Imaged guided surgery during arteriovenous malformation of gastrointestinal stromal tumor using hyperspectral and indocyanine green visualization techniques:A case report

BACKGROUND This case report demonstrates the simultaneous development of a gastrointestinal stromal tumour(GIST)with arteriovenous malformations(AVMs)within the jejunal mesentery.A 74-year-old male presented to the department of surgery at our institution with a one-month history of abdominal pain.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed an AVM.During exploratory laparotomy,hyperspectral imaging(HSI)and indocyanine green(ICG)fluorescence were used to evaluate the extent of the tumour and determine the resection margins.Intraoperative imaging confirmed AVM,while histopathological evaluation showed an epithelioid,partially spindle cell GIST.CASE SUMMARY This is the first case reporting the use of HSI and ICG to image GIST intermingled with an AVM.The resection margins were planned using intraoperative analysis of additional optical data.Image-guided surgery enhances the clinician’s knowledge of tissue composition and facilitates tissue differentiation.CONCLUSION Since image-guided surgery is safe,this procedure should increase in popularity among the next generation of surgeons as it is associated with better postoperative outcomes.

Image-guided lens extraction surgery: a systematic review

A systematic review of the recent literature regarding the current image-guided systems used for cataract surgery or refractive lens exchange was performed based on the PubMed and Google Scholar databases in March 2018. Literature review returned 21 eligible studies. These studies compared image-guided systems with other keratometric devices regarding their accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility in measurement of keratometric values, astigmatism magnitude and axis, as well as in IOL power calculation. Additionally, the image-guided systems were compared with conventional manual ink-marking techniques for the alignment of toric IOLs. In conclusion, image-guided systems seem to be an accurate and reliable technology with measurements of high repeatability and reproducibility regarding the keratometry and IOL power calculation, but not yet interchangeable with the current established and validated keratometric devices. However, they are superior over the conventional manual inkmarking techniques for toric IOL alignment.

A new projection model based robust 2D-3D registration method on Fourier-Mellin space for image guided intervention

An automatic method is proposed to solve the registration problem,which aligns a single 2D fluoroscopic image to a 3D image volume without demanding any additional media like calibration plate or user interactions.First,a mathematic projection model is designed which can reduce the influence of projection distortion on parameter optimization and improve the registration accuracy.Then,a two stage optimization method is proposed,which enables a robust registration in a wide parameter space.Furthermore,an automatic registration framework is proposed based on the FourierMellin robust image comparison descriptor.Experimental results show that the registration method has a high accuracy with average rotation error of 0.6 degree and average translation error of 1.4mm.

A novel technique for sacropelvic fixation using image-guided sacroiliac screws:a case series and biomechanical study

In this study, we sought to assess the safety and accuracy of sacropelvic fixation performed with image-guided sacroiliac screw placement using postoperative computed tomography and X-rays. The sacroiliac screws were placed with navigation in five patients. Intact specimens were mounted onto a six-degrees-of-freedom spine motion simulator. Long lumbosacral constructs using bilateral sacroiliac screws and bilateral S1 pedicle and iliac screws were tested in seven cadaveric spines. Nine sacroiliac screws were well-placed under an image guidance system(IGS);one was placed poorly without IGS with no symptoms. Both fixation techniques significantly reduced range of motion(P<0.05) at L5-S1. The research concluded that rigid lumbosacral fixation can be achieved with sacroiliac screws,and image guidance improves its safety and accuracy. This new technique of image-guided sacroiliac screw insertion should prove useful in many types of fusion to the sacrum, particularly for patients with poor bone quality,complicated anatomy, infection, previous failed fusion and iliac harvesting.

现代医学影像技术在影像引导手术(IGS)中的应用

文章围绕在影像引导手术(IGS)中应用的现代医学影像技术展开了系统的讨论。涉及到为IGS服务的影像采集与重建、影像后处理、IGS计划制订中的影像技术、IGS中应用的其它影像新技术。文章对在复合型新技术领域-IGS中开展研究和应用具有一定的参考价值。

