Biomass cookstove improvement has been a global active research area for many decades and has resulted into much progress towards cleaner and more efficient energy conversion cooking devices. Irrespective of the perfe...Biomass cookstove improvement has been a global active research area for many decades and has resulted into much progress towards cleaner and more efficient energy conversion cooking devices. Irrespective of the perfection and development of improved cookstoves, many households in Kenya are still using three stone cookstoves. In Baringo County, 71.8% used three stone cookstoves. The focus of research needs to change towards adoption of improved cook stoves. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in rural, peri-urban and urban households regarding current cookstoves types in relation to fuel use categorized as improved and un-improved in Baringo and West Pokot counties. Biomass was the primary fuel in the two counties used in the form of firewood and charcoal at average of 70% and 26% respectively. The main un-improved cookstoves in the two counties were three stone and metallic jiko. The two were commonly used in Baringo County with 28.5% of the households using metallic stove. Whereas in West Pokot, Chepkube was the main cookstove used for cooking at 47.8% seconded by improved three stone at 36.6%. The use of un-improved cookstove was popular in Baringo County at 77.6% while infamous in West Pokot County at 21.7%. The results showed that West Pokot County is more conscious to energy related issues unlike Baringo County. The difference in dynamic of the two Counties in terms of land ownership, access to biofuel, social groupings, availability of cookstove installers and improved jikos could be the reason.展开更多
The objective of this study is to develop a mathematical model for a two-pot enclosed mud cookstove.A new model has been developed combining transient heat transfer,combustion chemistry and fluid flow.The model can be...The objective of this study is to develop a mathematical model for a two-pot enclosed mud cookstove.A new model has been developed combining transient heat transfer,combustion chemistry and fluid flow.The model can be used for variation of the operation and design parameters.The model predicts performance parameters such as efficiency,boiling time,excess air ratio(EAR),transient wall,flame and char temperature.For an input power of 5.1 kW,the estimated overall efficiency,EAR and boiling time were 17.1%,1.97 and 43 minutes,respectively.The model outcome is compared with experimental results.Further,10 parameters are varied and their impact on cookstove performance is analysed.The optimum dimension for the door opening,combustion-chamber height and wall thickness are suggested.Therefore,this study can serve as an effective tool for cookstove design.展开更多
Background: Unsafe drinking water,poor sanitation and hygiene,exposure to household air pollution and low cognitive and socio-emotional stimulation are risk factors affecting children in low-and middle-income countrie...Background: Unsafe drinking water,poor sanitation and hygiene,exposure to household air pollution and low cognitive and socio-emotional stimulation are risk factors affecting children in low-and middle-income countries.We implemented an integrated home-environmental intervention package(IHIP),comprising a kitchen sink,hygiene education and a certified improved biomass cookstove,and an early child development(ECD)programme to improve children´s health and developmental outcomes in the rural high-altitude Andes of Peru.Methods: We conducted a one-year cluster-randomised controlled trial among 317 children<36 months divided into 4 arms(IHIP+ECD,IHIP,ECD,and Control)and 40 clusters(10 clusters per arm).ECD status(socio-emotional,fine and gross motor,communication,cognitive skills,and an overall performance)measured with the Peruvian Infant Development Scale and the occurrence of self-reported child diarrhoea from caretakers were primary outcomes.Secondary outcomes included the occurrence of acute respiratory infections and the presence of thermo-tolerant faecal bacteria in drinking water.The trial was powered to compare each intervention against its control arm but it did not allow pairwise comparisons among the four arms.Primary analysis followed the intention-to-treat principle.For the statistical analysis,we employed generalised estimating equation models with robust standard errors and an independent correlation structure.Results: We obtained ECD information from 101 children who received the ECD intervention(individually and combined with IHIP)and 102 controls.Children who received the ECD intervention performed better in all the domains compared to controls.We found differences in the overall performance(64 vs.39%,odd ratio(OR):2.8;95%confidence interval(CI):1.6–4.9)and the cognitive domain(62 vs 46%,OR:1.9;95%CI:1.1–3.5).Data analysis of child morbidity included 154 children who received the IHIP intervention(individually and combined with ECD)and 156 controls.We recorded 110,666 child-days of information on diarrhoea morbidity and observed 1.3 mean episodes per child-year in the children who received the IHIP intervention and 1.1 episodes in the controls.This corresponded to an incidence risk ratio of 1.2(95%CI:0.8–1.7).Conclusions: Child stimulation improved developmental status in children,but there was no health benefit associated with the home-environmental intervention.Limited year-round access to running water at home and the possible contamination of drinking water after boiling were two potential factors linked to the lack of effect of the home-environmental intervention.Potential interactions between ECD and home-environmental interventions need to be further investigated.展开更多
