Contribution and Modern Public Debt:On the Nature of Patriotic Public Debt in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

There are different opinions about the first modern domestic debt in China.The theorists judge whether a certain public debt has modernity according to whether it has modern public debt form,ignoring the inconsistency between form and content,institutional provisions and actual implementation.The modern nature of public debt must have both the form and content of modern public debt.Based on the analysis of the issuing background,system design,collection and repayment of patriotic bonds in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,it is considered that the part of patriotic bonds subscribed by the Qing royal family is still the nature of donation and return,while the part subscribed by ordinary businessmen and people in the early Republic of China has a modern nature.The dual nature of patriotic bonds is closely related to the social background when the bonds are issued.

Functional Features and Layouts of Yangzhou Residential Gardens in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China: A Case Study of Residential Gardens of Officials, Merchants and Literati

On the basis of analyzing socio-economic structures, social classes and their relations in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this paper took residential gardens of three principal groups(officials, merchants and literati) for example, analyzed functional features and layouts of the gardens, explored artistic characteristics and cultural connotations of the local residential gardens, so as to provide references for the conservation and construction of historic and cultural cities, design and expression of modern urban livable spaces.

Countermeasures and Prevention of Railway Traffic Accidents in the Early Days of the Founding of the People’s Republic of China

In the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China,in order to restore the national economy as soon as possible,the Communist Party of China carried out maintenance and repairs on the railways that caused serious damage to transportation tasks through war-torn smoke,and carried out large-scale railway construction.However,in the course of operation,railway safety accidents occur frequently due to outdated equipment,low quality of staff,lack of rules and regulations,vandalism,and various natural disasters.In the face of severe conditions,the railway authorities summed up the accidents and learned the safety of the railways,so that the railway transportation industry,which started after the founding of the country,was gradually on the right track,and laid a solid foundation for the safe development of the railway industry.

The Rise and Fall of Overseas Chinese Problem in the Early Republic of China

In the late Qing Dynasty and the early R epublic of China,foreign invasion made China suffer from an unprecedented humiliation,and the W estern powers initiated a commercial intrusion by forcing China to sign unequal treaties and open treaty ports. From this perspective,a deep exploration is made to study the corresponding influence and its function. The rule shows that the developing route of national politics,economy and culture can determine the trend of the development of overseas Chinese problem; in addition,it objectively reflects that the social nature is vital to overseas Chinese problem.

Social Classes and Cultural Connotations of Yangzhou Home Gardens during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

During the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China(1870-1930),the social classes in Yangzhou were basically dominated by officials,businessmen,and scholars.In the building number,scale,and functional evolution of their home gardens,these three classes were different,reflecting abundant connotation of characteristic of the time and regional culture,revealing the inheritance path of Yangzhou culture,as well as the richness and diversity of home gardens in Yangzhou during the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China.

70 Years of China’s Finance:History,Contributions and Prospects

Over the past 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,great changes have been seen in the financial industry in terms of its nature,function,scale,structure and other features.It has experienced six stages of development,namely,inception and consolidation,arduous growth,exploration and restructuring,segmentation,fictitious economy orientation,and real economy promotion and risk prevention.The tremendous success and useful experience made during this period have largely bolstered the prosperity and stability of the Chinese economy,improved Chinese people’s living standards,and exerted a profound impact on China’s economy and society.Based on its development pattern,the Chinese financial sector will expect further openingup at home and abroad and a growing capacity in serving the real economy,while new business forms and models will emerge rapidly and stronger preventive measures against financial risks will be needed.In response to the financial development in the new era,proactive and pragmatic measures need to be in place to safeguard the stable and sound development of the financial industry.

History of the PRC’s Participation in International Human Rights Affairs and Its Contribution to the Cause of International Human Rights

The history of the participation of People’s republic of china in international human rights affairs can be mainly divided into two phases since its founding 70 years ago,and it can be further divided into four stages with typical events after the launch of reform and opening-up.Since the adoption and implementation of the reform and opening-up policy in the late 1970 s china has witnessed the active participation and fruitful achievements of china in bilateral and multilateral human rights cooperation and communication,as well as making important contributions to the international human rights cause.

