Hepatitis D virus(HDV)is a dependent virus that relies on hepatitis B virus for its replication and transmission.Chronic hepatitis D is a severe form of viral hepatitis that can result in end stage liver disease.Curre...Hepatitis D virus(HDV)is a dependent virus that relies on hepatitis B virus for its replication and transmission.Chronic hepatitis D is a severe form of viral hepatitis that can result in end stage liver disease.Currently,pegylated interferon alpha is the only approved therapy for chronic HDV infection and is associated with significant side effects.Liver transplantation(LT)is the only treatment option for patients with end-stage liver disease,hepatocellular carcinoma,or fulminant hepatitis due to coinfection with HDV.As LT for HDV and hepatitis B virus coinfection is uncommon in the United States,most data on the long-term impact of LT on HDV are from international centers.In this review,we discuss the indications and results of LT with treatment options in HDV patients.展开更多
BACKGROUND: The presence of bacteria in bile is an important factor in the formation of pigment gallstones. The bile of healthy people is sterile and bacteria in the biliary system come from endogenous infection from ...BACKGROUND: The presence of bacteria in bile is an important factor in the formation of pigment gallstones. The bile of healthy people is sterile and bacteria in the biliary system come from endogenous infection from the gut. Yet, the route of bacterial translocation into the bile duct is still unclear. Theoretically, two routes exist: one is through the intestinal barrier and the other is by direct reflux from the sphincter of Oddi. This study was undertaken to explore the relationship between the effectiveness of intestinal barrier and the formation of pigment gallstones in hamsters. METHODS: Thirty-two hamsters were divided into an experimental and a control group, with 16 hamsters in each group. A low protein and high cellulose diet was given for 6 weeks to induce the formation of pigment gallstones in the experimental group (PS) and a normal diet was given to the control group (CON). Morphological changes, changes in the levels of serum endotoxin and diamine oxidase, and changes in the numbers of B lymphocytes, plasma cells and secretory immunoglobin A (sIgA) in the intestinal mucosa were assessed after 6 weeks. RESULTS: Four hamsters died during lithogenesis and body weight decreased in the PS group. Pigment gallstones were found in 11 hamsters at the end of the experiment, giving a lithogenesis rate of 91.67%. The serum endotoxin level before and after gallstone formation in the PS group was 0.2960 +/- 0.1734 U/ml and 8.2964 +/- 4.6268 U/ml, respectively (P<0.05). The blood diamine oxidase level before and after gallstone formation in the PS group was 2.6333 +/- 0.8037 U/ml and 3.3642 +/- 0.9545 U/ml, respectively (P<0.05). The numbers of B lymphocytes, plasma cells and sIgA in the intestinal mucosa in the PS group were 71.56 +/- 2.89, 68.65 +/- 2.09 and 27.56 +/- 1.07, respectively, and were significantly decreased compared with the corresponding values in the CON group (94.25 +/- 3.69, 93.47 +/- 3.98 and 42.57 +/- 1.96, respectively, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A low protein and high cellulose diet can markedly reduce intestinal barrier function and facilitate the formation of pigment gallstones. The decrease of intestinal barrier function may take part in the formation of pigment gallstones.展开更多
BACKGROUND Immunoglobin G4(IgG4)-related hypophysitis(IgG4-RH)is a rare form of IgG4-related disease(IgG4-RD),which often manifests as a single organ disease and is easily misdiagnosed as a pituitary tumor clinically ...BACKGROUND Immunoglobin G4(IgG4)-related hypophysitis(IgG4-RH)is a rare form of IgG4-related disease(IgG4-RD),which often manifests as a single organ disease and is easily misdiagnosed as a pituitary tumor clinically and by imaging.There are few reports of imaging findings of IgG4-RH.Therefore,we describe a case of IgG4-RH,which mimicked a pituitary macroadenoma,that was detected by computed tomography(CT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),and review the previous literature in order to further the understanding of IgG4-RH.CASE SUMMARY A 47-year-old man presented with a history of blurred vision for more than 2 mo,without other symptoms.A preoperative unenhanced CT scan revealed a slightly hyperdense mass in the sellar region measuring 2.5 cm×2.3 cm×1.8 cm,with a CT value of 45 HU.T1-weighted imaging(T1WI)and T2-weighted imaging showed iso-hypointensity,and gadolinium contrast-enhanced T1WI showed obvious homogeneous enhancement.The MRI revealed involvement of the pituitary gland and stalk.Preoperative laboratory tests revealed abnormal pituitary hormone levels,including an increased prolactin level,and decreased levels of insulin-like growth factor,dehydroepiandrosterone,and testosterone.The lesion was surgically resected.Postoperative histopathological examination of a tissue sample and an elevated serum IgG4 level confirmed the diagnosis of IgG4-RH.The patient was treated with cortisone acetate postoperatively and made a good recovery without developing any neurological deficit.CONCLUSION An elevated serum IgG4 concentration is the main clue for diagnosis of IgG4-RD.Imaging combined with laboratory testing is useful for preoperative diagnosis of IgG4-RH.展开更多
文摘Hepatitis D virus(HDV)is a dependent virus that relies on hepatitis B virus for its replication and transmission.Chronic hepatitis D is a severe form of viral hepatitis that can result in end stage liver disease.Currently,pegylated interferon alpha is the only approved therapy for chronic HDV infection and is associated with significant side effects.Liver transplantation(LT)is the only treatment option for patients with end-stage liver disease,hepatocellular carcinoma,or fulminant hepatitis due to coinfection with HDV.As LT for HDV and hepatitis B virus coinfection is uncommon in the United States,most data on the long-term impact of LT on HDV are from international centers.In this review,we discuss the indications and results of LT with treatment options in HDV patients.
