Immune response evaluation criteria in solid tumors for assessment of atypical responses after immunotherapy

In 2017,immune response evaluation criteria in solid tumors(iRECIST)were introduced to validate radiologic and clinical interpretations and to better analyze tumor’s response to immunotherapy,considering the different time of following and response,between this new therapy compared to the standard one.However,even if the iRECIST are worldwide accepted,to date,different aspects should be better underlined and well reported,especially in clinical practice.Clinical experience has demonstrated that in a non-negligible percentage of patients,it is challenging to determine the correct category of response(stable disease,progression disease,partial or complete response),and consequently,to define which is the best management for those patients.Approaching radiological response in patients who underwent immunotherapy,a new uncommon kind of target lesions behavior was found.This phenomenon is mainly due to the different mechanisms of action of immunotherapeutic drug.Therefore,new groups of response have been described in clinical practice,defined as“atypical responses,”and categorized into three new groups:pseudoprogression,hyperprogression,and dissociated response.This review summarizes and reports these patterns,helping clinicians and radiologists get used to atypical responses,in order to identify patients that respond best to treatment.

New approaches for precise response evaluation in hepatocellular carcinoma

With the increasing clinical use of cytostatic and novel biologic targeted agents,conventional morphologic tumor burden assessments,including World Health Organization criteria and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors,are confronting limitations because of their difficulties in distinguishing viable tumor from necrotic or fibrotic tissue.Therefore,the investigation for reliable quantitative biomarkers of therapeutic response such as metabolic imaging or functional imaging has been desired.In this review,we will discuss the conventional and new approaches to assess tumor burden.Since targeted therapy or locoregional therapies can induce biological changes much earlier than morphological changes,these functional tumor burden analyses are very promising.However,some of them have not gone thorough all steps for standardization and validation.Nevertheless,these new techniques and criteria will play an important role in the cancer management,and provide each patient more tailored therapy.

Objective response rate assessment in oncology: Current situation and future expectations

The tumor objective response rate(ORR)is an important parameter to demonstrate the efficacy of a treatment in oncology.The ORR is valuable for clinical decision making in routine practice and a significant end-point for reporting the results of clinical trials.World Health Organization and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors(RECIST)are anatomic response criteria developed mainly for cytotoxic chemotherapy.These criteria are based on the visual assessment of tumor size in morphological images provided by computed tomography(CT)or magnetic resonance imaging.Anatomic response criteria may not be optimal for biologic agents,some disease sites,and some regional therapies.Consequently,modifications of RECIST,Choi criteria and Morphologic response criteria were developed based on the concept of the evaluation of viable tumors.Despite its limitations,RECIST v1.1 is validated in prospective studies,is widely accepted by regulatory agencies and has recently shown good performance for targeted cancer agents.Finally,some alternatives of RECIST were developed as immune-specific response criteria for checkpoint inhibitors.Immune RECIST criteria are based essentially on defining true progressive disease after a confirmatory imaging.Some graphical methods may be useful to show longitudinal change in the tumor burden over time.Tumor tissue is a tridimensional heterogenous mass,and tumor shrinkage is not always symmetrical;thus,metabolic response assessments using positron emission tomography(PET)or PET/CT may reflect the viability of cancer cells or functional changes evolving after anticancer treatments.The metabolic response can show the benefit of a treatment earlier than anatomic shrinkage,possibly preventing delays in drug approval.Computer-assisted automated volumetric assessments,quantitative multimodality imaging in radiology,new tracers in nuclear medicine and finally artificial intelligence have great potential in future evaluations.