Between Tradition and Modernity:The Re-trial System of the Beiyang Period in the Early Republic of China(1912-1928)

During the Beiyang period of the early Republic of China,the re-trial system 覆判 referred to the practice where cases considered by the county magistrate had to be sent to the provincial high court for re-trial to ensure that the case facts were true,the law was correctly applied,and the penalties were appropriate.The scope of the re-trial cases continuously expanded from 1912 to 1922 and,finally,the Amendment to the Statutes on the Re-trial System in 1922 stipulated that all cases under the jurisdiction of the district courts where county magistrates tried,whether through appeal or re-trial,had to be re-tried by the high court or its branches.The adjustment of the scope of the re-trial cases was closely related to the extent to which the county magistrates'judicial discretion was restricted.During the Beiyang period,due to the failure to establish fornial courts of the first instance in counties throughout the country,the county magistrates concurrently handled judicial affairs,which inevitably caused the magistrates’judicial discretion.The re-trial system was originally designed to compensate for the drawbacks of county magistrates managing judicial affairs and to facilitate the transition within the judicial system.However,the interpretation of the role of the re-trial system should not be limited to reconciliation and adaptation of the old and new judicial systems in the Beiyang period but also to compensate for the deficiencies of county magistrates,judgments by continuously improving the re-trial procedure and to ensure the fairness of justice through restrictions on the judicial discretion of county magistrates,the enjoyment of equality of procedures,and the establishment of supervision procedures.

商贸驱动下汕头港市聚落的形成与形态研究

港市聚落是海岸带上因港而兴的典型商贸聚落,自古以来是海内外文化交流与商贸往来的重要桥梁。我国近代通商口岸汕头是粤东韩江流域的重要港市,其对国家贸易网络和潮汕城镇体系都产生了重要影响。以汕头港市聚落形态为研究对象,借助历史地图、经济史和地方志等相关资料,通过历史地图转译和建筑类型学等方法,梳理韩江三角洲港市群的演替规律和汕头的历史空间脉络,并着重探究以商贸为主导机制、通过自下而上的力量形成的民国初期的汕头港市聚落形态,从选址规律、空间结构和街巷体系等方面总结其形态特征,挖掘海港人居环境营建的智慧与多元文化价值,为港市聚落发展规划及遗产保护提供科学依据。

新中国成立初期国家领导层对和平共处的认识

在两极对立的冷战背景下,中华人民共和国在和平共处外交方针的指导下,至1956年,通过直接建交和谈判建交的方式,与27个国家建立了外交关系,还通过“走出去”与“请进来”的外交实践,实现了与一些国家的和平共处。国家领导层从新中国成立初期的外交实践中认识到:和平共处是新中国外交的长期方针;尊重领土主权和平等互利是和平共处的核心;制度自信是和平共处的底蕴;国家富强是和平共处的后盾;和平共处要有危机意识;坚持和平共处形式上的多样性、策略上的灵活性和方针上的求同存异;签订和平条约和建构制度机制是和平共处的保障。上述认识对当下坚持和谐共处外交、构建人类命运共同体仍有指导意义。

民初新式知识分子重释“天下兴亡匹夫有责”论

民初一些知识分子以报刊为阵地大声疾呼并努力诠释“天下兴亡匹夫有责”。他们赋予此一流行话语以时代新义,其中“天下”与“国家”由异趋同聚合为近代共和国,而“匹夫”则由传统臣民一跃而为近代国民。“天下”与“匹夫”的关系遂转变为国家与国民的新关系。而近代语境下的“匹夫有责”的“责”则凸显为自觉弘扬中华民族传统优秀道义精神,视其为天赋人权精神中应有之义,具体外现为职责、责任、良心与诚信等道德素养,蕴含着浓郁的政治文化与社会文化等价值诉求。这从一个侧面透露出“天下兴亡匹夫有责”渐成中国近代爱国主义的代名词。

清末民初江苏地区家谱特点探析

清末民初,在动荡的社会环境下,家谱修撰成为部分家族承继血缘关系和家族文化的重要方式。江苏地区是修纂家谱最为密集的地区之一,对家谱的诸多方面进行了有益的补充。扬州吴氏、宜兴吕氏和无锡锡山秦氏三个家族的家谱具有完备的体例,重视家规族约的制定,并充实了对家族女子成员的记载内容。这些特点与当时的政治环境、经济基础和区域文化紧密相关,是传统文化和近代思想相结合的产物。

中华人民共和国成立75年来大学生思想政治教育发展的历程、逻辑与展望

中国共产党历来高度重视大学生思想政治教育工作。作为国家意识形态建设的重要组成部分,大学生思想政治教育以其鲜明的政治性,与党和国家的发展密切相连,并呈现出不同的阶段性特征。系统梳理中华人民共和国成立75年以来大学生思想政治教育经历的起步探索期、曲折前行期、科学发展期和创新发展期等历程,深入把握其在育人目标、育人内容、育人载体和育人格局的逻辑变迁,深化大学生思想政治教育发展的规律性认识,着力探寻新时代大学生思想政治教育建设发展的未来路径,以期推动新时代大学生思想政治教育工作的创新发展。

慢熟的土地:清末到民国的云南话剧文学(1913—1949年)

