A Set of Acupuncture Needles in the Late Qing Dynasty Collected by George Souliéde Morant

In the early 20th century,French vice-consul George Souliéde Morant encountered acupuncture during his visit to China,and then brought it back to France.After more than a century,his collection was transported from Paris,France to Kunming,China,and later recognized as a Chinese national third-class precious cultural heritage.Currently housed in the Museum of Western Studies on Chinese Medicine at Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine,this set of instruments includes one needle holder converted from a fan-shaped holder,ten acupuncture needles,and eleven paper tags handwritten in English with names of diseases and body parts.This article attempts to present the foundational information and historical significance of this collection of this set of late Qing dynasty acupuncture instruments by reviewing the collection and related research on acupuncture instruments,consulting acupuncture professionals,measuring the detailed information of the set of instruments,and employing a method of translating and summarizing the content of the attached tags.

Contribution and Modern Public Debt:On the Nature of Patriotic Public Debt in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

There are different opinions about the first modern domestic debt in China.The theorists judge whether a certain public debt has modernity according to whether it has modern public debt form,ignoring the inconsistency between form and content,institutional provisions and actual implementation.The modern nature of public debt must have both the form and content of modern public debt.Based on the analysis of the issuing background,system design,collection and repayment of patriotic bonds in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,it is considered that the part of patriotic bonds subscribed by the Qing royal family is still the nature of donation and return,while the part subscribed by ordinary businessmen and people in the early Republic of China has a modern nature.The dual nature of patriotic bonds is closely related to the social background when the bonds are issued.

Looking up Prescriptions to Treat Infectious Disease:Anti-epidemic Books of Medical Formularies and Epidemic Prevention and Control in the Qing Dynasty

Copying,compiling,publishing,disseminating,and referencing anti-epidemic books of medical formularies were common activities during the outbreak of epidemics in the Qing dynasty.Its emergence,motivated by epidemic disease again and again,was important component parts of epidemic prevention and control.They played a unique role as media on affairs such as treating patients suffering from infectious diseases,mobilizing peoples to make contributions to anti-epidemic activities,integrating and popularizing knowledge of epidemic prevention.Anti-epidemic books of medical formularies were important to link peoples,things,and substances related with epidemic prevention and control,and were a kind of motivation to actively deal with the infectious disease,control the epidemic,and maintain health.Compared to other common measures,anti-epidemic books of medical formularies participated in many prevention and control practices deeply,which actually built a low cost,spontaneous,dispersed and non-institutional system to respond to epidemic,and the system had characteristics of stronger conductibility,bigger coverage area,and better external benefits.

A New Inquiry Into the Contents of the Late Qing Dynasty Pictorial News Publication-The Core of “Entertainment Life” in Dianshizhai Pictorial

After the opening of ports in the late Qing Dynasty,Western culture was introduced into China.The local entertainment life presented the phenomenon of the coexistence of the East and the West.A large number of folk entertainment activities were recorded in the Dianshizhai Pictorial which have the function of cultural choice and value dissemination as well as current affairs.This research attempts to use literary analysis and case study to collate the entertainment life in the Dianshizhai Pictorial,combing the characteristics of the late Qing dynasty,and summarizing the value of entertainment in Dianshizhai Pictorial publishing.

Functional Features and Layouts of Yangzhou Residential Gardens in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China: A Case Study of Residential Gardens of Officials, Merchants and Literati

On the basis of analyzing socio-economic structures, social classes and their relations in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this paper took residential gardens of three principal groups(officials, merchants and literati) for example, analyzed functional features and layouts of the gardens, explored artistic characteristics and cultural connotations of the local residential gardens, so as to provide references for the conservation and construction of historic and cultural cities, design and expression of modern urban livable spaces.

Social Classes and Cultural Connotations of Yangzhou Home Gardens during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

During the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China(1870-1930),the social classes in Yangzhou were basically dominated by officials,businessmen,and scholars.In the building number,scale,and functional evolution of their home gardens,these three classes were different,reflecting abundant connotation of characteristic of the time and regional culture,revealing the inheritance path of Yangzhou culture,as well as the richness and diversity of home gardens in Yangzhou during the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China.