Navigated liver surgery:State of the art and future perspectives

Background:In recent years,the development of digital imaging technology has had a significant influence in liver surgery.The ability to obtain a 3-dimensional(3D)visualization of the liver anatomy has provided surgery with virtual reality of simulation 3D computer models,3D printing models and more recently holograms and augmented reality(when virtual reality knowledge is superimposed onto reality).In addition,the utilization of real-time fluorescent imaging techniques based on indocyanine green(ICG)uptake allows clinicians to precisely delineate the liver anatomy and/or tumors within the parenchyma,applying the knowledge obtained preoperatively through digital imaging.The combination of both has transformed the abstract thinking until now based on 2D imaging into a 3D preoperative conception(virtual reality),enhanced with real-time visualization of the fluorescent liver structures,effectively facilitating intraoperative navigated liver surgery(augmented reality).Data sources:A literature search was performed from inception until January 2021 in MEDLINE(Pub Med),Embase,Cochrane library and database for systematic reviews(CDSR),Google Scholar,and National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence(NICE)databases.Results:Fifty-one pertinent articles were retrieved and included.The different types of digital imaging technologies and the real-time navigated liver surgery were estimated and compared.Conclusions:ICG fluorescent imaging techniques can contribute essentially to the real-time definition of liver segments;as a result,precise hepatic resection can be guided by the presence of fluorescence.Furthermore,3D models can help essentially to further advancing of precision in hepatic surgery by permitting estimation of liver volume and functional liver remnant,delineation of resection lines along the liver segments and evaluation of tumor margins.In liver transplantation and especially in living donor liver transplantation(LDLT),3D printed models of the donor’s liver and models of the recipient’s hilar anatomy can contribute further to improving the results.In particular,pediatric LDLT abdominal cavity models can help to manage the largest challenge of this procedure,namely large-for-size syndrome.

Augmented reality technology for preoperative planning and intraoperative navigation during hepatobiliary surgery: A review of current methods

Background: Augmented reality(AR) technology is used to reconstruct three-dimensional(3D) images of hepatic and biliary structures from computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging data, and to superimpose the virtual images onto a view of the surgical field. In liver surgery, these superimposed virtual images help the surgeon to visualize intrahepatic structures and therefore, to operate precisely and to improve clinical outcomes.Data Sources: The keywords "augmented reality", "liver", "laparoscopic" and "hepatectomy" were used for searching publications in the Pub Med database. The primary source of literatures was from peer-reviewed journals up to December 2016. Additional articles were identified by manual search of references found in the key articles.Results: In general, AR technology mainly includes 3D reconstruction, display, registration as well as tracking techniques and has recently been adopted gradually for liver surgeries including laparoscopy and laparotomy with video-based AR assisted laparoscopic resection as the main technical application. By applying AR technology, blood vessels and tumor structures in the liver can be displayed during surgery,which permits precise navigation during complex surgical procedures. Liver transformation and registration errors during surgery were the main factors that limit the application of AR technology.Conclusions: With recent advances, AR technologies have the potential to improve hepatobiliary surgical procedures. However, additional clinical studies will be required to evaluate AR as a tool for reducing postoperative morbidity and mortality and for the improvement of long-term clinical outcomes. Future research is needed in the fusion of multiple imaging modalities, improving biomechanical liver modeling,and enhancing image data processing and tracking technologies to increase the accuracy of current AR methods.

Near-infrared fluorescence imaging of a solitary fibrous tumor of the pancreas using methylene blue

A 67-year-old female presented with unexplained abdominal pain. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan of the abdomen incidentally revealed a mass in the uncinate process of the pancreas. This mass was resected and based on histopathological findings, diagnosed as a solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) of the pancreas. A SFT is an extremely rare benign mesenchymal tumor that in 65% of cases affects the visceral pleura but can also affect extra-pleural sites. The intraoperative demarcation of pancreatic tumors, such as SFTs, can bechallenging. In this report, the first clear intraoperative identification of a SFT of the pancreas in a human was shown using near-infrared fluorescence and methylene blue.

Application of indocyanine green in surgery: A review of current evidence and implementation in trauma patients