Comparison of RECIST version 1.0 and 1.1 in assessment of tumor response by computed tomography in advanced gastric cancer

Objective： Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors （RECIST） guideline version 1.0 （RECIST 1.0） was proposed as a new guideline for evaluating tumor response and has been widely accepted as a standardized measure. With a number of issues being raised on RECIST 1.0, however, a revised RECIST guideline version 1.1 （RECIST 1.1） was proposed by the RECIST Working Group in 2009. This study was conducted to compare CT tumor response based on RECIST 1.1 vs. RECIST 1.0 in patients with advanced gastric cancer （AGC）. Methods： We reviewed 61 AGC patients with measurable diseases by RECIST 1.0 who were enrolled in other clinical trials between 2008 and 2010. These patients were retrospectively re-analyzed to determine the concordance between the two response criteria using the κ statistic. Results： The number and sum of tumor diameters of the target lesions by RECIST 1.1 were significantly lower than those by RECIST 1.0 （P〈0.0001）. However, there was excellent agreement in tumor response between RECIST 1.1 and RECIST 1.0 0（κ=0.844）. The overall response rates （ORRs） according to RECIST 1.0 and RECIST 1.1 were 32.7% （20/61） and 34.5% （20/58）, respectively. One patient with partial response （PR） based on RECIST 1.0 was reclassified as stable disease （SD） by RECIST 1.1. Of two patients with SD by RECIST 1.0, one was downgraded to progressive disease and the other was upgraded to PR by RECIST 1.1. Conclusions： RECIST 1.1 provided almost perfect agreement with RECIST 1.0 in the CT assessment of tumor response of AGC.

Evaluation of the relationship between hepatocellular carcinoma location and transarterial chemoembolization efficacy

AIM To evaluate the relationship between the location of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and the efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization(TACE).METHODS We evaluated 115 patients(127 nodules), excluding recurrent nodules, treated with TACE between January 2011 and June 2014. TACE efficacy was evaluated according to m RECIST. The HCC location coefficient was calculated as the distance from the central portal portion to the HCC center(mm)/liver diameter(mm) on multiplanar reconstruction images rendered(MPR) to visualize bifurcation of the right and left branches of the portal vein and HCC center. The HCC location coefficient was compared between complete response(CR) and non-CR groups in Child-Pugh grade A and B patients.RESULTS The median location coefficient of HCC among all nodules, the right lobe, and the medial segment was significantly higher in the CR group than in the non-CR group in the Child-Pugh grade A patients(0.82 vs 0.62, P < 0.001; 0.71 vs 0.59, P < 0.01; 0.81 vs 0.49, P < 0.05, respectively). However, there was no significant difference in the median location coefficient of the HCC in the lateral segment between in the CR and in the non-CR groups(0.67 vs 0.65, P > 0.05). On the other hand, in the Child-Pugh grade B patients, the HCC median location coefficient in each lobe and segment was not significantly different between in the CR and in the non-CR groups.CONCLUSION Improved TACE efficacy may be obtained for HCC in the peripheral zone of the right lobe and the medial segment in Child-Pugh grade A patients.

Tumor response assessment by the single-lesion measurement per organ in small cell lung cancer

Background： The criterion of two target lesions per organ in the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors （RECIST） version I. 1 is an arbitrary one, being supported by no objective evidence. The optimal number of target lesions per organ still needs to be investigated. We compared tumor responses using the RECIST 1.1 （measuring two target lesions per organ） and modified RECIST I. 1 （measuring the single largest lesion in each organ） in patients with small cell lung cancer （SCLC）. Methods： We reviewed medical records of patients with SCLC who received first-line treatment between January 2004 and December 2014 and compared tumor responses according to the two criteria using computed tomography. Results： There were a total of 34 patients who had at least two target lesions in any organ according to the RECIST 1.1 during the study period. The differences in the percentage changes of the sum of tumor measurements between RECIST 1.1 and modified RECIST 1.1 were all within 13%. Seven patients showed complete response and fourteen showed partial response according to the RECIST I.I. The overall response rate was 61.8%. When assessing with the modified RECIST 1.1 instead of the RECIST 1.1, tumor responses showed perfect concordance between the two criteria （k= 1.0）. Conclusions： The modified RECIST 1.I showed perfect agreement with the original RECIST 1.I in the assessment of tumor response of SCLC. Our result suggests that it may be enough to measure the single largest target lesion per organ for evaluating tumor response.

