The emergence and development of Chinese-style architecture in European gardens in the 18;century were studied, and the influence and significance of Chinese-style architecture in the development of European gardens w...The emergence and development of Chinese-style architecture in European gardens in the 18;century were studied, and the influence and significance of Chinese-style architecture in the development of European gardens were analyzed.展开更多
In 1778, Abbe Guinot, a priest native of Lorraine and professor in the seminary of Toul, published in Nancy the two volumes of his philosophical lectures, whose subtitle is ＂On Logic.＂ This concerns a general philos...In 1778, Abbe Guinot, a priest native of Lorraine and professor in the seminary of Toul, published in Nancy the two volumes of his philosophical lectures, whose subtitle is ＂On Logic.＂ This concerns a general philosophy of knowledge and a critic of philosophical systems. Guinot is interested in science and natural discoveries. He describes the organization of institutional science and appreciates the progress of sciences but he makes a distinction between scientific progress and philosophers＇ sophisms that he criticizes. In order to favor science and avoid philosophical errors, logic is essential in students＇ training. According to Guinot, logic allows us to extend our intellectual abilities, upliR our ideas, help our thought processes, and mature our reflection. However, this logic refers to the great book of nature written in mathematical language. Guinot thinks that scientific experiment is of the highest importance for accuracy of mind. This logic lecture is inspired by Aristotle but above all by Port-Royal Logic. It gives a place to Locke empiricism and it favors development of sciences. Abbe Guinot was a chaplain in the cathedral of Nancy; he emigrated in 1791. He came back in France during the Consulate and he died a few time later.展开更多
England experienced a period of transition from the 16th century to the 18th century. After a series of furious social and economic reformation and revolution, England went into a time of relative stable development. ...England experienced a period of transition from the 16th century to the 18th century. After a series of furious social and economic reformation and revolution, England went into a time of relative stable development. New businesses sprung up and thrived in England, literary genres found their suitable fertile soil to develop. English people had a prosperous economy and tolerated multiculturalism. Just in this kind of environment, a new literary genre, novel suddenly emerged and became the most dazzling and noticeable treasure in the 18 th century.展开更多
Compared with Renaissance music bound by religion and social system(Goldsbrough,2018,p.507),Viennese classical music has the characteristic of advocating rationality.This essay analyzes the early,middle,and late piano...Compared with Renaissance music bound by religion and social system(Goldsbrough,2018,p.507),Viennese classical music has the characteristic of advocating rationality.This essay analyzes the early,middle,and late piano sonatas by Haydn and Mozart,and takes the European Enlightenment as the historical background.Then it expounds the rational characteristics of Vienna classical music from the influences of European social economy and bourgeois new ideas on Vienna classical music in the 18th century.展开更多
During the 18th to 19th century there appeared a group of women novelists.They,through various novels,presented their unique views of the world surrounding them.They had left a brilliant and glittering page in the Eng...During the 18th to 19th century there appeared a group of women novelists.They,through various novels,presented their unique views of the world surrounding them.They had left a brilliant and glittering page in the English literature,and they were worth the name "Undying Flowers in the English Literature".Through analysis and study of women novelists in this period,this article aims at exploring the contributions that these women novelists made to the English literature and ideology.展开更多
The Fort Worth （Texas） exhibition/publication Poussin： The Early Years in Rome： The Origins of French Classicism （1988） proved to be a seminal event in Poussin scholarship. Over 200 works were put on display at ...The Fort Worth （Texas） exhibition/publication Poussin： The Early Years in Rome： The Origins of French Classicism （1988） proved to be a seminal event in Poussin scholarship. Over 200 works were put on display at the Kimbell Art Museum that revealed the formative years in the French painter＇s works. The drawings and paintings confirmed Poussin as the leading classicist in 17th century French art and expanded our appreciation of the flexibility of the artist to illustrate mythological narratives. Previous positions on the artist such as Anthony Blunt＇s, who viewed the painter as a strict classicist without a major interest in color, are now reevaluated after the Fort Worth show. The influence of the Venetian school, especially the work of Titian, emerged stronger into Poussin＇s oeuvre. It was under the classicist umbrella that the romantic verse of Ovid and the sensual color of Titian became forged into the pictures of Roman mythology. The leading source of inspiration for this work would be Ovid＇s Metamorphoses where figures change into flowers made timeless by the painter＇s brush. Just as the poet varied the structure of his narrative presentation, so too did the painter expand his approach to depicting scenes of change in a variety of formats. A key work for Poussin in these stories of change would be the Kingdom of Flora （1631） where Ovidian tales are posed as an eternal spring where the goddess distributes the flowers of the collective narrative in an olive green chitin. This paper will contribute to the position of viewing Poussin＇s art under a wider vision of classicism where flexible narrative design and sensuous color fit the mission to make art noble and timeless.展开更多