文摘Biomass cookstove improvement has been a global active research area for many decades and has resulted into much progress towards cleaner and more efficient energy conversion cooking devices. Irrespective of the perfection and development of improved cookstoves, many households in Kenya are still using three stone cookstoves. In Baringo County, 71.8% used three stone cookstoves. The focus of research needs to change towards adoption of improved cook stoves. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in rural, peri-urban and urban households regarding current cookstoves types in relation to fuel use categorized as improved and un-improved in Baringo and West Pokot counties. Biomass was the primary fuel in the two counties used in the form of firewood and charcoal at average of 70% and 26% respectively. The main un-improved cookstoves in the two counties were three stone and metallic jiko. The two were commonly used in Baringo County with 28.5% of the households using metallic stove. Whereas in West Pokot, Chepkube was the main cookstove used for cooking at 47.8% seconded by improved three stone at 36.6%. The use of un-improved cookstove was popular in Baringo County at 77.6% while infamous in West Pokot County at 21.7%. The results showed that West Pokot County is more conscious to energy related issues unlike Baringo County. The difference in dynamic of the two Counties in terms of land ownership, access to biofuel, social groupings, availability of cookstove installers and improved jikos could be the reason.
文摘The objective of this study is to develop a mathematical model for a two-pot enclosed mud cookstove.A new model has been developed combining transient heat transfer,combustion chemistry and fluid flow.The model can be used for variation of the operation and design parameters.The model predicts performance parameters such as efficiency,boiling time,excess air ratio(EAR),transient wall,flame and char temperature.For an input power of 5.1 kW,the estimated overall efficiency,EAR and boiling time were 17.1%,1.97 and 43 minutes,respectively.The model outcome is compared with experimental results.Further,10 parameters are varied and their impact on cookstove performance is analysed.The optimum dimension for the door opening,combustion-chamber height and wall thickness are suggested.Therefore,this study can serve as an effective tool for cookstove design.
文摘Background: Unsafe drinking water,poor sanitation and hygiene,exposure to household air pollution and low cognitive and socio-emotional stimulation are risk factors affecting children in low-and middle-income countries.We implemented an integrated home-environmental intervention package(IHIP),comprising a kitchen sink,hygiene education and a certified improved biomass cookstove,and an early child development(ECD)programme to improve children´s health and developmental outcomes in the rural high-altitude Andes of Peru.Methods: We conducted a one-year cluster-randomised controlled trial among 317 children<36 months divided into 4 arms(IHIP+ECD,IHIP,ECD,and Control)and 40 clusters(10 clusters per arm).ECD status(socio-emotional,fine and gross motor,communication,cognitive skills,and an overall performance)measured with the Peruvian Infant Development Scale and the occurrence of self-reported child diarrhoea from caretakers were primary outcomes.Secondary outcomes included the occurrence of acute respiratory infections and the presence of thermo-tolerant faecal bacteria in drinking water.The trial was powered to compare each intervention against its control arm but it did not allow pairwise comparisons among the four arms.Primary analysis followed the intention-to-treat principle.For the statistical analysis,we employed generalised estimating equation models with robust standard errors and an independent correlation structure.Results: We obtained ECD information from 101 children who received the ECD intervention(individually and combined with IHIP)and 102 controls.Children who received the ECD intervention performed better in all the domains compared to controls.We found differences in the overall performance(64 vs.39%,odd ratio(OR):2.8;95%confidence interval(CI):1.6–4.9)and the cognitive domain(62 vs 46%,OR:1.9;95%CI:1.1–3.5).Data analysis of child morbidity included 154 children who received the IHIP intervention(individually and combined with ECD)and 156 controls.We recorded 110,666 child-days of information on diarrhoea morbidity and observed 1.3 mean episodes per child-year in the children who received the IHIP intervention and 1.1 episodes in the controls.This corresponded to an incidence risk ratio of 1.2(95%CI:0.8–1.7).Conclusions: Child stimulation improved developmental status in children,but there was no health benefit associated with the home-environmental intervention.Limited year-round access to running water at home and the possible contamination of drinking water after boiling were two potential factors linked to the lack of effect of the home-environmental intervention.Potential interactions between ECD and home-environmental interventions need to be further investigated.