Background:Modern surgical medicine strives to manage trauma while improving outcomes using functional imaging.Identification of viable tissues is crucial for the surgical management of polytrauma and burn patients presenting with soft tissue and hollow viscus injuries.Bowel anastomosis after traumarelated resection is associated with a high rate of leakage.The ability of the surgeon’s bare eye to determine bowel viability remains limited,and the need for a more standardized objective assessment has not yet been fulfilled.Hence,there is a need for more precise diagnostic tools to enhance surgical evaluation and visualization to aid early diagnosis and timely management to minimize traumaassociated complications.Indocyanine green(ICG)coupled with fluorescence angiography is a potential solution for this problem.ICG is a fluorescent dye that responds to near-infrared irradiation.Methods:We conducted a narrative review to address the utility of ICG in the surgical management of patients with trauma as well as elective surgery.Discussion:ICG has many applications in different medical fields and has recently become an important clinical indicator for surgical guidance.However,there is a paucity of information regarding the use of this technology to treat traumas.Recently,angiography with ICG has been introduced in clinical practice to visualize and quantify organ perfusion under several conditions,leading to fewer cases of anastomotic insufficiency.This has great potential to bridge this gap and enhance the clinical outcomes of surgery and patient safety.However,there is no consensus on the ideal dose,time,and manner of administration nor the indications that ICG provides a genuine advantage through greater safety in trauma surgical settings.Conclusions:There is a scarcity of publications describing the use of ICG in trauma patients as a potentially useful strategy to facilitate intraoperative decisions and to limit the extent of surgical resection.This review will improve our understanding of the utility of intraoperative ICG fluorescence in guiding and assisting trauma surgeons to deal with the intraoperative challenges and thus improve the patients’operative care and safety in the field of trauma surgery.

Clinical use of augmented reality,mixed reality,three-dimensionalnavigation and artificial intelligence in liver surgery

A precise knowledge of intra-parenchymal vascular and biliary architecture and the location of lesions in relation to the complex anatomy is indispensable to perform liver surgery.Therefore,virtual three-dimensional(3D)-reconstruction models from computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging scans of the liver might be helpful for visualization.Augmented reality,mixed reality and 3Dnavigation could transfer such 3D-image data directly into the operation theater to support the surgeon.This review examines the literature about the clinical and intraoperative use of these image guidance techniques in liver surgery and provides the reader with the opportunity to learn about these techniques.Augmented reality and mixed reality have been shown to be feasible for the use in open and minimally invasive liver surgery.3D-navigation facilitated targeting of intraparenchymal lesions.The existing data is limited to small cohorts and description about technical details e.g.,accordance between the virtual 3D-model and the real liver anatomy.Randomized controlled trials regarding clinical data or oncological outcome are not available.Up to now there is no intraoperative application of artificial intelligence in liver surgery.The usability of all these sophisticated image guidance tools has still not reached the grade of immersion which would be necessary for a widespread use in the daily surgical routine.Although there are many challenges,augmented reality,mixed reality,3Dnavigation and artificial intelligence are emerging fields in hepato-biliary surgery.

近红外荧光成像技术实现术中神经成像:应用现状与未来发展

背景:目前主要的神经成像方式,如磁共振成像、计算机断层扫描和高分辨率超声,均无法为医生提供术中实时定位图像。随着近红外荧光成像技术应用于临床,手术目标区域的直接可视化成为现实,这为神经的术中实时识别提供了新的方案。目的:归纳并总结近红外荧光成像技术实现术中神经成像的研究进展。方法:以“近红外荧光成像,光学成像,神经成像”为中文检索词,以“near-infrared fluorescence imaging,optical imaging,nerve imaging”为英文检索词,分别检索万方数据、中国知网及PubMed数据库。检索时间范围重点为2010年1月至2023年7月,同时纳入少数经典远期文献,通过阅读文题和摘要进行初步筛选,排除中英文文献重复性研究、低质量期刊及内容不相关的文献,最后纳入69篇文献进行综述。结果与结论:(1)吲哚菁绿引导下的近红外荧光成像在临床上已被用于术中血管、输尿管和胆管等管状器官以及各种肿瘤的识别与定位,是目前在精准外科手术中应用比较成熟的术中成像方法。(2)在近红外荧光成像技术实现术中神经荧光成像的研究中,吲哚菁绿是目前唯一的一种应用于临床研究的近红外荧光染料。(3)理想神经显影剂应该具有以下特点:在围术期容易给药,logD在pH=7.4时数值为0.5-3.0,分子质量<500 Da,有近红外窗口中的激发和发射波长,能够在神经组织中长时间保留,具有较高的SBR值以及较高的安全性。(4)未来近红外神经荧光显影剂的开发中,研究者们应该将重心放在合成吲哚菁绿与神经特异性靶点的复合物中。(5)在应用前景方面,该技术不仅能使术中神经荧光成像将成为现实,而且在原位监测神经再生以及诊断神经系统疾病方面也将取得巨大突破。