Functions of Karez to Xinjiang Agriculture in the Qing Dynasty from the Perspective of Historical Documents

Desertification is increasingly serious in Xinjiang,and the construction of water conservancy is a precondition for the development of agriculture.The main project for the development of agriculture and water conservancy in Xinjiang is to build Karez,which played a vital role in the development of Xinjiang agriculture in the Qing Dynasty.It has been recorded many times in historical documents of the Qing Dynasty,such as Lin Zexu s Diary,Tao Baolian s Diary,Xinjiang Atlas and Zuo Zongtang s Memorial to the Emperor,etc.,which recorded the situation and historical origin of Karez.Karez made a significant contribution to the development of agriculture in the Qing Dynasty.It increased the cultivated land in Xinjiang at that time,and increased the types and yields of crops.It is conducive to the stability and development of Xinjiang s economy.Until today,Karez is still an important water source for agricultural irrigation in Xinjiang.

Review of Dietary Therapy Development in Ming and Qing Dynasties

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,with the development of politics,economy and culture,the development of health maintenance of traditional Chinese medicine entered a heyday.Food therapy is an important part of the health theory of traditional Chinese medicine.In the 5,000 years of Chinese civilization,you can see the record of food therapy everywhere.It can be said that food therapy of traditional Chinese medicine develops together with traditional Chinese medicine.As a treasure in the treasure-house of Chinese medicine,food therapy has a long history and rich practice.Based on the current research,further research on relevant theories remains to be carried out.Focusing on the historical period of Ming and Qing dynasties,this paper takes the works related to food,nutrition and therapy(including general works and monographs on diet),the health thoughts and practice characteristics of representative health practitioners as the research perspective,and sorts out the above research contents in the past 20 years,analyzes the research overview and trend.It is found that in the study of food nourishing in Ming and Qing dynasties,there are few studies on the contents of diet nourishing in the general works.This suggests that when we study the development of diet nourishing in Ming and Qing Dynasties,we should not only study the monograph of diet nourishing and the thoughts of doctors,but also pay attention to the diet nourishing thought reflected in the general works.The study of diet monographs in Ming Dynasty mainly focused on the textual research of wild plants,and the study of diet monographs in Qing Dynasty mainly focused on the application.The study on the health care thought of doctors in Ming and Qing Dynasties mainly focused on the views of food nourishing and personal health care.These studies are summarized in order to provide reference for further theoretical research and provide reference for contemporary research on food nourishing diet.

SHANGHAI'S FASHION DURING THE LATE QING DYNASTY PERIOD

The goal of this research is to describe and analyse Shanghai’s fashion in Late Qing Dynasty (the 1840’s-1911), with an emphasis on the fashionable clothing worn by adult. Three aspects is discussed: the development of as a fashion center, the men’s fashion in Shanghai and the women’s fashion in Shanghai. In these parts, the style, textiles, colour, decoration and combination of clothing are described. Many costumes from museums and private collections as well as some historical writings, paintings and photographs are elucidated to give a description about Shanghai’s fashion looks during that period.Here are some tentative conclusions. Firstly, Shanghai has always been a fashion center in China since 1860’s. Shimao was the most important characteristic of clothing. Secondly, fashion of traditional clothing was described as highly stylized, gorgeous, exquisite, miscellaneous, detailed and multicolored. Thirdly, the influence of Western clothing was upwards. It was more obvious in Shanghai than in

