Development of a Side Door Composite Impact Beam for the Automotive Industry

The automobile industry has been searching for vehicles that use less energy and emit fewer pollutants, which has resulted in a high demand for fuel-efficient vehicles. Because of their higher strength-to-weight ratio compared to traditional steel, using fiber-reinforcement composite materials in automobile bodies has emerged as the most effective strategy for improving fuel efficiency while maintaining safety standards. This research paper examined the utilization of fiber-reinforced composite materials in car bodies to meet the increasing consumer demand for fuel-efficient and eco-friendly vehicles. It particularly focused on a carbon-aramid fiber-reinforced composite impact beam for passenger car side door impact protection. Despite the encouraging prospects of the carbon-aramid fiber-reinforced beam, the research uncovered substantial defects in the fabrication process, resulting in diminished load-bearing capacity and energy absorption. As a result, the beam was un-successful in three-point bending tests. This was accomplished by using an I cross-section design with varying thickness because of the higher area moment of inertia. Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) manufacturing process was used and the finished beam underwent to three-point bending tests.

Decision Support Strategy in Selecting Natural Fiber Materials for Automotive Side-Door Impact Beam Composites

The enforcement on sustainable design and environmental-friendly products has attracted the interest of researchers and engineers in the context of replacing metals and synthetic fibers with natural based fibers,especially in the automotive industry.However,studies on sustainable natural fiber material selection in the automotive industry are limited.Evaluation for the side-door impact beam was conducted by gathering product design specification from literature which amounted to seven criteria and it was forwarded to ten decision makers with automotive engineering and product design background for evaluation.The weightage required for decision-making was obtained using the Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)method based on six criteria.Following this,the best natural fiber materials to be used as reinforcement in polymer composites were selected using the VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje(VIKOR)method.The results using both the AHP and VIKOR method showed that kenaf was the best natural fiber for the side-door impact beam composites.The result showed the lowest VIKOR value,QA1=0.0000,which was determined to be within the acceptable advantage and acceptable stability conditions.It can be concluded that the application of integrated AHP-VIKOR method resulted in a systematic and justified solution towards the decision-making process.

Conceptual Design of Natural Fiber Composites as a Side-Door Impact Beam Using Hybrid Approach

This paper presents the conceptual design stage in the product development process of a natural fiber composites of the side-door impact beam,which starts from idea generation to the selection of the best design concept.This paper also demonstrates the use of the integrated Theory of Inventive Problem Solving(Function-Oriented Search)(TRIZ(FOS))and Biomimetics method,as well as the VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje(VIKOR)method.The aim of this study was to generate design concepts that were inspired by nature and to select the best design concept for the composite side-door impact beam.Subsequently,eight design concepts were generated using the TRIZ(FOS)-Biomimetics method and finite element analysis were used to analyse their performance and weight criteria using ANSYS software.VIKOR method was used as the multiple criteria decision making tools to compare their performances,weight and cost criteria.As a result,design concepts B-03 and C-02 were ranked as the first and second best,with VIKOR value of 0.0156 and 0.1178,respectively,which satisfied the conditions in VIKOR method.This paper shows that the integrated method of TRIZ(FOS)-Biomimetics and VIKOR can assist researchers and engineers in developing designs that are inspired by nature,as well as in selecting the best design concept using a systematic strategy and justified solutions during the conceptual design stage.

A STUDY ON THE COUNTER-INTUITIVE BEHAVIORS OF PIN-ENDED BEAMS UNDER PROJECTILE IMPACT

The counter-intuitive behaviors of pin-ended beams under the projectile impact axe investigated with ANSYS/LS-DYNA in this paper. It studies in detail their displacement-time history curves, final deformed shapes, energy relationships and projectile impact velocity ranges related to their counter-intuitive behaviors. The influences of the impact positions on their counterintuitive behaviors are also discussed. The results show that no matter where the impact position on the beam is, the counter-intuitive behaviors of pinned beams will occur as long as the impacting velocity lies within a proper range. Corresponding to the occurring of the counter-intuitive behaviors, the rebounding number in the displacement history curves of the beams decreases from a few times to zero with an increase of the impact velocity. The final deformation modes of the beam corresponding to the counter-intuitive behaviors will appear in symmetrical and unsymmetrical forms no matter where the impact position is; the impact velocity of the first-occurring of the counter-intuitive behaviors of the beam increases slowly with the deviation of the impact position away from the mid-span.

ELASTIC IMPACT ON FINITE TIMOSHENKO BEAM

In this paper the analytical solutions of the impact of a particle on Timoshenko beams with four kinds of different boundary conditions are obtained according to Navier's idea, which is further developed. The initial values of the impact forces are exactly determined by the momentum conservation law. The propagation of the longitudinal and transverse waves along the beam, especially, the effects of boundary conditions on the characteristics of the reflected waves, are investigated in detail. Some results are compared with those by MSC/NASTRAN.