近红外荧光引导手术在口腔癌治疗中的应用及展望

口腔癌原发灶的完整切除及颈部转移淋巴结的彻底清扫,是口腔癌手术治疗成功的关键。然而,在手术过程中,除了依赖冰冻活检技术外,手术医生尚无便捷、有效的辅助手段评估肿瘤根治的彻底性。近年来,以近红外荧光(near-infrared fluorescence,NIF)成像技术为基础的荧光引导手术(fluorescence-guided surgery,FGS)逐渐成熟,为医生提供了重要的术中实时辅助,得到广泛认可和应用,而其在口腔癌外科治疗中的应用尚处于起步阶段。本文介绍该技术在口腔癌手术中的具体临床应用场景,讨论目前尚存的挑战并展望未来的发展方向,以期为临床应用和研究提供参考。

基于混合现实技术的超声影像传输系统

目的:开发一种以头戴式眼镜(Helmet-mounted displays,HMD)为显示方式的混合现实超声影像传输系统(Mixed reality ultrasound in helmet-mounted displays,MRUS-HMD)并探讨其可行性。方法:测试产品技术参数,包括图像分辨率、传输帧率和传输延迟,通过系统可用性量表(System usability scale,SUS)评估产品系统可用性。志愿者被分为初学者组和有经验者组,利用猪肉制作穿刺模型进行MRUS-HMD、传统正视超声和传统斜视超声穿刺实验。收集穿刺时间评价脑力负荷,通过口头会话和半结构化访谈分析用户体验。结果:图像分辨率可达到600×800,传输帧率为30 FPS,传输延迟平均(73.69±14.56)ms。SUS评分为72.33分。初学者组使用MRUS-HMD对比两种传统方式,穿刺时间缩短(MRUS-HMD vs正视P=0.022;MRUS-HMD vs斜视P=0.002),初学者和有经验者使用MRUS-HMD对比传统斜视超声下都可减少脑力负荷(初学者P=0.050;有经验者P=0.012)。结论:初步证明了基于混合现实技术的超声影像传输的可行性,可在部分情况下帮助操作者减少穿刺时间和脑力负荷。

混合现实技术与医学影像结合在临床手术中的应用

微创手术是一种通过小切口或穿刺来进行的外科手术,可减少患者的疼痛,缩短恢复时间并减少术后风险。在临床基于传统医学影像设备导航的微创手术中,存在着解剖结构不清晰、实时性不足,高度依赖医生的手眼协调能力和经验等问题。近年来随着混合现实(Mixed reality,MR)技术的发展,将其赋能于传统医学影像设备,可提高临床手术穿刺的准确性和安全性,同时减少手术中不必要的侵入和创伤,提高手术的成功率和患者的治疗效果。本文结合近年来国内外的研究文献,从MR在医学影像应用过程中所需的关键技术、方式方法和在各微创手术中产生的影响和帮助进行综述。文献复习结果表明,虚实匹配是MR应用中至关重要技术,大部分需依靠识别标志物并基于特征点匹配。MR与CT结合大多为静态虚实匹配,重建出患者三维模型后和真实人体匹配,可减少辐射剂量。MR与超声结合的静态匹配多为利用MR简单投影超声图像,解决手眼协调问题;动态匹配可在此基础上改善成像效果不好,难以捕捉针尖等问题。这些结果表明MR在外科手术导航上是一个具有光明前景的技术和方向。

吲哚菁绿联合高灵敏荧光影像引导手术系统在乳腺癌保乳手术中的应用及预后价值

目的探讨吲哚菁绿(ICG)联合高灵敏荧光影像引导手术系统在乳腺癌保乳手术中的应用价值。方法选择2017年5月~2020年10月于南京医科大学附属江苏盛泽医院治疗的腋窝淋巴结阴性原发性乳腺癌患者91例。根据ICG术中定位方式的不同,将患者分为对照组(术前金属导丝定位引导,n=33)和观察组(ICG定位引导,n=58)。记录两组患者手术时间、手术切缘是否干净、切缘宽度、肿瘤大小(平均体积),并观察患者术后血清肿瘤指标糖类抗原15-3和癌胚抗原、预后无局部复发生存率、无病生存率及总生存率。结果与对照组比较,观察组切缘阳性、肿瘤切除体积、手术时间、术后血清糖类抗原15-3和癌胚抗原水平,无病生存率和总生存率组间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而肿瘤切缘≤2 mm数量增多,无局部复发生存率升高,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论ICG联合高灵敏荧光影像引导手术系统可明显减少乳腺癌手术切缘宽度,且患者预后良好。