Imaging response predictors following drug eluting beads chemoembolization in the neoadjuvant liver transplant treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND Drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization(DEB-TACE)is an endovascular treatment to release chemotherapeutic agents within a target lesion,minimizing systemic exposure and adverse effects to chemotherapeutics.Therefore,identifying which patient characteristics may predict imaging response to DEB-TACE can improve treatment results while selecting the best candidates.Predictors of the response after DEB-TACE still have not been fully elucidated.This is the first prospective study performed with standardized DEBTACE technique that aim to identify predictors of radiological response,assessing patients clinical and laboratory characteristics,diagnostic imaging and intraprocedure data of the hepatocellular carcinoma treated in the neoadjuvant context for liver transplantation.AIM To identify pre-and intraoperative clinical and imaging predictors of the radiological response of drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization(DEB-TACE)for the neoadjuvant treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).METHODS This is prospective,cohort study,performed in a single transplant center,from 2011 to 2014.Consecutive patients with HCC considered for liver transplant who underwent DEB-TACE in the first session for downstaging or bridging purposes were recruited.Pre and post-chemoembolization imaging studies were performed by computed tomography or magnetic resonance.The radiological response of each individual HCC was evaluated by objective response using mRECIST and the percentage of necrosis.RESULTS Two hundred patients with 380 HCCs were examined.Analysis of the objective response(nodule-based analysis)demonstrated that HCC with pseudocapsules had a 2.01 times greater chance of being responders than those without pseudocapsules(P=0.01),and the addition of every 1mg of chemoembolic agent increased the chance of therapeutic response in 4%(P<0.001).Analysis of the percentage of necrosis through multiple linear regression revealed that the addition of each 1mg of the chemoembolic agent caused an average increase of 0.65%(P<0.001)in necrosis in the treated lesion,whereas the hepatocellular carcinoma with pseudocapsules presented 18.27%(P<0.001)increased necrosis compared to those without pseudocapsules.CONCLUSION The presence of a pseudocapsule and the addition of the amount of chemoembolic agent increases the chance of an objective response in hepatocellular carcinoma and increases the percentage of tumor necrosis following drug-eluting bead chemoembolization in the neoadjuvant treatment,prior to liver transplantation.

Assessment of clinical and radiological response to sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma patients

Sorafenib is an effective anti-angiogenic treatment forhepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). The assessment of tumor progression in patients treated with sorafenib is crucial to help identify potentially-resistant patients,avoiding unnecessary toxicities. Traditional methods to assess tumor progression are based on variations in tumor size and provide unreliable results in patients treated with sorafenib. New methods to assess tumor progression such as the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors or European Association for the Study of Liver criteria are based on imaging to measure the vascularization and tumor volume(viable or necrotic). These however fail especially when the tumor response results in irregular development of necrotic tissue. Newer assessment techniques focus on the evaluation of tumor volume,density or perfusion. Perfusion computed tomography and Dynamic ContrastEnhanced-UltraS ound can measure the vascularization of HCC lesions and help predict tumor response to antiangiogenic therapies. Mean Transit Time is a possible predictive biomarker to measure tumor response. Volumetric techniques are reliable,reproducible and time-efficient and can help measure minimal changes in viable tumor or necrotic tissue,allowing the prompt identification of non-responders. Volume ratio may be a reproducible biomarker for tumor response. Larger trials are needed to confirm the use of these techniques in the prediction of response to sorafenib.

Efficacy of continuous gastric artery infusion chemotherapy in relieving digestive obstruction in advanced gastric cancer

