging through scattering media has long been a challenge.Many approaches have been developed for focusing light or imaging objects through scattering media,but usually,they are either invasive,limited to stationary or slow-moving media,or require high-resolution cameras and complex algorithms to retrieve the images.By utilizing spatial-temporal encoded patterns(STEPs),we introduce a technique for the computation of imaging that overcomes these restrictions.With a single-pixel photodetector,we demonstrate non-invasive imaging through scattering media.This technique is insensitive to the motion of the media.Furthermore,we demonstrate that our image reconstruction algorithm is much more efficient than correlation-based algorithms for single-pixel imaging,which may allow fast imaging for applications with limited computing resources.

Passive imaging through dense scattering media

Imaging through non-static and optically thick scattering media such as dense fog,heavy smoke,and turbid water is crucial in various applications.However,most existing methods rely on either active and coherent light illumination,or image priors,preventing their application in situations where only passive illumination is possible.In this study we present a universal passive method for imaging through dense scattering media that does not depend on any prior information.Combining the selection of small-angle components out of the incoming information-carrying scattering light and image enhancement algorithm that incorporates timedomain minimum filtering and denoising,we show that the proposed method can dramatically improve the signal-to-interference ratio and contrast of the raw camera image in outfield experiments.

Enhanced imaging through turbid water based on quadrature lock-in discrimination and retinex aided by adaptive gamma function for illumination correction

This paper presents an improved method for imaging in turbid water by using the individual strengths of the quadrature lock-in discrimination(QLD)method and the retinex method.At first,the high-speed QLD is performed on images,aiming at capturing the ballistic photons.Then,we perform the retinex image enhancement on the QLD-processed images to enhance the contrast of the image.Next,the effect of uneven illumination is suppressed by using the bilateral gamma function for adaptive illumination correction.The experimental results depict that the proposed approach achieves better enhancement than the existing approaches,even in a high-turbidity environment.

Investigation on refractive index sensing of single silver nanoparticle at tightly focused light illumination

Based on the generalized Mie theory,refractive index sensing characteristics of single silver nanoparticle respectively illuminated by tightly focused linearly-polarized and radially-polarized light beams are investigated. The spectra for localized surface plasmon resonances(LSPR) under different dielectric environments demonstrate that distinct dipolar and quadrupolar resonances can be always observed for the case of radial polarization,while there is only strong dipolar resonance for the case of linear polarization. The dipolar mode has a higher sensitivity. However,the figure of merit(FOM) for the quadrupolar resonance is much higher than that for the dipolar resonance,because the quadrupolar resonance has a narrower width.

Measurement of the anisotropy factor with azimuthal light backscattering

The potential capability of low coherence backscattering(LBS) is explored to determine the anisotropy factor based on azimuthal light backscattering map. The scattering intensity signal measured at azimuthal angle φ=0° is extracted for analysis. By performing nonlinear regression fitting on the experimental signal to the Henyey-Greenstein phase function, the anisotropy factor is determined. The experiments with tissue phantom consisting of the aqueous suspension of polystyrene microspheres are carried out. The results show that the measured anisotropy factor is well described by Mie theory.

带电沙尘大气对微波量子照明雷达性能的影响

本文旨在研究带电沙尘大气对微波量子照明雷达性能的影响.基于Mie粒子散射理论,运用模拟离散随机分布粒子对光子多重散射的蒙特卡罗方法,对不同能见度及不同粒子带电量的沙尘大气的微波衰减进行分析.根据量子照明雷达理论,采用基于分束器理论的分光链路模型模拟沙尘大气信道,并根据量子雷达方程及量子检测错误概率理论,开展不同能见度带电沙尘大气对微波量子照明雷达的检测错误概率、信噪比和最大探测范围等影响研究,并与经典TMN雷达性能进行对比分析.结果表明,在沙尘大气中,量子照明雷达的性能随着能见度的增大而提高,粒子带电会引起信号衰减增大及系统性能下降,带电量的变化引起性能的改变是非线性的.当能见度较高时适当提高信号频率可提高量子照明雷达的性能,当能见度较低时频率提高带来的增益会小于衰减增大带来的性能下降,这种情况不宜增大频率.在与经典雷达的比较发现,在较低能见度及较低发射平均光子数时量子雷达性能较优,但随着光子数增加,优势逐渐降低.

