Sleep disorders have become a global issue,and discovering their causes and consequences are the focus of many research endeavors.An estimated 70 million Americans suffer from some form of sleep disorder.Certain sleep...Sleep disorders have become a global issue,and discovering their causes and consequences are the focus of many research endeavors.An estimated 70 million Americans suffer from some form of sleep disorder.Certain sleep disorders have been shown to cause neurocognitive impairment such as decreased cognitive ability,slower response times and performance detriments.Recent research suggests that individuals with sleep abnormalities are also at greater risk of serious adverse health,economic consequences,and most importantly increased all-cause mortality.Several research studies support the associations among sleep,immune function and inflammation.Here,we review the current research linking sleep,immune function,and gastrointestinal diseases and discuss the interdependent relationship between sleep and these gastrointestinal disorders.Different physiologic processes including immune system and inflammatory cytokines help regulate the sleep.The inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor,interleukin-1(IL-1),and IL-6 have been shown to be a significant contributor of sleep disturbances.On the other hand,sleep disturbances such as sleep deprivation have been shown to up regulate these inflammatory cytokines.Alterations in these cytokine levels have been demonstrated in certain gastrointestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease,gastro-esophageal reflux,liver disorders and colorectal cancer.In turn,abnormal sleep brought on by these diseases is shown to contribute to the severity of these same gastrointestinal diseases.Knowledge of these relationships will allow gastroenterologists a great opportunity to enhance the care of their patients.展开更多
A functioning immune system is crucial for protection against disease and illness,yet increasing evidence suggests that species living in urban areas could be suffering from immune suppression,due to the presence of a...A functioning immune system is crucial for protection against disease and illness,yet increasing evidence suggests that species living in urban areas could be suffering from immune suppression,due to the presence of artificial light at night(ALAN).This study examined the effects of ecologically relevant levels of ALAN on three key measures of immune function(haemocyte concentration,lytic activity,and phenoloxidase activity)using a model invertebrate species,the Australian black field cricket,Teleogryllus commodus.We reared crickets under an ecologically relevant daily light‐cycle consisting of 12 hr bright daylight(2600 lx)followed by either 12 h darkness(0 lx)or dim environmentally relevant ALAN(1,10,100 lx),and then assessed immune function at multiple time points throughout adult life using haemolymph samples.We found that the presence of ALAN had a clear negative effect on haemocytes,while the effects on lytic activity and phenoloxidase activity were more complex or largely unaffected by ALAN.Furthermore,the effects of lifelong exposure to ALAN of 1 lx were comparable to those of 10 and 100 lx.Our data suggest that the effects of ALAN could be large and widespread,and such reductions in the core immune response of individuals will likely have greater consequences for fitness and survival under more malign conditions,such as those of the natural environment.展开更多
文摘Sleep disorders have become a global issue,and discovering their causes and consequences are the focus of many research endeavors.An estimated 70 million Americans suffer from some form of sleep disorder.Certain sleep disorders have been shown to cause neurocognitive impairment such as decreased cognitive ability,slower response times and performance detriments.Recent research suggests that individuals with sleep abnormalities are also at greater risk of serious adverse health,economic consequences,and most importantly increased all-cause mortality.Several research studies support the associations among sleep,immune function and inflammation.Here,we review the current research linking sleep,immune function,and gastrointestinal diseases and discuss the interdependent relationship between sleep and these gastrointestinal disorders.Different physiologic processes including immune system and inflammatory cytokines help regulate the sleep.The inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor,interleukin-1(IL-1),and IL-6 have been shown to be a significant contributor of sleep disturbances.On the other hand,sleep disturbances such as sleep deprivation have been shown to up regulate these inflammatory cytokines.Alterations in these cytokine levels have been demonstrated in certain gastrointestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease,gastro-esophageal reflux,liver disorders and colorectal cancer.In turn,abnormal sleep brought on by these diseases is shown to contribute to the severity of these same gastrointestinal diseases.Knowledge of these relationships will allow gastroenterologists a great opportunity to enhance the care of their patients.
基金This research was supported by a grant from the Hermon Slade Foundation awarded to TMJ and MPG(HSF 14/4)Australian Research Council grant to TMJ(DP150101191)。
文摘A functioning immune system is crucial for protection against disease and illness,yet increasing evidence suggests that species living in urban areas could be suffering from immune suppression,due to the presence of artificial light at night(ALAN).This study examined the effects of ecologically relevant levels of ALAN on three key measures of immune function(haemocyte concentration,lytic activity,and phenoloxidase activity)using a model invertebrate species,the Australian black field cricket,Teleogryllus commodus.We reared crickets under an ecologically relevant daily light‐cycle consisting of 12 hr bright daylight(2600 lx)followed by either 12 h darkness(0 lx)or dim environmentally relevant ALAN(1,10,100 lx),and then assessed immune function at multiple time points throughout adult life using haemolymph samples.We found that the presence of ALAN had a clear negative effect on haemocytes,while the effects on lytic activity and phenoloxidase activity were more complex or largely unaffected by ALAN.Furthermore,the effects of lifelong exposure to ALAN of 1 lx were comparable to those of 10 and 100 lx.Our data suggest that the effects of ALAN could be large and widespread,and such reductions in the core immune response of individuals will likely have greater consequences for fitness and survival under more malign conditions,such as those of the natural environment.
