Enhancement of motor functional recovery in thoracic spinal cord injury: voluntary wheel running versus forced treadmill exercise

Spinal cord injury necessitates effective rehabilitation strategies, with exercise therapies showing promise in promoting recovery. This study investigated the impact of rehabilitation exercise on functional recovery and morphological changes following thoracic contusive spinal cord injury. After a 7-day recovery period after spinal cord injury, mice were assigned to either a trained group(10 weeks of voluntary running wheel or forced treadmill exercise) or an untrained group. Bi-weekly assessments revealed that the exercise-trained group, particularly the voluntary wheel exercise subgroup, displayed significantly improved locomotor recovery, more plasticity of dopaminergic and serotonin modulation compared with the untrained group. Additionally, exercise interventions led to gait pattern restoration and enhanced transcranial magnetic motor-evoked potentials. Despite consistent injury areas across groups, exercise training promoted terminal innervation of descending axons. In summary, voluntary wheel exercise shows promise for enhancing outcomes after thoracic contusive spinal cord injury, emphasizing the role of exercise modality in promoting recovery and morphological changes in spinal cord injuries. Our findings will influence future strategies for rehabilitation exercises, restoring functional movement after spinal cord injury.

Torque Distribution of Electric Vehicle with Four In-Wheel Motors Based on Road Adhesion Margin

With the worsening of energy crisis and environmental pollution,electric vehicles with four in?wheel motors have been paid more and more attention. The main research subject is how to reasonably distribute the driving torque of each wheel. Considering the longitudinal motion,lateral motion,yaw movement and rotation of the four wheels,the tire model and the seven DOF dynamic model of the vehicle are established in this paper. Then,the torque distribution method is proposed based on road adhesion margin,which can be divided into anti ? slip control layer and torque distribution layer. The anti?slip control layer is built based on sliding mode variable structure control,whose main function is to avoid the excessive slip of wheels caused by road conditions. The torque distribution layer is responsible for selecting the torque distribution method based on road adhesion margin. The simulation results show that the proposed torque distribution method can ensure the vehicle quickly adapt to current road adhesion conditions,and improve the handling stability and dynamic performance of the vehicle in the driving process.

Multi-objective Optimization of Differential Steering System of Electric Vehicle with Motorized Wheels

A differential steering system is presented for electric vehicle with motorized wheels and a dynamic model of three-freedom car is built.Based on these models,the quantitative expressions of the road feel,sensitivity,and operation stability of the steering are derived.Then,according to the features of multi-constrained optimization of multi-objective function,a multi-island genetic algorithm(MIGA)is designed.Taking the road feel and the sensitivity of the steering as optimization objectives and the operation stability of the steering as a constraint,the system parameters are optimized.The simulation results show that the system optimized with MIGA can improve the steering road feel,and guarantee the operation stability and steering sensibility.

Motor Learning Based on the Cooperation of Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia for a Self-Balancing Two-Wheeled Robot

A novel motor learning method is present based on the cooperation of the cerebellum and basal ganglia for the behavior learning of agent. The motor learning method derives from the principle of CNS and operant learning mechanism and it depends on the interactions between the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The whole learning system is composed of evaluation mechanism, action selection mechanism, tropism mechanism. The learning signals come from not only the Inferior Olive but also the Substantia Nigra in the beginning. The speed of learning is increased as well as the failure time is reduced with the cerebellum as a supervisor. Convergence can be guaranteed in the sense of entropy. With the proposed motor learning method, a motor learning system for the self-balancing two-wheeled robot has been built using the RBF neural networks as the actor and evaluation function approximator. The simulation experiments showed that the proposed motor learning system achieved a better learning effect, so the motor learning based on the coordination of cerebellum and basal ganglia is effective.