BACKGROUND Obstruction or fullness after feeding is common in gastric cancer(GC)patients,affecting their nutritional status and quality of life.Patients with digestive obstruction are generally in a more advanced stage.Existing methods,including palliative gastrectomy,gastrojejunostomy,endoluminal stent,jejunal nutrition tube and intravenous chemotherapy,have limitations in treating these symptoms.AIM To analyze the efficacy of continuous gastric artery infusion chemotherapy(cGAIC)in relieving digestive obstruction in patients with advanced GC.METHODS This study was a retrospective study.Twenty-nine patients with digestive obstruction of advanced GC who underwent at least one cycle of treatment were reviewed at The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine.The oxaliplatin-based intra-arterial infusion regimen was applied in all patients.Mild systemic chemotherapy was used in combination with local treatment.The clinical response was evaluated by contrast-enhanced computed tomography using Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors(RECIST)criteria.Digestive tract symptoms and toxic effects were analyzed regularly.A comparison of the Karnofsky Performance Status(KPS)score and Stooler’s Dysphagia Score before and after therapy was made.Univariate survival analysis and multivariate survival analysis were also performed to explore the key factors affecting patient survival.RESULTS All patients finished cGAIC successfully without microcatheter displacement,as confirmed by arteriography.The median follow-up time was 24 mo(95%CI:20.24-27.76 mo).The overall response rate was 89.7%after cGAIC according to the RECIST criteria.The postoperative Stooler’s Dysphagia Score was significantly improved.Twentytwo(75.9%)of the 29 patients experienced relief of digestive obstruction after the first two cycles,and 13(44.8%)initially unresectable patients were then considered radically resectable.The median overall survival time(mOS)was 16 mo(95%CI:9.32-22.68 mo).Patients who received radical surgery had a significantly longer mOS than other patients(P value<0.001).Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that radical resection after cGAIC,intravenous chemotherapy after cGAIC,and immunotherapy after cGAIC were independent predictors of mOS.None of the patients stopped treatment because of adverse events.CONCLUSION cGAIC was effective and safe in relieving digestive obstruction in advanced GC,and it could improve surgical conversion possibility and survival time.

RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY ON PREDICTION OF TREATMENT RESPONSE IN CERVICAL CANCERS

Concurrent chemoradiotherapy(CCRT)is the choice of treatment for locally adv anced cervical cancers;however,tumors exhibit diverse response to treatment.Early prediction of tumor response leads to individualizing treatment regimen.Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors(RECIST),the current modality of tumor response assessment,is often subject ive and carried out at the first visit after treatment,which is about four months.Hence,there is a need for better predictive tool for radioresponse.Optical spectroscopic techniques,sensitive to molecular alteration,are being pursued as potential diagnostic tools.Present pilot study ains to explore the fiber-optic-based Raman spectroscopy approach in prediction of tumor response to CCRT,before taking up extensive in vivo studies.Ex vivo Raman spectra were acquired from biopsies collected from 11 normal(148 spectra),16 tumor(201 spectra)and 13 complete response(151 CR spectra),one partial response(8 PR spectra)and one nonresponder(8 NR spectra)subjects.Data was analyzed using principal component linear discriminant analysis(PC-LDA)followed by leave-one-out cross-validation(LOO-CV).Findings suggest that normal tissues can be efficiently classified from both pre-and post-treated tumor biopsies,while there is an overlap between pre-and post-CCRT tumor tissues.Spectra of CR,PR and NR tissues were subjected to principal component analysis(PCA)and a tendency of classification was observed,corroborating previous studies.Thus,this study further supports the feasibility of Raman spectroscopy in prediction of tumor radioresponse and prospective noninvasive in vivo applications.

challenges of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is an aggressive malignancy,resulting as the third cause of death by cancer each year. The management of patients with HCC is complex,as both the tumour stage and any underlying liver disease must be considered conjointly. Although surveillance by imaging,clinical and biochemical parameters is routinely performed,a lot of patients suffering from cirrhosis have an advanced stage HCC at the first diagnosis. Advanced stage HCC includes heterogeneous groups of patients with different clinical condition and radiological features and sorafenib is the only approved treatment according to Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer. Since the introduction of sorafenib in clinical practice,several phase Ⅲ clinical trials have failed to demonstrate any superiority over sorafenib in the frontline setting. Locoregional therapies have also been tested as first line treatment,but their role in advanced HCC is still matter of debate. No single agent or combination therapies have been shown to impact outcomes after sorafenib failure. Therefore this review will focus on the range of experimental therapeutics for patients with advanced HCC and highlights the successes and failures of these treatments as well as areas for future development. Specifics such as dose limiting toxicity and safety profile in patients with liver dysfunction related to the underlying chronic liver disease should be considered when developing therapies in HCC. Finally,robust validated and reproducible surrogate end-points as well as predictive biomarkers should be defined in future randomized trials.

Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and sorafenib: Diagnosis, indications, clinical and radiological follow-up

Advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is a category of disease defined by radiological, clinical and hepatic function parameters, comprehending a wide range of patients with different general conditions. The main therapeutic option is represented by sorafenibtreatment, a multi-kinase inhibitor with anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effect. Trans-arterial Radio Embolization also represents a promising new approach to intermediate/advanced HCC. Post-marketing clinical studies showed that only a portion of patients actually benefits from sorafenib treatment, and an even smaller percentage of patients treated shows partial/complete response on follow-up examinations, up against relevant costs and an incidence of drug related adverse effects. Although the treatment with sorafenib has shown a significant increase in mean overall survival in different studies, only a part of patients actually shows real benefits, while the incidence of drug related significant adverse effects and the economic costs are relatively high. Moreover, only a small percentage of patients also shows a response in terms of lesion dimensions reduction. Being able to properly differentiate patients who are responding to the therapy from non-responders as early as possible is then still difficult and could be a pivotal challenge for the future; in fact it could spare several patients a therapy often difficult to bear, directing them to other second line treatments(many of which are at the moment still under investigation). For this reason, some supplemental criteria to be added to the standard modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors evaluation are being searched for. In particular, finding some parameters(cellular density, perfusion grade and enhancement rate) able to predict the sensitivity of the lesions to anti-angiogenic agents could help in stratifying patients in terms of treatment responsiveness before the beginning of the therapy itself, or in the first weeks of sorafenib treatment. This would bring a strongly desirable help in clinical managements of these patients.

How to assess the efficacy or failure of targeted therapy:deciding when to stop sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma

Sorafenib is thus far the only systemic treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) based on the results of two randomized controlled trials performed in Western and in Eastern countries, despite a poor response rate(from 2% to 3.3%) following conventional evaluation criteria. It is now recognized that the criteria(European Association of the Study of the Liver criteria, modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors) based on contrast enhanced techniques(computed tomography scan, magnetic resonance imaging) aimed to assess the evolution of the viable part of the tumor(hypervascularized on arterial phase) are of major interest to determine the efficacy of sorafenib and of most antiangiogenic drugs in patients with HCC. The role of alphafetoprotein serum levels remains unclear. In 2016, in accordance with the SHARP and the Asia-Pacific trials, sorafenib must be stopped when tolerance is poor despite dose adaptation or in cases of radiological and symptomatic progression. This approach will be different in cases of available second-line therapy trials. Some recent data(in renal cell carcinoma) revealed that despite progression in patients who received sorafenib, this drug can still decrease tumor progression compared to drug cessation. Then, before deciding to continue sorafenib post-progression or shift to another drug, knowing other parameters of post-progression survival(Child-Pugh class, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer, alphafetoprotein, post-progression patterns in particular, the development of extrahepatic metastases and of portal vein thrombosis) will be of major importance.

Lenvatinib for large hepatocellular carcinomas with portal trunk invasion:Two case reports

BACKGROUND In a phase III trial of lenvatinib as first-line treatment for advanced unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma(uHCC),the drug proved non-inferior to sorafenib in terms of the overall survival,but offered better progression-free survival.However,the effects of lenvatinib in uHCC patients with a tumor thrombus in the main portal vein and/or a high tumor burden(tumor occupancy more than 50%of the total liver volume),remain unclear,because these were set as exclusion criteria in the aforementioned trial.CASE SUMMARY A 53-year-old man(case 1)and 66-year-old woman(case 2)with uHCC presented to us with a tumor thrombus in both the main portal vein and inferior vena cava,a high tumor burden accompanied by a tumor diameter greater than>100 mm,and distant metastasis,with the residual liver function classified as grade 2A according to the modified Albumin–Bilirubin grading.We started both patients on lenvatinib.The therapeutic effect,as evaluated by the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors,was rated as partial response in both case 1 and case 2(at 8 wk and 4 wk after the start of lenvatinib administration,respectively).The therapeutic effect was sustained for 6 mo in case 1 and 20 mo in case 2.Fever occurred as an adverse event in both case 1 and 2,and hyperthyroidism and thrombocytopenia in only case 2,neither of which,however,necessitated treatment discontinuation.CONCLUSION Even in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with poor prognostic factors,if the liver function is well-preserved,lenvatinib is effective and safe.