In the 17th century society reflected in Moliere’s comedies money appears to be a fundamental power:Above all,it is defined as a way of life.From a certain point of view,in Moliere’s last works money appears tracing...In the 17th century society reflected in Moliere’s comedies money appears to be a fundamental power:Above all,it is defined as a way of life.From a certain point of view,in Moliere’s last works money appears tracing the channels of capital circulation or emphasizing the capital immobility marked by the avarice of the main characters.Money and particularly the inheritance or even the dowry represent an important value for the times and highlight a power in these works,which is by no means to be despised.On the one hand,we will be interested in the money mobility and immobility in Moliere’s last three comedies while sketching the socio-professional framework of his times,that of the bourgeoisie,and on the other,we will explore the psychological attitudes of the characters towards money and the means used to realize their own ambitions.展开更多
Ouvéa Island in New Caledonia emerges as a new sea level standard. It has excellent morphological records of former sea level positions at interglacial high-stands as well as records of Holocene changes in sea le...Ouvéa Island in New Caledonia emerges as a new sea level standard. It has excellent morphological records of former sea level positions at interglacial high-stands as well as records of Holocene changes in sea level from a maximum at about +1.5 m via a significant +70 cm level of sub-recent, probably 17<sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">th</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> century, age to a stable to falling sea level in present time.</span>展开更多
As an iconic historical character,Marie Antoinette as the Queen was loved and hated by the French people.She experienced a period of great prosperity during a revolutionary time in France.In this paper,we are going to...As an iconic historical character,Marie Antoinette as the Queen was loved and hated by the French people.She experienced a period of great prosperity during a revolutionary time in France.In this paper,we are going to explore how Marie Antoinette was painted in the eighteenth century and study the power dynamic within her court life.However,the portrait art can only depicts people on the outside,no matter how vivid the portrait painted.Sofia Coppola,the American film director,made a film which gives us a new impression of Marie Antoinette from the inside out.展开更多
A large number of transcultural fictions appeared in the 18th century,providing us with an important entry into discussing the task of comparative literature today.The 18th-century Oriental tales,stories authored by E...A large number of transcultural fictions appeared in the 18th century,providing us with an important entry into discussing the task of comparative literature today.The 18th-century Oriental tales,stories authored by European writers that adapted from or modeled themselves after loose translations of folk tales from the East,practiced a kind of mental shapeshifting,blurring the boundaries between East and West.The same kind of cross-cultural identification is visible in many other literary narratives from the same period,indicative of a fluid,universalist politics regarding Europe's relations with the Orient that requires reevaluation.18th-century transcultural fictions suggest a few tactics for mediating between the necessity of establishing grounds of comparison and the need to draw distinctions.In its search for ways of breaking through the stronghold of cultural nationalism,comparative literature in its contemporary incarnation does well to rethink Enlightenment universalism as encoded in the literary landscape of 18th century Europe.展开更多
INTRODUCTIONThe“nonspecific” inflammatory bowel diseases ,ulcerative colitis and Crohn,s represent a group of heterogeneous inflammatory and ulcerative disases of the small and large intestines of unknown etiology ,...INTRODUCTIONThe“nonspecific” inflammatory bowel diseases ,ulcerative colitis and Crohn,s represent a group of heterogeneous inflammatory and ulcerative disases of the small and large intestines of unknown etiology ,associated with many gastrointestinal and systemic complications .Appearing initially as isolated cases in Great Britain and northern Europe during the 19th and early 20th centuries ,they have steadily increased numerically and geographically and today are recognized worldwide.展开更多
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a complex, heterogeneous and multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Although th...Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a complex, heterogeneous and multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Although the first clinical description of a constellation of symptoms highly resembling to what currently could be diagnosed as ADHD is generally attributed to George F Still in 1902, there are scattered but significant published historical medical, scientific and non-scientific reports, much prior to Still's lectures, of what is currently conceptualized as ADHD. The present report aimed at exploring the early history of ADHD, prior to the 20^(th) century in the medical literature and in other historical sources, to provide clinicians, researchers and other professionals with a better understanding of the roots and current conceptualization of this disorder. It is possible to find clues and highly suggestive descriptions of individuals presenting symptoms resembling what is currently defined as ADHD in the literature, in paintings or in the Bible. However, the earliest medical reports of individuals with abnormal degrees of inattention, distractibility and overactivity date from the last quarter of the 18^(th) century, included in two of the first textbooks specifically on the subject of mental diseases, published by the German Melchior Adam Weikard and the Scottish Sir Alexander Crichton. During the 19^(th) century some eminent physicians from Germany, France or Great Britain, such as Charles West, Thomas C Albutt, Thomas S Clouston, William W, Ireland, John Haslam, Heinrich Neumann, or Désiré-Magloire Bourneville, among others provided clinical depictions of patients that most likely presently would be diagnosed as having ADHD. Whilst some of the children described by Still and his predecessors may have suffered from a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, many of these patients showed clear symptoms of ADHD and may present with comorbid disorders, as it is commonly the case in clinical practice.展开更多
文摘The emergence and development of Chinese-style architecture in European gardens in the 18;century were studied, and the influence and significance of Chinese-style architecture in the development of European gardens were analyzed.