CHINESE LADY'S DAILY WEAR IN LATE QING DYNASTY AND EARLY REPUBLIC PERIOD

The goal of this research is to describe and analyze women’s wear in the late Qing Dynasty andearly Republic Period(late 19th c.—early 20th c.),with an emphasis on the daily informal orsemi-formal wear,though some formal or ceremonial costumes such as wedding dress will also beincluded.This study will use Chinese costumes and textiles from many museums to fill in theblanks left by previous research and to give a more detailed and accurate description.It will alsouse historical documents to find the original names of these items and to illustrate a general conceptof their usage on different occasions.The different categories of women’s wear will be described in the following order:①robes orcoats;②jackets;③waistcoats or vests;④skirts;⑤pants and leggings;⑥shoes and socks;⑦headdresses;and⑧others.Of every category,the textiles,decoration,cut,form,style,colourand motif will be discussed.The way in which these items were combined will also be discussed.The comparison between women’s wear and men’s wear,women’s and children’s informal andformal dress will be given.Here are some tentative conclusions.First,the Manchu and Han style coexisted and mixedwith each other and were worn by both Manchu and Han women.Second,the basic silhouettesand cuts were relatively stable and conventional,while the decorations and details(openings,fasten-ings,pleats,vents,collars and hemlines)were different.The former represented accepted socialstandards while the latter could be a matter of personal taste.Third,women’s wear in that periodwere highly stylized,miscellaneous,elaborate,detailed,multicolored and multi-thematic.

ANALYSIS OF DRIVING FORCES ON THE CHANGE OF HISTORICAL FARMLAND USE IN SHANDONG PROVINCE DURING THE QING DYNASTY (1644-1911)

How land-cover has been changed by human use over the last 300 years is oneof the five overarching questions guiding the Land-use/Cover Change (LUCC) Science/Research Plan.China has variety of historical documents providing unique data superiority. So the characteristicsof farmland area in Shandong Province during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) are summarized firstly: 1)the rising trend of farmland area was striking; 2) farmland area had remarkable fluctuation; 3)farmland area per capita decreased dramatically; 4) wasteland reclamation index increased rapidly.Then, the driving forces of farmland area change are analyzed. It is concluded that natural andhuman factors are jointly influential. Among the driving forces, human dimensions are the mainfactors of farmland area change, which direct the general tendency of the changes mentioned above.And the natural factors influence the stability of farmland area as well. Variation of the naturalfactors would act as the major contributory factor to farmland area change during years or periodsof abrupt climatic changes, or during the intensive occurring periods of natural hazards. Besides,the passive aspects of human factors, such as war chaos also influenced the fluctuation of thefarmland area. This research indicates that it is feasible to study the land-use/cover change byChinese historical literatures, which has huge potential to provide a comprehensive picture of thegrowing dominance of human land-use and land-cover patterns that can be used in many global changeresearch projects.

The Leisure Style of Men of Letters in the Late Ming Dynasty and Its Social Influence

This paper explored the background of the leisure boom among the literati in the late Ming Dynasty from the aspects of politics, economy, ideology and social environment, and elaborated the leisure styles of the literati in terms of enjoying a sightseeing tour, sampling wine and tea, appreciating and collecting calligraphy and painting works, favoring theatergoing, indulging in dallying with prostitutes, practicing meditation, and building gardens, and analyzed the influence of their leisure styles on the painting and calligraphy art, drama, literary creation, garden construction and other aspects of the society at that time. It is hoped that this paper can provide a deep understanding of social politics, economy, ideology and culture in the late Ming Dynasty and a reference for the development of the current leisure tourism.

Overview of the plague in the late Ming Dynasty and its prevention and control measures

The plague of the late Ming Dynasty(15511644 C.E.)was long lasting,affected a wide range of the population,and had serious consequences.The purpose of this study is to review the medical system in place at the time and the measures instituted to prevent and control the plague during the late Ming Dynasty.Information on the history of the Ming Dynasty(13681644 C.E.),local chronicles,and related research literature were consulted and analyzed in terms of duration,geographical area,and other dimensions of the epidemic.Because of the abnormal climate,wide range of natural disasters,and the impact of war,the epidemic spread over a wide area during the late Ming Dynasty.The government’s epidemic prevention measures were affected by war and other factors,resulting in poor control of the outbreak.However,in terms of the medical system in place during the Ming Dynasty,some of the thinking and methods of prevention and control of the plague were historical and progressive.Some outstanding physicians such as Wu Youke(15821652 C.E.)appeared during this period.His theory of plague prevention and control had a profound influence on the formation and development of pestilence deterrence in later generations.In the late Ming Dynasty,rich experiences and measures of prevention and control were accumulated in the struggle against the plague.These methods and experiences also have a significant,positive guiding influence on the prevention and control of plague in the present day.