Assessment of circulating levels of microRNA-326,microRNA-424,and microRNA-511 as biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma in Egyptians

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the fifth most common cancer.Differential expression of microRNAs(miRNAs)-326,miRNA-424,and miRNA-511 has been associated with the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC in different populations.However,limited information is available regarding their expression in Egyptian HCC patients.AIM To assess the role of circulating miRNAs-326,miRNA-424,and miRNA-511 in Egyptian HCC patients.METHODS This prospective observational study included 70 HCC patients and 25 healthy controls.The circulating levels of these three miRNAs were evaluated by real-time PCR.Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to test the diagnostic accuracy of micro RNA expression levels.RESULTS All miRNAs were differentially expressed in HCC patients;miRNAs326 and miRNA-424 were upregulated,while miRNA-511 was downregulated.Both miRNA-326 and miRNA-424 showed sensitivity and specificity of 97%,71.4%,and 52%,60%,respectively,to differentiate HCC from controls.Moreover,miRNA-326 was associated with survival and could differentiate between Child grades(A vs B);miRNA-424 significantly differentiated early vs intermediate stages of HCC;while miRNA-511 was significantly correlated with response to modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors(m RECIST).CONCLUSION We conclude that miRNA-326,miRNA-424,and miRNA-511 have diagnostic and prognostic roles in Egyptian patients with hepatitis C virus-related HCC and should be considered for better disease management.

健脾化痰祛湿方对非小细胞肺癌患者的临床疗效及对其信号通路相关因子的影响

目的探究健脾化痰祛湿方对非小细胞肺癌患者治疗效果和对血清表皮生长因子受体(epithelial growth factor receptor,EGFR)、AKT蛋白(Protein Kinase B,AKT)和基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metalloprotein-9,MMP-9)水平的影响。方法将如皋市中医院收治的80例非小细胞肺癌患者随机分为观察组(40例)和对照组(40例),对照组使用常规化学治疗,观察组在此基础上服用中药健脾化痰祛湿方,比较两组患者临床疗效、治疗前后血清EGFR、AKT和MMP-9水平。结果观察组缓解率75.00%(30/40)、稳定率90.00%(36/40)和有效率77.5%(31/40)高于对照组52.50%(21/40)、72.50%(29/40)和65.00%(26/40),差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),观察组不良反应率22.5%(9/40)与对照组27.5%(11/40)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗前,两组卡氏功能状态评分(KPS)和肿瘤最长直径差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组KPS得分均升高,观察组高于对照组,两组肿瘤最长直径均降低,观察组低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);重复测量方差分析结果显示,治疗前,两组组间血清EGFR、AKT和MMP-9水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后,两组组间血清EGFR、AKT和MMP-9水平均下降,观察组低于对照组,治疗前后两组组内EGFR、AKT和MMP-9水平前后差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),时间和治疗方法存在交互作用,具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论健脾化痰祛湿方对非小细胞肺癌患者治疗效果较好,能有效改善血清EGFR、AKT和MMP-9水平,可继续探究肿瘤组织中3者相关蛋白含量,进一步分析健脾化痰祛湿方治疗非小细胞肺癌患者的作用机制。