文摘In 1778, Abbe Guinot, a priest native of Lorraine and professor in the seminary of Toul, published in Nancy the two volumes of his philosophical lectures, whose subtitle is ＂On Logic.＂ This concerns a general philosophy of knowledge and a critic of philosophical systems. Guinot is interested in science and natural discoveries. He describes the organization of institutional science and appreciates the progress of sciences but he makes a distinction between scientific progress and philosophers＇ sophisms that he criticizes. In order to favor science and avoid philosophical errors, logic is essential in students＇ training. According to Guinot, logic allows us to extend our intellectual abilities, upliR our ideas, help our thought processes, and mature our reflection. However, this logic refers to the great book of nature written in mathematical language. Guinot thinks that scientific experiment is of the highest importance for accuracy of mind. This logic lecture is inspired by Aristotle but above all by Port-Royal Logic. It gives a place to Locke empiricism and it favors development of sciences. Abbe Guinot was a chaplain in the cathedral of Nancy; he emigrated in 1791. He came back in France during the Consulate and he died a few time later.
文摘England experienced a period of transition from the 16th century to the 18th century. After a series of furious social and economic reformation and revolution, England went into a time of relative stable development. New businesses sprung up and thrived in England, literary genres found their suitable fertile soil to develop. English people had a prosperous economy and tolerated multiculturalism. Just in this kind of environment, a new literary genre, novel suddenly emerged and became the most dazzling and noticeable treasure in the 18 th century.
文摘Compared with Renaissance music bound by religion and social system(Goldsbrough,2018,p.507),Viennese classical music has the characteristic of advocating rationality.This essay analyzes the early,middle,and late piano sonatas by Haydn and Mozart,and takes the European Enlightenment as the historical background.Then it expounds the rational characteristics of Vienna classical music from the influences of European social economy and bourgeois new ideas on Vienna classical music in the 18th century.
文摘During the 18th to 19th century there appeared a group of women novelists.They,through various novels,presented their unique views of the world surrounding them.They had left a brilliant and glittering page in the English literature,and they were worth the name "Undying Flowers in the English Literature".Through analysis and study of women novelists in this period,this article aims at exploring the contributions that these women novelists made to the English literature and ideology.
文摘The Fort Worth （Texas） exhibition/publication Poussin： The Early Years in Rome： The Origins of French Classicism （1988） proved to be a seminal event in Poussin scholarship. Over 200 works were put on display at the Kimbell Art Museum that revealed the formative years in the French painter＇s works. The drawings and paintings confirmed Poussin as the leading classicist in 17th century French art and expanded our appreciation of the flexibility of the artist to illustrate mythological narratives. Previous positions on the artist such as Anthony Blunt＇s, who viewed the painter as a strict classicist without a major interest in color, are now reevaluated after the Fort Worth show. The influence of the Venetian school, especially the work of Titian, emerged stronger into Poussin＇s oeuvre. It was under the classicist umbrella that the romantic verse of Ovid and the sensual color of Titian became forged into the pictures of Roman mythology. The leading source of inspiration for this work would be Ovid＇s Metamorphoses where figures change into flowers made timeless by the painter＇s brush. Just as the poet varied the structure of his narrative presentation, so too did the painter expand his approach to depicting scenes of change in a variety of formats. A key work for Poussin in these stories of change would be the Kingdom of Flora （1631） where Ovidian tales are posed as an eternal spring where the goddess distributes the flowers of the collective narrative in an olive green chitin. This paper will contribute to the position of viewing Poussin＇s art under a wider vision of classicism where flexible narrative design and sensuous color fit the mission to make art noble and timeless.