Blended Regenerative Anti-Lock Braking System and Electronic Wedge Brake Coordinate Control Ensuring Maximal Energy Recovery and Stability of All-Wheel-Motor-Drive Electric Vehicles

ABS is an active safety system which showed a valuable contribution to vehicle safety and stability since it was first introduced. Recently, EVs with in-wheel-motors have drawn increasing attention owing to their greatest advantages. Wheels torques are precisely and swiftly controlled thanks to electric motors and their advanced driving techniques. In this paper, a regenerative-ABS control RABS is proposed for all-in-wheel-motors-drive EVs. The RABS is realized as a pure electronic braking system called brake-by-wire. A coordination strategy is suggested to control RABS compromising three layers. First, wheels slip control takes place, and braking torque is calculated in the higher layer. In the coordinate interlayer, torque is allocated between actuators ensuring maximal energy recovery and vehicle stability. While in the lower layer, actuator control is performed. The RABS effectiveness is validated on a 3-DOF EVSimulink model through two straight-line braking manoeuvres with low and high initial speeds of 50 km/h and 150 km/h, respectively. Both regular and emergency braking manoeuvres are considered with ABS enabled and disabled for comparison. Simulation results showed the high performance of the proposed RABS control in terms of vehicle stability, brake response, stopping distance, and battery re-charging.

Steering Control of Wheeled Armored Vehicle with Brushless DC Motor

Considering the steering characters of one type of wheeled armored vehicle, a brushless direct current （DC） motor is adapted as the actuator for steering control. After investigating the known algorithms, one kind of algorithm, which combines the fuzzy logic control with the self-adapting PID control and the startup and pre-hrake control, is put forward. Then a test-bed is constructed, and an experiment is conducted. The result of experiment confirms the validity of this algorithm in steering control of wheeled armored vehicle with brushless DC motor.

Wheel wear comparison between motor car and trailer of intercity train

To analyze wheel wear discrepancy between motor car and trailer of an intercity train,a novel wheel wear rates calculation model was proposed,which was composed of the intercity train dynamics model,wheel-rail three-dimensional rolling contact FEM model and the wear model.The simulated results were contrasted with measured results in field test.The simulated results showed the motor car wheels had larger rotation rate and longitudinal creepage than the trailer wheels.Meanwhile,the motor car wheels encountered larger vertical forces and longitudinal forces from bogie because of the heavier car body and the impact of traction torque.The traction torque acting on motor car wheel could increase the slip rates in the rear part of wheel contact patch and weaken the spinning phenomenon of relative slip.Larger contact pressure and slip rates caused the higher wear rates of motor car wheel than those of trailer wheel.The overall trends of wheel wear depth in simulated and tested results were similar.And they both showed the motor car wheel encountered the more serious wear than the trailer wheel.These models can be used to study the effect of the traction characteristics curves on the wear of wheel.

Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control Based on Longitudinal Force Estimation for Electro-mechanical Braking Systems using BLDC Motor

This paper focuses on the controller design using fuzzy sliding mode control(FSMC)with application to electro-mechanical brake(EMB)systems using BLDC Motor.The EMB controller transmits the control signal to the motor driver to rotate the motor.The torque distribution of motors is studied in this paper actually.Firstly,the model of the EMB system is established.Then the state observer is developed to estimate the vehicle states including the vehicle velocity and longitudinal force.Due to the fact that the EMB system is nonlinear and uncertain,a FSMC strategy based on wheel slip ratio is proposed,where both the normal and emergency braking conditions are taken into account.The equivalent control law of sliding mode controller is designed on the basis of the variation of the front axle and rear axle load during the brake process,while the switching control law is adjusted by the fuzzy corrector.The simulation results illustrate that the FSMC strategy has the superior performance,better adaptability to various types of roads,and shorter braking distance,as compared to PID control and traditional sliding mode control technologies.Finally,the hardware-in-loop(HIL)experimental results have exemplified the validation of the developed methodology.

MK3-15 Wagon Wheel便携式钻机在中东地区的应用与改进

本文介绍了MK3-15 Wagon Wheel便携式钻机的原理、功能及在中东地区山地钻井作业中的应用情况,对该钻机气动马达容易损坏的原因进行了分析,给出了相应的改进方法。

Electric Drive for an In-wheel Fractional-slot Axial Flux Machine

This paper describes the electric drive for an in-wheel fractional-slot axial flux machine,designed for achieving a wide flux-weakening operating region.By using a slotted stator with fractional-slot windings and additional cores enclosing end windings,the axial flux machine reaches a wide constant power speed range.The machine is designed for increasing flux-weakening capability while obtaining low harmonic back-electromotive force and low cogging torque.A 10 N.m axial flux machine exhibiting 3 to 1 flux-weakening speed range has been built.A flux-weakening controller,able to maximize the output torque in the flux-weakening region,is designed and implemented.The goodness of both design and control algorithm is proved by experimental tests.However,such a fractional-slot machine has not only advantages.Rotor losses are very high,and they have to be properly considered during the design process.