三维可视化技术在儿童实体肿瘤手术中的应用价值研究

目的探讨术前三维可视化技术在儿童实体肿瘤手术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析电子科技大学附属妇女儿童医院·成都市妇女儿童中心医院2019年1月至2021年12月收治的23例接受手术治疗的实体肿瘤患儿临床资料,按照术前是否完善三维可视化分为研究组(n=11)和对照组(n=12)。研究组基于CT数据对患儿影像学结果进行三维可视化处理,通过可视化模型了解肿瘤及周围脏器血管的空间三维关系,明确邻近血管有无变异情况,进行精确的术前规划(组织血管保护、预切除路径等),并在三维模型指导下行儿童实体肿瘤切除手术;对照组仅在传统CT图像指导下完成手术。收集两组患儿的一般资料和术中资料,并进行比较分析。结果23例均顺利完成手术。研究组和对照组的年龄分别为(3.1±0.9)岁和(2.1±0.6)岁;体重分别为(12.2±2.7)kg和(15.7±2.5)kg;住院时间分别为(11.4±1.8)d和(13.4±1.6)d;手术时间分别为(330.4±61.0)min和(208.8±30.7)min;术中出血量分别为(43.6±17.6)mL和(204.2±70.2)mL;术中输血人数分别为1例和6例;肿瘤最大直径分别为(8.0±0.8)cm和(10.5±1.2)cm;体积误差值分别为(4.3±0.9)cm^(3)和(15.4±1.6)cm^(3);研究组发生贫血1例、低蛋白血症1例、凝血功能异常1例,对照组发生贫血3例、低蛋白血症1例、凝血功能异常1例。研究组的术中出血量[(43.6±17.6)mL比(204.2±70.2)mL]、术中输血人数(1/11比6/12)均少于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论术前三维可视化技术是评估儿童实体肿瘤手术可切除性的有效且简便的方法,对提高儿童实体肿瘤手术的精准性和安全性具有重要价值。

靶向治疗在儿童实体肿瘤中的应用进展

近年来,靶向治疗在儿童实体肿瘤领域的应用突飞猛进,且已在部分肿瘤的治疗中取得了关键进展,为改善复发、耐药、手术无法切除的难治性肿瘤患儿生存情况带来了希望。本文以靶向治疗的多种载体为线索,基于近5年来靶向治疗在儿童实体肿瘤中的临床试验成果,对靶向治疗在儿童实体肿瘤(包括淋巴瘤及中枢神经系统肿瘤)中的应用进展进行综述。

贝伐珠单抗治疗非鳞非小细胞肺癌后空洞的临床评价

目的:比较贝伐珠单抗治疗非鳞非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)发生肿瘤空洞后的各种评价方法,为临床评估提供合理选择。方法:利用中国知网、万方数据、PubMed等数据库检索2008年1月~2022年9月期间发表的相关文献,总结归纳国内外肿瘤评估方法。结果:对使用抗血管生成类药物治疗后发生显著肿瘤空洞的患者进行肿瘤评估时,若采用实体瘤疗效评价标准1.1版(RECIST 1.1)评估,可能会对药物的临床疗效评价造成偏差。相较于经典的RECIST 1.1,采用改良版实体瘤疗效评价标准(mRECIST)、三维体积测量法、新响应标准(NRC)等方法评价肿瘤空洞亦具有各自的优势与特点。结论:三维体积测量法需考虑剔除空洞部分体积进行计算;NRC目前未在NSCLC治疗领域得到广泛验证;对于治疗后发生显著空洞的患者采用mRECIST可更灵敏地反映患者的肿瘤发展变化。

RECIST1.1与WHO、RECIST1.0标准评价周边型肺癌疗效比较

目的比较WHO标准、RECIST1.0标准、RECIST1.1标准对周边型肺癌疗效的评价效果及一维测量法与体积测量法、半自动软件测量法与手动测量法结果的相关性。资料与方法采用3种评价标准对62例周边型肺癌患者的近期疗效进行评估。分别计算出目标病灶的最大直径与最大垂直横径的乘积、最大直径之和,按照病灶缩小百分比将疗效分为完全缓解、部分缓解、病灶稳定和疾病进展。分析RECIST1.1标准下一维测量法与体积测量法结果的相关性和WHO标准、RECIST1.0标准下半自动与手动测量结果的相关性。结果 WHO标准、RECIST1.0标准及RECIST1.1标准评价结果两两间均呈正相关(r=0.705,0.572,0.607,P<0.05)。RECIST1.1标准下一维与体积测量法结果存在正相关(r=0.839,P<0.05)。半自动与手动测量结果在WHO标准和RECIST1.0标准下呈正相关(r=0.776,0.965,P<0.05)。结论 3种评价标准呈较好的正相关,但RECIST1.1标准较RECIST1.0标准及WHO标准细致全面。一维测量法较体积测量法更好地用于肺癌的疗效评估,半自动软件测量较手动测量更客观,两组测量方法分别具有较好的正相关。