表观弥散系数对磁共振引导聚焦超声术治疗子宫肌瘤效果的评估

【目的】探讨磁共振表观弥散系数(ADC)评估磁共振引导聚焦超声术(MRgFUS)治疗子宫肌瘤效果的价值。【方法】回顾性分析佛山市中医院2018年1月至2022年10月期间56例接受MRgFUS治疗子宫肌瘤患者治疗前、治疗3月后和6月后的MRI及临床资料,比较患者病灶ADC值与肌瘤的体积,症状严重评分(SSS)和子宫肌瘤症状-生活质量问卷(UFS-QOL)评分的相关性。使用方差分析比较治疗前后相关数据的差异,采用Pearson法进行数据的相关性分析。【结果】56例患者治疗前及治疗3个月后、6个月后病灶ADC值[(1.11±0.13)、(1.84±0.09)、(2.12±0.24),×10^(-3)(/mm^(2)/s)]、肌瘤体积(102±35.30、56.70±18.88、46.93±18.99,cm^(3)),SSS(36.73±11.74、21.77±10.21、17.66±9.30)和UFS-QOL(59.05±17.48、76.54±16.50、82.46±12.37)评分差异有统计学意义(F值分别为557.837,73.589,53.976和37.606,P值均<0.05)。ADC值与肌瘤体积、SSS呈负相关,与UFS-QOL评分呈正相关(相关系数分别为-0.586,-0.630和0.592,P值均<0.05)。【结论】ADC值对评估MRgFUS治疗子宫肌瘤效果具有较好的临床应用价值。

实时图像引导系统对乳腺癌保乳术后放疗摆位误差的影响

目的:探讨基于图像引导系统的乳腺癌保乳术后行容积旋转调强放疗(volumetric modulated arc therapy,VMAT)患者在投照过程中摆位误差的实时校正及剂量学参数变化。方法:选取2020年10月至2021年12月天津医科大学肿瘤医院收治的20例保乳术后行VMAT患者,随机分为对照组10例和试验组10例,放疗时行图像引导,对误差数据进行统计学分析,将摆位误差引入治疗计划重新计算,比较两组剂量学差异。结果:对照组和试验组在左右(LR)、腹背(AP)、头脚(SI)方向的摆位误差校正前分别为(3.58±2.35)mm和(3.51±2.08)mm、(4.44±3.62)mm和(4.23±2.17)mm、(2.85±2.36)mm和(2.99±1.90)mm。对照组在治疗后摆位误差分别为(2.64±1.62)、(3.15±1.50)、(2.49±1.70)mm;试验组在治疗中与治疗后摆位误差分别为(2.07±1.65)mm与(1.85±1.22)mm、(2.29±1.93)mm与(1.78±1.26)mm、(1.98±1.49)mm与(1.67±1.27)mm。LR、AP、SI方向摆位误差≤3 mm时试验组占比多于对照组,两组比较差异均具有统计学意义(χ^(2)=21.07、60.76、33.63,均P<0.01);两组在治疗后摆位误差比较差异亦均具有统计学意义(t=6.36、10.35、5.60,均P<0.05)。试验组在肿瘤区和临床靶区处方剂量的覆盖体积、心脏平均剂量、肺受照剂量均有优势,两组比较差异均具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论:实时图像引导系统能校正患者投照过程中的摆位误差,治疗中增加一次校正可明显减小分次内摆位误差,并获得更好的剂量学结果。

近红外二区荧光成像技术的临床研究进展

近红外荧光成像是外科手术中实现术中导航的关键技术之一。近些年随着近红外二区(NIR-II,900~1700nm)光学生物成像理论的日趋成熟,NIR-II荧光成像技术成为临床手术导航领域的一大研究热点。本文基于NIRII光学生物成像理论,简要介绍了NIR-II荧光探针及成像系统的发展现状,就NIR-II荧光成像技术在活体小动物手术与人体临床手术中的研究展开综述,讨论了该技术在未来临床手术中的发展潜力以及临床转化中需要面临的难点。

乳腺癌保乳术后调强放疗影像引导技术的研究进展

乳腺癌保乳术后调强放疗可出现摆位误差,由此可增加放射性损伤,引起放射性心脏病或放射性肺炎,甚至导致肿瘤控制失败。随着影像引导放疗技术(IGRT)的发展,多种影像引导技术已广泛用于临床以解决放疗过程中各种摆位误差,包括二维X线影像引导、三维X线影像引导、MR影像引导、光学体表引导等技术。就多种影像引导技术在乳腺癌保乳术后调强放疗中的应用进展及优缺点作一综述。