用于夜间撒布地雷探测的可见光偏振图像融合

为了克服在夜间光线微弱情况下,撒布地雷目标与周边地面背景的光谱强度差异较弱的难题,研究一种端到端的无监督可见光偏振图像融合增强算法。融合图像利用撒布地雷的偏振特性在夜间增强地雷目标的同时,尽可能地保留场景的细节纹理信息。融合算法网络由特征提取模块、特征融合模块和图像重构模块构成。在特征融合方面,引入混合注意力机制以加强网络对特征张量中显著信息的提取能力。并通过设计基于像素内容分布的损失函数,引导融合图像保留更多源图像中显著像素区域特征,实现网络的端到端输出。针对夜间撒布地雷数据集,同7种主流图像融合方法进行主客观评价,并在SSIM,VIF等8项评价指标中表现为同类最优,YOLOv5模型中经融合增强的图像在地雷检测任务中表现要优于强度图像(mAP@0.5领先8%,mAP@0.5:0.95领先11%)。本模型具备先进性,并对后续地雷目标检测任务有积极影响。

激光散射告警中的被照射目标判断方法研究

对激光散射信号进行探测是一种常用的激光告警方式,但这种方式不能判断告警范围内不同的被照射目标。为了实现激光散射告警中对不同被照射目标的判断,研究了激光从各个方向对目标照射时,告警装置各个窗口的告警响应情况,分析了不同目标位置给告警结果带来的差异程度,提出通过告警装置各个窗口告警结果的告警编码和脉冲时序判断被照射目标的方法。研究结果表明,该方法可以区分相对告警装置夹角不小于72°、与告警装置均相距50 m的两个目标,在360°范围内可以对符合规定要求的5个目标实现判别。研究结果为增强散射探测型激光告警装置的告警能力、提高后续防护的针对性和效率提供了技术参考。

激光照明的大气后向散射理论模拟和试验研究

分析了瑞利与米氏散射模型的后向散射对激光照明的影响 ,讨论并计算了不同气溶胶模型的散射相函数。建立了激光照明后向散射的物理模型 ,提出了具有实际应用价值的后向散射影响函数及其解析表达式并进行了理论分析。利用面阵CCD探测器对实际大气条件下后向散射对照明的背景干扰进行了测量 。

水下光学监控系统照明方式的研究

提出了一种确定水下光学监控系统中照明光源方向角和安装位置的方法.利用光在水中的传输特性,分析了传输距离、体积散射函数、散射角和小体积元的影响,以及照明光源不同方向角产生的不同照明效果.据此提出了光源方向角的确定原则,即在满足监控区域要求的前提下,照明光源的方向角应该选取散射角最大的方向.在视场角为45°时,光源方向角应为67.5°.根据监控范围边界的要求以及光源方向角,确定光源安装位置.实际应用结果表明,此方法可以很好地满足水下光学监控系统的要求.

连续照明时成像对比度与气象条件的关系

通过同轴激光连续照明成像模型分析了大气后向散射对成像对比度的影响,得出了考虑散射因素时成像对比度的计算公式。基于不同气象条件下大气粒子散射特点,讨论了霾和雾两种不同天气时成像对比度随照明距离的变化规律,并与实验结果进行了对比,计算结果与实验吻合较好。

基于物理模型的低照度图像增强算法

针对低照度图像反转后为与雾天图像相似的伪雾图,其雾的浓度由光照情况而非景深决定这一特点,提出一种基于物理模型的低照度图像增强算法。该算法根据光照情况给出一种更加准确且快速的新方法估计伪雾图的透射率。首先,采用暗原色先验规律对伪雾图的环境光值进行估计,并基于光照情况对透射率进行估计;然后,基于大气散射模型还原出无雾图像;最后,对无雾图像反转得到低照度图像的增强结果,并对该结果进行细节补偿得到最终的增强图像。大量实验表明,与基于暗原色先验的增强算法、基于去雾技术的增强算法及带色彩恢复的多尺度Retinex算法相比,该算法处理效率更高且效果良好,信息不会丢失,可有效提高图像分析识别等系统的工作效率。

三维云场景的模拟

为了模拟逼真且实时的三维云场景,把云团看成是受太阳光照射的粒子集,采用基于粒子系统的技术对三维云模型进行构建。通过比较云粒子、太阳和视点三者的关系,引入光照散射函数对云进行渲染。对现有的多重前向散射光照模型进行了简化和改进,使用纹理映射和O penGL函数进行加速。实现了三维天空背景的实时漫游。仿真结果表明,生成的三维云场景既有较好的真实感,又具有良好的实时性。