The Summary of the Research on the Compound Braking Strategy of Four Wheel Hub Motor Drive Electric Vehicle

This paper describes in detail three kinds of typical compound braking strategy of wheel motor drive electric vehicle and summarizes the current commonly used strategies based on the three typical strategies developed. In the end, a new compound braking strategy is proposed;that is, we take braking mode classify, ECE regulations and SOC value of the battery as an important reference of braking force that joins the motor braking force, as well as we join the different identification models;according to the different braking modes, the purpose is that we can apply the different braking program.

轮毂电机轴承故障的MIWF-2DCNN诊断方法

为了有效监测复杂工况下分布式驱动电动汽车用轮毂电机的运行状态,提高其轴承故障的识别准确率,提出一种基于多信息加权融合和二维卷积神经网络(MIWF-2DCNN)的故障诊断方法。首先,将轮毂电机轴承的多方位振动监测信号分别进行二维数据重构和时频变换,逐一转化成灰度图后按照方位顺序堆叠成时域灰度图集和时频域灰度图集,作为故障诊断模型的输入;其次,将高效通道注意力机制(ECANet)的网络结构进行改进,提出了改进高效通道注意力机制(iECANet),其核心思想是在全局平均池化(GAP)基础上添加上全局最大池化(GMP)分支,基于有效信息的贡献度更新各分支的权重系数,进而提取时域和时频域的故障特征,实现了多信息加权融合;再次,利用GMP简化传统二维卷积神经网络(2DCNN)模型的一层全连接层,实现了网络轻量化。最后,基于轮毂电机不同工况下实验数据,进行同一工况下对应验证、不同工况下交叉验证及消融实验验证。结果表明所提的MIWF-2DCNN模型能够有效提取轮毂电机轴承故障特征,在复杂环境和多变工况下故障识别率保持在95%以上,整体优于传统的LeNet-5、1DCNN模型。

小样本下基于SMOTE-IGWO-RF的轮毂电机轴承故障诊断

轮毂电机复杂多变的运行环境可能导致轴承故障而危及电动车辆行驶安全,为解决传统故障诊断方法在小样本条件下识别精度低的问题,提出一种基于SMOTE-IGWO-RF的轮毂电机轴承故障诊断方法。首先,通过合成少数过采样技术(SMOTE)扩展训练数据集,生成与真实样本分布相似的故障样本,并使用主成分分析(PCA)优化其时域和频域的特征。然后,通过引入非线性收敛因子和Levy飞行策略改进传统的灰狼优化算法(GWO),使用改进的灰狼优化算法(IGWO)优化随机森林(RF)模型的参数。最后,基于SMOTE-IGWO-RF的轮毂电机轴承故障诊断模型实现故障状态的识别,并在轮毂电机试验台架上进行了实验验证。结果表明,所提出的轮毂电机轴承故障诊断方法在7种转速工况下平均准确率均超过96%,具有高精度和稳定性。与遗传算法(GA)、粒子群优化算法(PSO)、GWO优化RF相比,提出的IGWO-RF模型在3种小样本训练集下的诊断准确率均超过90%,且准确率均明显高于其他3个对比算法,能够有效实现小样本条件下的轮毂电机轴承故障诊断。

Microstructural Characteristics and Wear Performance of Plasma Sprayed Al_2O_3-13 wt. % TiO_2 Coating on the Surface of Extrusion Wheel

The conventional Al2O3-13 wt. % TiO2 composite ceramic coatings are fabricated by plasma spraying on the surface of extrusion wheel. The microstrueture, morphology and phase compositions of the substrate and coat- ing are investigated by using X-ray diffractometry （XRD） , scanning electron microsopy （SEM） and energy dis- persive spectroscopy （EDS）. Moreover, the microhardness of the substrate and the coating are investigated using Vickers mierohardness tester, the friction and wear behaviors of the substrate and the coating are investigated by using a block-on-ring tribometer under dry sliding conditions with the load of 245 N. The results show that both γ-Al2O3 and α-Al2O3 phases are observed in the as-sprayed coatings, the mian phase is γ-Al2O3. There are white particulates Al2O3 on its surface. The Al2O3-13 wt. % TiO2 coating possesses higher mierohardness which is about 1018HV and 1.6 times that of the substrate. The wear performance of coating is better than that of the substrate. In a practical application, the life of the extrusion wheel which is plasma sprayed Al2O3-13 wt. % TiO2 coating on the surface is 1.2 times that of the conventional extrusion wheel, and the life is about 330 h.

