An efficient counter-based Wallace-tree multiplier with a hybrid full adder core for image blending

We present a new counter-based Wallace-tree(CBW)8×8 multiplier.The multiplier’s counters are implemented with a new hybrid full adder(FA)cell,which is based on the transmission gate(TG)technique.The proposed FA,TG-based AND gate,and hybrid half adder(HA)generate M:3(4≤M≤7)digital counters with the ability to save at least 50%area occupation.Simulations by 90 nm technology prove the superiority of the proposed FA and digital counters under different conditions over the state-of-the-art designs.By using the proposed cells,the CBW multiplier exhibits high driving capability,low power consumption,and high speed.The CBW multiplier has a 0.0147 mm^(2)die area in a pad.The post-layout extraction proves the accuracy of experimental implementation.An image blending mechanism is proposed,in which a direct interface between MATLAB and HSPICE is used to evaluate the presented CBW multiplier in image processing applications.The peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR)and structural similarity index metric(SSIM)are calculated as image quality parameters,and the results confirm that the presented CBW multiplier can be used as an alternative to designs in the literature.

Reformatted method for two-dimensional detector arrays measurement data in proton pencil beam scanning

The spatial resolution of a commercial two-dimensional(2D)ionization chamber(IC)array is limited by the size of the individual detector and the center-to-center distance between sensors.For dose distributions with areas of steep dose gradients,inter-detector dose values are derived by the interpolation of nearby detector readings in the conventional mathematical interpolation of 2D IC array measurements.This may introduce significant errors,particularly in proton spot scanning radiotherapy.In this study,by combining logfile-based reconstructed dose values and detector measurements with the Laplacian pyramid image blending method,a novel method is proposed to obtain a reformatted dose distribution that provides an improved estimation of the delivered dose distribution with high spatial resolution.Meanwhile,the similarity between the measured original data and the downsampled logfilebased reconstructed dose is regarded as the confidence of the reformatted dose distribution.Furthermore,we quantify the performance benefits of this new approach by directly comparing the reformatted dose distributions with 2D IC array detector mathematically interpolated measurements and original low-resolution measurements.The result shows that this new method is better than the mathematical interpolation and achieves gamma pass rates similar to those of the original low-resolution measurements.The reformatted dose distributions generally yield a confidence exceeding 95%.

MPB:A modified Poisson blending technique

Image cloning has many useful applications,such as removing unwanted objects,fixing damaged parts of images,and panorama stitching. Instead of using pixel intensities,the gradient domain is used in Poisson image editing; however,it suffers from two main problems: color bleeding and bleeding artifacts.In this paper,a modified Poisson blending(MPB)technique is presented which ensures dependency on the boundary pixels of both target and source images rather than just those of the target. The problem of bleeding artifacts is reduced. This makes the proposed technique suitable for use in video compositing as it avoids the flickering caused by bleeding artifacts.To reduce the problem of color bleeding,we use an additional alpha compositing step. Our experimental results using the proposed technique show that MPB reduces the bleeding problems and generates more natural composited images than other techniques.

Evaluation of MODIS-Landsat and AVHRR-Landsat NDVI data fusion using a single pair base reference image:a case study in a tropical upstream catchment on Java,Indonesia

Image blending is one of the alternative methods to fill temporal gaps in the monitoring of historical vegetation properties using continuous NDVI derived from Landsat 5 TM/7 ETM+and 8 OLI images.Frequent cloud occurrence in the tropical upstream catchment limits the use of image blending methods that allow to employment of a single pair base reference.This study aims to evaluate two image blending methods with nine input data configurations to select the most applicable one.Scatter plots and statistical indices such as ME,RMSE,model efficiency and structure similarity showed FSDAF outperforms STARFM in generating both synthetic Landsat 8 OLI NDVI and Landsat 5 TM/7 ETM+NDVI when employing unsupervised and supervised classification images,respectively,where both were applied along with MODIS NDVI 250 m v.005.When generating synthetic Landsat 5 TM/7 ETM+NDVI using AVHRR NDVI,both algorithms performed similarly.However,when considering the temporal over spatial variance ratio between base reference and predictor images,both algorithms performed almost similar when the value close to minimum.This study shows that selection of image blending algorithm with use single pair base reference image should consider input data configuration and temporal over spatial variance ratio.