Inventing the Barbarians:The Changing Contexts of Yi in the Late Qing Dynasty

This study analyzes how the meaning of yi(夷,barbarian)was constructed in different historical contexts at the end of the Qing dynasty,which is important for us to reconsider xenophobia and Sino-centrism both in the past and present.Our study combines contextual with intertextual reading methods.It places different materials,including missionaries’works,newspapers,and official documents,in their specific historical contexts and links them to obtain a full picture of this transformation.We argue that yi was invented.Various agents and actors created the connotation of yi to suit their interests.It was transformed by the Qing court from“barbarians”to those who follow Confucianism to justify their rule.Then it was first translated as“foreigners”and later as“barbarians”when Europeans came to China.Our study situates the meaning of yi to help us rethink some of the labels and misconceptions attached to yi and the early missionaries in China.

On Artistic Dissemination of Image Text in Urban Media of Late Qing Dynasty: Taking Dian-shi Zhai Pictorial (1884-1898) as the Core Research Object

The Dian-shi Zhai Pictorial was founded under the conflict of new and old culture in the late Qing Dynasty.Based on China,it innovates and adjusts the characters and pictures in the pictorial.This pictorial perfectly integrates news and art in the form of artistic dissemination of pictures and texts,and adapts to the needs of the society for news and new knowledge at that time.At the same time,Wu Youru,the editor in chief and main painter of pictorial,reflected some problems in the artistic dissemination of pictures and texts.

Acquisition and Dissemination of Anti-Epidemic Medical Prescriptions During the Outbreaks in the Qing Dynasty of China

During the epidemics in the Qing dynasty,many medical professionals,nonprofessionals,and social organizations collected and sorted medical prescriptions related to infectious diseases.These people also compiled,published,disseminated,and consulted related medical formularies.The above historical event can be viewed as the construction and dissemination of medical knowledge.They edited and published medical formularies on infectious diseases with lower cost and in flexible ways by taking the initiative and giving full scope to creativity.Diverse anti-epidemic medical prescriptions from these medical formularies can be used for infectious diseases in the event of the outbreaks.However,the therapeutic effects of classical prescriptions and folk recipes cannot be regarded as the same.The wide circulation of anti-epidemic medical prescriptions and medical formularies was essentially a process of epidemic prevention resource allocation.Not only did it enable many nonprofessionals to participate in epidemic prevention and control,but it also enhanced awareness,knowledge,and capacity for epidemic prevention at the individual level.At the same time,due to the uneven quality and individual differences in the physical fitness and condition of the prescriptions and formularies,they had the capacity of causing inconveniences to the readers or patients.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpart essay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolution of the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy is so far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre that presents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores the literature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paper proposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

Literary Construction of Liang Qichao's China Dream in Late Qing Dynasty--Based on the Perspective of Liang Qichao's Political Novels

Liang Qichao actually influenced Chinese society of late Qing dynasty in a great and profound way.H e founded several political newspapers,pioneered a literary style called political commentary and wrote many political fictions,which fully embody his deep thinking over China’s destiny at that time under impacts of western politics as well as his practical activities.H is political fiction does not only pioneer new forms and contents of modern fiction,but also play a crucial role in leading numerous writers to construct a"Chinese Dream"literature by granting politics as theme of fiction and shaping of political heroes.W hat’s more,his political fiction also becomes a basis of integration between literature and politics.

Politicizing the queue： The social, political and cultural symbolism of hair in Qing dynasty and young republican China

The human body, such as hair, serves as a prism through which historical and cultural contexts are effectively refracted. Despite its historical and cultural significance, the role of hair, however, remains curiously a marginalized subject among the renewed interests on the body in the academic fields. In this paper, the author attempts to politicize the queue from 3 perspectives： maintaining a certain prescribed hairstyle is a top-down gesture to construct national conformity; the boundary between Manchu and Han is invoked and reinvented through the battles surrounding the queue politic in late Qing and early Republic; the widespread debate between keeping the queue and cutting the queue at the turn of the 20th century epitomizes the haunting rhetoric of traditionalism and modernism pursuit of modernity in China.