文摘BACKGROUND: The presence of bacteria in bile is an important factor in the formation of pigment gallstones. The bile of healthy people is sterile and bacteria in the biliary system come from endogenous infection from the gut. Yet, the route of bacterial translocation into the bile duct is still unclear. Theoretically, two routes exist: one is through the intestinal barrier and the other is by direct reflux from the sphincter of Oddi. This study was undertaken to explore the relationship between the effectiveness of intestinal barrier and the formation of pigment gallstones in hamsters. METHODS: Thirty-two hamsters were divided into an experimental and a control group, with 16 hamsters in each group. A low protein and high cellulose diet was given for 6 weeks to induce the formation of pigment gallstones in the experimental group (PS) and a normal diet was given to the control group (CON). Morphological changes, changes in the levels of serum endotoxin and diamine oxidase, and changes in the numbers of B lymphocytes, plasma cells and secretory immunoglobin A (sIgA) in the intestinal mucosa were assessed after 6 weeks. RESULTS: Four hamsters died during lithogenesis and body weight decreased in the PS group. Pigment gallstones were found in 11 hamsters at the end of the experiment, giving a lithogenesis rate of 91.67%. The serum endotoxin level before and after gallstone formation in the PS group was 0.2960 +/- 0.1734 U/ml and 8.2964 +/- 4.6268 U/ml, respectively (P<0.05). The blood diamine oxidase level before and after gallstone formation in the PS group was 2.6333 +/- 0.8037 U/ml and 3.3642 +/- 0.9545 U/ml, respectively (P<0.05). The numbers of B lymphocytes, plasma cells and sIgA in the intestinal mucosa in the PS group were 71.56 +/- 2.89, 68.65 +/- 2.09 and 27.56 +/- 1.07, respectively, and were significantly decreased compared with the corresponding values in the CON group (94.25 +/- 3.69, 93.47 +/- 3.98 and 42.57 +/- 1.96, respectively, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A low protein and high cellulose diet can markedly reduce intestinal barrier function and facilitate the formation of pigment gallstones. The decrease of intestinal barrier function may take part in the formation of pigment gallstones.
基金Supported by National Key R&D Program of China,No.2019YFC0120602Clinical Research Plan of SHDC,No.SHDC2020CR3020A+2 种基金Research Startup Fund of Huashan Hospital,Fudan University,No.2021QD035Shanghai Municipal Commission of Science and Technology,No.22S31905300Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine(Guangzhou),No.KCH2310094。
文摘BACKGROUND Immunoglobin G4(IgG4)-related hypophysitis(IgG4-RH)is a rare form of IgG4-related disease(IgG4-RD),which often manifests as a single organ disease and is easily misdiagnosed as a pituitary tumor clinically and by imaging.There are few reports of imaging findings of IgG4-RH.Therefore,we describe a case of IgG4-RH,which mimicked a pituitary macroadenoma,that was detected by computed tomography(CT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),and review the previous literature in order to further the understanding of IgG4-RH.CASE SUMMARY A 47-year-old man presented with a history of blurred vision for more than 2 mo,without other symptoms.A preoperative unenhanced CT scan revealed a slightly hyperdense mass in the sellar region measuring 2.5 cm×2.3 cm×1.8 cm,with a CT value of 45 HU.T1-weighted imaging(T1WI)and T2-weighted imaging showed iso-hypointensity,and gadolinium contrast-enhanced T1WI showed obvious homogeneous enhancement.The MRI revealed involvement of the pituitary gland and stalk.Preoperative laboratory tests revealed abnormal pituitary hormone levels,including an increased prolactin level,and decreased levels of insulin-like growth factor,dehydroepiandrosterone,and testosterone.The lesion was surgically resected.Postoperative histopathological examination of a tissue sample and an elevated serum IgG4 level confirmed the diagnosis of IgG4-RH.The patient was treated with cortisone acetate postoperatively and made a good recovery without developing any neurological deficit.CONCLUSION An elevated serum IgG4 concentration is the main clue for diagnosis of IgG4-RD.Imaging combined with laboratory testing is useful for preoperative diagnosis of IgG4-RH.