Transient response of a beam on viscoelastic foundation under an impact load during nondestructive testing

Beam responses under an impact NDT load are studied using the Fourier and Laplace transforms. Numerical computation is performed for a parametric study of beam and load parameters. It is shown that under an impact load, the time duration for displacement to vanish is ten times longer than that for velocity and acceleration. The maximum response is achieved first in acceleration, followed by velocity, and finally displacement, all of which occur before the impact load is removed. At the moment that the impact load is removed from the beam, there is a discontinuity in the velocity and acceleration responses, but not in displacement response. The effect of K and ph on beam response is much less significant than that of EI and C, which have similar effect on beam response. As El increases, peak values of displacement, velocity and acceleration response decrease, The effect of K on beam response only becomes appreciable after the impact load is removed. While the peak of displacement remain almost unchanged large K values than for small K values. as K increases, the displacement response decays to zero faster for

Three-dimensional Localization of Impacted Canines and Root Resorption Assessment Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Summary： The purpose of this study was to develop a new way to localize the impacted canines from three dimensions and to investigate the root resorption of the adjacent teeth by using cone beam computed tomography （CBCT）. Forty-six patients undergoing orthodontic treatments and having impacted canines in Tongii Hospital were examined. The images of CBCT scans were obtained from KaVo 3D exam vision. Angular and linear measurements of the cusp tip and root apex according to the three planes （mid-sagittal, occlusal and frontal） have been taken using the cephalometric tool of the InVivo Dental Anatomage Version 5.1.10. The measurements of the angular and linear coordinates of the maxillary and mandibular canines were obtained. Using this technique the operators could envision the location of the impacted canine according to the three clinical planes. Adjacent teeth root resorption.of 28.26 % was in the upper lateral incisors while 17.39% in upper central incisors, but no lower root resorption was found in our samples. Accurate and reliable localization of the impacted canines could be obtained from the novel analysis system, which offers a better surgical and orthodontic treatment for the patients with impacted canines.

Impact coefficient and reliability of mid-span continuous beam bridge under action of extra heavy vehicle with low speed

To analyze the dynamic response and reliability of a continuous beam bridge under the action of an extra heavy vehicle, a vehicle–bridge coupled vibration model was established based on the virtual work principle and vehicle–bridge displacement compatibility equation, which can accurately simulate the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle and bridge. Results show that deck roughness has an important function in the effect of the vehicle on the bridge. When an extra heavy vehicle passes through the continuous beam bridge at a low speed of 5 km/h, the impact coefficient reaches a high value, which should not be disregarded in bridge safety assessments. Considering that no specific law exists between the impact coefficient and vehicle speed, vehicle speed should not be unduly limited and deck roughness repairing should be paid considerable attention. Deck roughness has a significant influence on the reliability index, which decreases as deck roughness increases. For the continuous beam bridge in this work, the reliability index of each control section is greater than the minimum reliability index. No reinforcement measures are required for over-sized transport.

ANALYSIS ON TRANSVERSE IMPACT RESPONSE OF AN UNRESTRAINED TIMOSHENKO BEAM

A moving rigid-body and an unrestrained Timoshenko beam, which is subjected to the transverse impact of the rigid-body, are treated as a contact-impact system. The generalized Fourier-series method was used to derive the characteristic equation and the characteristic function of the system. The analytical solutions of the impact responses for the system were presented. The responses can be divided into two parts: elastic responses and rigid responses. The momentum sum of elastic responses of the contact-impact system is demonstrated to be zero, which makes the rigid responses of the system easy to evaluate according to the principle of momentum conservation.

Dynamic Calculation Method of Beam System Under Low Velocity Impact

The bearing beams and the supporting beams under low velocity impact may be in four different strain stages of deformation depending on the impact intensity and beam structure strength.Based on the different judging conditions of deformation stages,the corresponding calculation models are proposed,the calculation formulae for the determination of the impact force and the beam's lateral displacement are obtained.Calculation shows that the beam's total deflection is small when the flexibility of the supporting component is high and the effect of diminishing deflection disappears almost when the stiffness of the supporting component is high.

Low Velocity Impact Response Analysis of Shape Memory Alloy Reinforced Composite Beam

The low velocity impact responses of shape memory alloy （ SMA ） reinforced composite beams were analyzed by employing the finite element method. The finite element dynamic equntion was solved by the Newmark direct integration method, the impact contact force was determined asing the Hertzian contact law, and the influence of SMA .fibers on stiffiwss matrix is studied. Numerical results show that the SMA fibers can effectively improve the low velocity impact response property of composite beam.