电动轮汽车驱动系统的滑模-PID控制

针对电动轮汽车驱动系统响应时间过长,响应不稳定,鲁棒性差等问题,建立简化了的电动轮汽车整车动力学模型和永磁无刷直流轮毂电动机驱动模型.以滑模变结构理论和PID控制理论为基础,根据电动轮汽车驱动系统运行的动态特性品质及滑模运行的动、静态特性要求,分别设计系统外环滑模-PID决策控制器及内环PID跟踪控制器,通过内、外环控制的有效结合,使系统具有了兼顾滑模变结构控制稳定性好、鲁棒性高和PID控制简单易行、响应迅速的特点,提高了系统的控制品质.仿真结果表明:基于滑模-PID控制的驱动系统能够迅速控制整车驱动系统和轮毂电动机的运行,明显改善了汽车动力学特性和轮毂电动机特性.

双横臂悬架-扭杆弹簧-电动轮模块的开发与应用

减少四轮驱动电动汽车关键零部件的种类,简化整车结构,是降低其批量化制造成本的有效途径。为此, 在对悬架导向机构和转向机构进行优化设计的基础上,提出双横臂悬架-扭杆弹簧-电动轮模块化设计概念和一 种零前束变化非转向轮双横臂悬架导向机构,实现了前后悬架-电动轮模块的通用化,并成功应用于国内第一台 线控转向四轮驱动燃料电池微型汽车“春晖三号”底盘系统的开发。

主动混合式砂轮-电主轴系统自动平衡装置研究综述

高速磨削过程中,砂轮-电主轴的不平衡影响工件精度和主轴寿命。因此,自动平衡装置在高速精密加工场合应用广泛。主动混合式自动平衡头是当今应用最多的一类自动平衡装置,阐述了其动平衡原理,并对其按结构特点进行了分类介绍。最后,对自动平衡装置未来发展作了展望,提出了平衡头的设计要求。

电动汽车轮毂电机-多连杆悬架系统设计与优化

基于传统车辆的多连杆悬架结构以及轮毂电机的结构设计了一种适用于直驱式电动汽车的轮毂电机-多连杆悬架系统。建立了数学模型、运动学仿真模型,验证了模型的准确性。基于构建的多连杆悬架模型,结合NSGA-Ⅱ算法,提出了轮毂电机-多连杆悬架系统的多目标优化方法,以悬架硬点为设计变量,对悬架的定位参数进行多目标优化并获得了Pareto最优解集。研究结果表明:优化后的悬架定位参数得到了改善,减少了轮胎磨损、车轮横向偏移的现象,提高了车辆的操纵稳定性,显著提高了悬架运动特性。

外转子轮毂电机电磁场-温度场的耦合求解分析

采用有限元法对额定功率为8.5,kW的外转子永磁同步轮毂电机进行了电磁场-温度场的耦合仿真计算,研究了电机的发热以及电机内温度场分布情况,并对电机槽绝缘厚度和定子轭高度对电机温度场变化的影响做了定量分析.结果表明:当电机槽绝缘厚度降低到0.20,mm、定子轭高度增加5,mm时,电机温升问题得到了很好的改善,符合绝缘条件的要求.

直线电机轨道交通系统车辆-板式轨道垂向耦合动力学模型的研究

以广州直线电机轨道交通系统板式轨道结构为例, 结合有限元理论以及直线电机的特点,建立了直线电机运载系统下的垂向耦合动力模型(包括车辆系统模型、轮轨关系模型、钢轨模型、板式轨道模型等)及其振动微分方程,并通过动力仿真试验,分析该系统的动力特性以及验证该系统的耦合动力模型。