文摘In the 17th century society reflected in Moliere’s comedies money appears to be a fundamental power:Above all,it is defined as a way of life.From a certain point of view,in Moliere’s last works money appears tracing the channels of capital circulation or emphasizing the capital immobility marked by the avarice of the main characters.Money and particularly the inheritance or even the dowry represent an important value for the times and highlight a power in these works,which is by no means to be despised.On the one hand,we will be interested in the money mobility and immobility in Moliere’s last three comedies while sketching the socio-professional framework of his times,that of the bourgeoisie,and on the other,we will explore the psychological attitudes of the characters towards money and the means used to realize their own ambitions.
文摘Ouvéa Island in New Caledonia emerges as a new sea level standard. It has excellent morphological records of former sea level positions at interglacial high-stands as well as records of Holocene changes in sea level from a maximum at about +1.5 m via a significant +70 cm level of sub-recent, probably 17<sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">th</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> century, age to a stable to falling sea level in present time.</span>
文摘As an iconic historical character,Marie Antoinette as the Queen was loved and hated by the French people.She experienced a period of great prosperity during a revolutionary time in France.In this paper,we are going to explore how Marie Antoinette was painted in the eighteenth century and study the power dynamic within her court life.However,the portrait art can only depicts people on the outside,no matter how vivid the portrait painted.Sofia Coppola,the American film director,made a film which gives us a new impression of Marie Antoinette from the inside out.
文摘A large number of transcultural fictions appeared in the 18th century,providing us with an important entry into discussing the task of comparative literature today.The 18th-century Oriental tales,stories authored by European writers that adapted from or modeled themselves after loose translations of folk tales from the East,practiced a kind of mental shapeshifting,blurring the boundaries between East and West.The same kind of cross-cultural identification is visible in many other literary narratives from the same period,indicative of a fluid,universalist politics regarding Europe's relations with the Orient that requires reevaluation.18th-century transcultural fictions suggest a few tactics for mediating between the necessity of establishing grounds of comparison and the need to draw distinctions.In its search for ways of breaking through the stronghold of cultural nationalism,comparative literature in its contemporary incarnation does well to rethink Enlightenment universalism as encoded in the literary landscape of 18th century Europe.
文摘INTRODUCTIONThe“nonspecific” inflammatory bowel diseases ,ulcerative colitis and Crohn,s represent a group of heterogeneous inflammatory and ulcerative disases of the small and large intestines of unknown etiology ,associated with many gastrointestinal and systemic complications .Appearing initially as isolated cases in Great Britain and northern Europe during the 19th and early 20th centuries ,they have steadily increased numerically and geographically and today are recognized worldwide.
文摘Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is a complex, heterogeneous and multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Although the first clinical description of a constellation of symptoms highly resembling to what currently could be diagnosed as ADHD is generally attributed to George F Still in 1902, there are scattered but significant published historical medical, scientific and non-scientific reports, much prior to Still's lectures, of what is currently conceptualized as ADHD. The present report aimed at exploring the early history of ADHD, prior to the 20^(th) century in the medical literature and in other historical sources, to provide clinicians, researchers and other professionals with a better understanding of the roots and current conceptualization of this disorder. It is possible to find clues and highly suggestive descriptions of individuals presenting symptoms resembling what is currently defined as ADHD in the literature, in paintings or in the Bible. However, the earliest medical reports of individuals with abnormal degrees of inattention, distractibility and overactivity date from the last quarter of the 18^(th) century, included in two of the first textbooks specifically on the subject of mental diseases, published by the German Melchior Adam Weikard and the Scottish Sir Alexander Crichton. During the 19^(th) century some eminent physicians from Germany, France or Great Britain, such as Charles West, Thomas C Albutt, Thomas S Clouston, William W, Ireland, John Haslam, Heinrich Neumann, or Désiré-Magloire Bourneville, among others provided clinical depictions of patients that most likely presently would be diagnosed as having ADHD. Whilst some of the children described by Still and his predecessors may have suffered from a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, many of these patients showed clear symptoms of ADHD and may present with comorbid disorders, as it is commonly the case in clinical practice.