云南话剧文学的发展起步很早,经历了从萌芽到潮起、寂寞呐喊和学步模仿再到激情怒火中的爆发几个阶段,有学生的集体创作,也有个人的苦闷绝叫,还有时代催生的民族激情,更有民主大潮中的社会呐喊。云南话剧文学创作演出的构成分为本土剧作家的本土创作演出和外来剧作家在云南的“在地”创作演出。在这一时期里,云南现代话剧文学创作蹒跚地走向初步成型,耕耘中,远远守望着姗姗来迟的成熟。

中华人民共和国成立之初高校思想政治理论课的建设与历史经验

中华人民共和国成立后,高校思想政治理论课正式开启了建设与发展的历史进程。在高校开设思想政治理论课,有着深厚的理论逻辑、历史逻辑和实践逻辑。1949年到1956年,高校思想政治理论课进行了许多方面的探索与实践,在不断调整中逐步形成了较为系统的课程体系,多种形式渠道建设师资队伍,探索理论与实际一致的教学方式,着力构建齐抓共管的工作格局。初创阶段的探索形成了弥足珍贵的历史经验,如坚持党的领导是根本保证,突出马克思主义理论教育是主题主线,坚持理论与实际相一致是重要方法,加强教师队伍建设是关键环节,办好中国特色是长远之计等,这对于办好新时代思想政治理论课具有重要启示和借鉴意义。

“林译小说”的现代阅读及其意义——以民初教育部褒奖小说为例

清末民初,“林译小说”影响很大,其中十几种为民初教育部所褒奖,以利于通俗教育。这十几种褒奖小说为国民所普遍阅读,其中首推《黑奴吁天录》,其“阅读”焦点在于借黑奴悲黄种人,体现出浓厚的启蒙色彩。对三种伦理小说的阅读,反映了读者对传统伦理的重视,尤其是通过西方小说发现中西在人伦上的相通之处,从而更加坚定了维护“伦理”的信念。对四种社会小说的阅读,体现了读者关注下层人民的悲悯情怀,更肯定了西方社会小说与我国古文在叙事技法上惊人的相似之处。对其他几种小说的阅读,各有侧重。对这些褒奖小说的阅读反映了读者思想观念的深刻变化。此外,考证与品评、批评这两种广义的“阅读”方式则大力促进了近代翻译小说批评的发展。

近代变局与庆宽的仕宦人生

庆宽是晚清民初的“奇人”,以民籍混入内务府旗籍,借助绘画的特长和办皇差的机会,在晚清拥堵的官场上,逐级升迁至候选内务府三院卿,积累了大量财富,也引发了官场侧目,遭到光绪帝下旨抄家的惩罚。戊戌之后,庆宽利用往日的关系网成为访日特使,又因为辛丑议约的劳绩,获得保举,恢复了原有旗籍和职衔。晚清最后十年,庆宽在仕途上做最后一搏,但最终止步于四品道台,遂决心离开官场。在民初的十年,庆宽以平民视角观察政局,时而以旗人身份筹划旗人生计,时而作为普通市民关注城市自治,逐渐淡出了时代舞台。

论清末民初博览会事业中的民族主义

清末民初博览会事业蕴涵了丰富的民族主义。它产生的外部因素是西方“先进”所形成的“榜样”力量,以及西方帝国的霸权行径和经济侵略,内部因素是中国自身的落后,以及中国人所具有的“经世忧国”传统精神。它产生的路径基本是:先进的西方列强,对落后中国进行经济侵略,导致中国利权外溢,产生严重民族危机,具有“经世忧国”精神的中国人奋发图强,既积极学习西方,仿行西法,又反省自身落后,积极展开竞争,谋求改良、发展,其中,蕴涵了忧患、危机、反省意识及竞争、发展观念,最终目的是实现民族国家独立富强。这样的民族主义具有追赶性、内向性、开放性特征,且主要体现在经济层面,虽有过急追求发展的一面,但其价值目标及立足自身的方法取向是理性的。

“史实”的考证与呈现——评赵盼超著作《民国初期(1912-1928)北京地区中国画研究》

民国初期(1912-1928)即“北洋时代”北京地区的美术史研究,以往未得到学界足够的重视,近些年来成了一个热点并诞生了很多新的成果,赵盼超新著《民国初期(1912-1928)北京地区中国画研究》即是其中之一。笔者认为,该著作有三个特点,首先是该书结构及行文清晰,以史料的客观性为基础展开论述,同时注重问题意识;其次是注重以“社会身份”的视角来对所论及人物进行讨论,将“人”放到政府、社团、学院等社会网络中来进行考察;再次是注重将艺术创作放到艺术传播的视角来进行考察。这部专著在具体的研究中将更多的重心倾注于影响制约艺术创作与艺术观念的诸多社会因素,从而提供给读者一个更为完整的艺术场域,以便更为全面地了解这一时期北京的美术状况。