尾流光学特性的数理模型及试验

建立了气泡幕中气泡随半径分布规律的数学物理模型,从单个气泡对激光散射的影响推导出了气泡幕对激光的散射效应的数学表达式,并利用所得到的表达式在实验室条件下进行了相关计算。在气泡幕对激光散射的影响中,对激光偏振化特性的影响进行了区别计算,结果表明,激光的两种偏振化状态对气泡幕散射的影响从粗糙结构来看没有明显差异,但其精细结构有所不同。另外对不扩束和扩束两个条件下的计算明确显示出,扩束条件下散射光的强度是不扩束条件下的二倍以上,但二者的精细结构并没有可见的差别。在不同航速下测量了真实尾流不同几何部位的激光透射特性,测量结果与理论计算结果粗略一致。从透射光的相对强度来分析实验结果,可以认为自然光的影响是一个次要因素.

淡水和盐水中模拟气泡幕前向光散射特性

用理论计算和实验测量方法研究了模拟淡水和盐水中的气泡幕前向光散射特性。首先根据Mie散射理论,利用MATLAB编程计算了淡水和盐水中3种不同尺度分布的气泡群相散射函数,分析盐水相对淡水气泡群前向散射变化比例。然后根据实验测量数据,通过计算分析有无气泡幕光照度变化和散射光相对比例,提出差值分析可以探测液体中气泡。理论计算结果表明,对同一尺度分布的气泡群,盐水中气泡前向散射光比淡水中气泡散射光有所增加,最大达到14%,增幅随着散射角增加而减小。无气泡幕时测量盐水前向光散射比淡水光散射有所增加;有气泡幕时,在实验选择的不同压强条件下,同一种液体中,气泡幕前向平均相对散射增加约10%,然而压强相同时,盐水中气泡幕前向光散射平均照度比淡水增加约5%。

半透明三维物体表面光泽真实感实时渲染方法

针对具有半透明特性玉石的真实感渲染问题,提出一种利用高光层、漫反射层、透射层三层光照模型叠加的解决方法。首先对散射层结合漫反射剖面来模拟半透明玉石的次表面散射效果,提出一种可改变漫反射剖面的散射方法,表达不同种类玉石漫反射剖面的特点;然后对透射层利用预计算的本地厚度贴图结合高斯线性和,实现基于表面厚度光的透射效果,再在能量守恒的基础上与基于微平面的高光反射项进行叠加,得到一个基于三层光照模型的真实感半透明材质表现。实验结果表明,所提出的方法能实现不同种类半透明玉石真实感渲染,且在片面数达160万时可保证30帧/秒的实时效率。

基于重要性采样的三维云光照模型的研究

针对目前三维云的模拟过程中光照模型实现复杂、绘制效率低等问题,在多次前向散射光照模型的基础上提出了一种光照模型计算方法去解决光照模型中积分问题;针对多重散射光照模型中相位函数过于简单,不利于云的真实渲染的问题,优化现有相位函数,增强云的真实感。该方法通过对积分区间进行重要性采样解决光照积分计算过程中均匀采样效率过低的问题并结合两种相位函数实现了对云的渲染。实验结果表明:该方法在保证绘制质量的基础上提高了绘制速度,无论在效率上还是绘制效果上都更好地展示了云的物理特性,取得了很好的显示效果。

煤矿掘进工作面低照度视频增强技术研究

针对煤矿掘进工作面视频光照较低、亮度不均、纹理模糊、噪声较多等问题,提出一种煤矿掘进工作面低照度视频增强算法。首先,利用卷积的可分离性将视频图像进行一维水平卷积与垂直卷积,再利用完美反射法实现视频图像自动白平衡,并使用图像混合增强技术提高视频图像整体亮度。然后,基于大气散射模型与暗通道先验方法,通过递归分割将图像分割为高光区、中间调和暗调区,并求取对应区间通道像素最大值,将其3者均值作为大气光照估计值,引入调节因子对透射率进行调整优化,并使用拉普拉斯锐化操作,增加图像高频成分、抑制图像低频成分,提高图像对比度。最后,基于改进的大气散射模型对掘进工作面低照度视频进行去雾处理。实验结果表明,视频增强算法能够对煤矿掘进工作面低照度视频进行实时增强、去雾处理,避免了视频图像暗淡、失真、模糊和突变等问题。相较于Retinex算法、ALTM算法和暗通道先验算法,视频增强算法大幅度提高了视频图像的信息熵、标准差和平均梯度,且具有较好的实时处理速度,能够为掘进工作面视频的目标识别、目标跟踪、目标监测和图像分割等后续处理提供优质、可靠的支撑。