基于Beam-based近场动力学模型的材料冲击响应研究

采用近场动力学方法研究材料冲击破坏动态行为,针对常规键基近场动力学模型对材料泊松比的限制,借鉴有限元Euler-Bernoulli梁单元模型,在键基近场动力学模型的基础上加入物质点间相对转动效应,建立了新型Beam-based近场动力学本构模型,推导了二维和三维条件下Beam-based近场动力学模型微弹性模量矩阵。为了验证新型模型在冲击动力学中的适用性,研究了不同泊松比矩形板的二维冲击响应,结果表明矩形板位移响应与有限元结果一致。建立了三维Kalthoff-Winkler冲击破坏模型,获得了裂纹扩展角度和发展过程,结果表明:该文模拟的裂纹扩展过程与实验结果符合较好,新型Beam-based近场动力学模型有效拓展了传统键基模型的应用范围,并为冲击动力学问题研究提供了一条新的途径。

DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF A RIGID,PERFECTLY PLASTIC FREE-FREE BEAM STRUCK BY A PROJECTILE ATANY CROSS-SECTION ALONG ITS SPAN

The rigid, perfectly plastic dynamic response of a free-free beam subjected to impact by a projectile at any cross-section is studied. The instantaneous deformations of the beam are given through an analysis of the complete solution for rigid plastic structures. The in?uence of some parameters such as the input energy and mass ratio on the plastic deformation, travelling plastic hinge position and energy partitioning of the beam are discussed.

龙骨结构对体育木地板的冲击吸收率性能研究

为了深入研究龙骨结构参数对体育木地板冲击性能的影响,对不同龙骨结构、材料的体育木地板进行冲击吸收率比对分析。结果表明:体育木地板的结构对冲击吸收率有显著影响,龙骨结构的差异会导致冲击吸收率的变化,冲击点位因龙骨位置影响体育木地板的冲击吸收率。实木龙骨结构的体育木地板冲击吸收率普遍优于LVL龙骨结构。单层实木龙骨和单层LVL龙骨的平均冲击吸收率分别为56.1%和54.9%,双层实木龙骨和双层LVL龙骨的平均冲击吸收率分别为55.3%和54.4%。体育木地板龙骨上的冲击点位低于无龙骨位置的冲击点位,双层龙骨体育木地板的龙骨交叉冲击点位的冲击吸收率最低,对双层龙骨结构的冲击吸收率整体结果影响较大,龙骨结构是影响体育木地板冲击吸收率的关键因素之一。

CFRP加固损伤钢筋混凝土梁抗冲击性能试验研究

对采用碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)加固的不同损伤程度的钢筋混凝土梁进行落锤冲击试验,以冲击高度、加固层数为试验参数分析CFRP加固损伤试件的裂缝发展、破坏形态及抗冲击性能,并研究试件在冲击荷载下的动力性能。结果表明:试件损伤程度越高,其斜向裂缝发展越密集,试件的破坏程度越严重;落锤冲击高度越高,裂缝发展越趋近于跨中局部化;当采用多层CFRP布加固损伤试件时,试件在落锤冲击作用下保持较好的完整性,仅外部混凝土粉碎掉落;随着CFRP布粘贴层数的增加,试件整体产生弯剪破坏,损伤试件加固修复后的抗冲击能力及刚度相较于完好试件得到显著提升,提升幅度为70%~72%,但增加CFRP布粘贴层数对试件的加固修复效果提升作用有限,且加固效果与抗冲击能力并非呈线性关系;基于有效应变计算的结果可知,采用CFRP布加固修复不仅仅具有加固补强的作用,同时能够在一定的程度上改善试件的整体抗冲击性能。

UHPC梁抗冲击性能影响因素有限元分析

为研究配箍率、纵筋率、UHPC强度对UHPC梁抗冲击性能的影响,采用LS-DYNA软件,建立落锤冲击下的UHPC梁有限元模型,进行数值计算,分析对比其破坏形态、位移时程。结果表明UHPC中的钢纤维提高了梁的抗剪能力,导致配箍率对UHPC梁的冲击响应影响较小;当纵筋率小于1.0%时,破坏形态为少筋破坏,随着纵筋率增大,梁抗冲击能力增强,破坏形态转变为适筋破坏,跨中最大位移减少,但影响程度随着纵筋率增加而逐渐减少;UHPC抗压强度不同,梁的破坏模式有差异,当强度从100MPa增加到140MPa时,梁体破坏形态从落锤两侧出现斜向损伤转变为跨中受拉损伤。对于UHPC梁抗冲击设计,可减少箍筋的配置,而提高纵筋率或UHPC强度。

累计冲击荷载作用下GFRP-混凝土组合梁动态响应分析

为探究玻璃纤维复合材料(glass fiber reinforce plastic,GFRP)-混凝土组合梁在多次落石冲击荷载下的动态响应,采用摇臂式落锤试验机,对1根纯GFRP梁及4根GFRP-混凝土组合梁进行累计冲击试验,得到了不同工况下试验梁位移、冲击力、应变时程曲线及裂缝开展状态,并分阶段讨论了梁体损伤演化过程。试验结果表明:纯GFRP梁具有优异的抗冲击性能,但冲击荷载作用下变形过大;组合梁的破坏特征均为混凝土主裂缝贯通,GFRP-混凝土界面发生剥离,良好的界面黏结性能是确保GFRP-混凝土组合梁抗冲击性能提升的关键;竖向冲击荷载下,混凝土厚度的增大,可明显减小同一冲击高度下梁体跨中的变形响应;试验梁抵抗侧向冲击的能力优于其抵抗竖向冲击的能力。采用显示动力分析软件LS-DYNA建立了GFRP-混凝土组合梁累计冲击模型,并基于该模型分析了冲击锤质量、冲击速度及截面高度比等参数对GFRP混凝土组合梁动态响应的影响规律。

配筋率与质量比对FRP-RC梁冲击响应与损伤的影响

基于考虑应变率效应的三维数值模型,对玄武岩纤维增强复材筋混凝土(BFRP-RC)梁的抗冲击性能进行了研究.分析了冲击体与FRP-RC梁质量比、配筋率等因素对冲击响应的影响规律.结果表明,随着质量比增大,FRP筋混凝土梁的破坏模式从弯曲破坏转变为剪切破坏,但是配筋率的改变并不影响梁的破坏模式.由于BFRP筋弹性模量低,并且没有屈服阶段,故即使在梁损伤比较严重的情况下,BFRP筋的应变和BFRP筋梁的位移也会发生较大恢复.在冲击过程中,冲击力时程曲线的形状与质量比之间的规律不随配筋率而改变.此外,以剩余承载力为基准,建立了以频率变化、损伤因子和峰值位移为指标的损伤评估方法,为实际工程中FRP筋混凝土梁构件的灾后处置提供理论基础.

CBCT下超声骨刀在埋伏牙开窗手术中的应用效果

目的探究锥形束CT(CBCT)下超声骨刀在埋伏牙开窗手术中的应用效果。方法选取2020年9月—2023年9月于本院进行埋伏牙开窗手术治疗的病人86例,随机分为研究组(CBCT下超声骨刀开窗+正畸牵引治疗)与对照组(传统手术开窗+正畸牵引治疗),每组43例病人。比较两组的临床疗效。结果两组疗效差异有统计学意义(Z=2.129,P<0.05)。与对照组比较,研究组总有效率较高(χ^(2)=4.074,P<0.05),开窗时间更短、开窗出血量更少(t=73.724、29.078,P<0.05),一次粘连成功率更高(χ^(2)=3.909,P<0.05),面部肿胀与疼痛程度更低(Z=3.347、2.377,P<0.05),治疗后世界卫生组织生存质量测定量表(WHOQOL-100)各项得分更低(t=14.263~26.419,P<0.05),治疗前后WHOQOL-100量表各维度得分差值更高(t=14.820~27.213,P<0.05),并发症发生率更低(χ^(2)=4.074,P<0.05)。结论CBCT下超声骨刀开窗+正畸牵引治疗上颌唇侧埋伏阻生尖牙效果较好,具有较高安全性与较低创伤性,可提高一次粘连成功率与病人生活质量。

NC–UHPC组合梁抗冲击性能的数值研究

超高性能混凝土(UHPC)材料已成为极具前景的高性能材料,并在冲击和爆炸等防护工程领域中取得了良好的效果.对于普通钢筋混凝土(NC)梁在受到冲击荷载时较易发生局部冲剪破坏,而纯UHPC梁虽可改善其冲击性能,但高昂的造价限制了其进一步的应用.为了实现结构抗冲击性能和经济的平衡,提出UHPC局部替换和包裹的方案改善钢筋混凝土梁的抗冲击性能.本文设计了NC梁、UHPC梁和NC–UHPC组合梁等不同的研究工况,然后对比分析各个试件的抗冲击性能.结果表明:相比普通钢筋混凝土梁,UHPC局部替换方案可以有效的避免梁的局部冲剪破坏,而UHPC包裹在冲击荷载下梁的破坏模式由冲剪破坏转变为弯曲破坏,两种方案均可有效的减少梁跨中的峰值位移和残余位移;UHPC局部替换相较于包裹方案,梁的跨中峰值位移和残余位移较小,且具有更高的跨中承载能力,在实际过程中建议UHPC局部替换长度取大于2倍梁高以避免局部冲剪破坏.