Historical review and reflections on the participation of acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of epidemics in the People’s Republic of China (from 1950 until now)

Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, both the Communist Party and the government have placed great emphasis on the advancement of traditional Chinese medicine. Acupuncture and moxibustion have been actively involved in combating major epidemics such as malaria, schistosomiasis, and COVID-19. This article conducts a historical review of these three significant cases to elucidate how the acupuncture community has effectively utilized its unique advantages and characteristics through theoretical discussions, clinical practices, experimental research, as well as receiving administrative leadership and political support from the Communist Party of China and government. We provide an objective evaluation of their effectiveness while summarizing historical experiences to serve as a reference for future utilization of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy in epidemic relief efforts. Additionally, propose four suggestions: strengthening Party leadership and enhancing political support;timely summarization of experiences to establish programs and systems;deepening scientific research by integrating experimental findings with clinical practice;focusing on public awareness campaigns and education to solidify grassroots foundations.

Contribution and Modern Public Debt:On the Nature of Patriotic Public Debt in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

There are different opinions about the first modern domestic debt in China.The theorists judge whether a certain public debt has modernity according to whether it has modern public debt form,ignoring the inconsistency between form and content,institutional provisions and actual implementation.The modern nature of public debt must have both the form and content of modern public debt.Based on the analysis of the issuing background,system design,collection and repayment of patriotic bonds in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,it is considered that the part of patriotic bonds subscribed by the Qing royal family is still the nature of donation and return,while the part subscribed by ordinary businessmen and people in the early Republic of China has a modern nature.The dual nature of patriotic bonds is closely related to the social background when the bonds are issued.

Applicability evaluation of ERA5 wind and wave reanalysis data in the South China Sea

Wind and wave data are essential in climatological and engineering design applications.In this study,data from 15 buoys located throughout the South China Sea(SCS)were used to evaluate the ERA5 wind and wave data.Applicability assessment are beneficial for gaining insight into the reliability of the ERA5 data in the SCS.The bias range between the ERA5 and observed wind-speed data was-0.78-0.99 m/s.The result indicates that,while the ERA5 wind-speed data underestimation was dominate,the overestimation of such data existed as well.Additionally,the ERA5 data underestimated annual maximum wind-speed by up to 38%,with a correlation coefficient>0.87.The bias between the ERA5 and observed significant wave height(SWH)data varied from-0.24 to 0.28 m.And the ERA5 data showed positive SWH bias,which implied a general underestimation at all locations,except those in the Beibu Gulf and centralwestern SCS,where overestimation was observed.Under extreme conditions,annual maximum SWH in the ERA5 data was underestimated by up to 30%.The correlation coefficients between the ERA5 and observed SWH data at all locations were greater than 0.92,except in the central-western SCS(0.84).The bias between the ERA5 and observed mean wave period(MWP)data varied from-0.74 to 0.57 s.The ERA5 data showed negative MWP biases implying a general overestimation at all locations,except for B1(the Beibu Gulf)and B7(the northeastern SCS),where underestimation was observed.The correlation coefficient between the ERA5 and observed MWP data in the Beibu Gulf was the smallest(0.56),and those of other locations fluctuated within a narrow range from 0.82 to 0.90.The intercomparison indicates that during the analyzed time-span,the ERA5 data generally underestimated wind-speed and SWH,but overestimated MWP.Under non-extreme conditions,the ERA5 wind-speed and SWH data can be used with confidence in most regions of the SCS,except in the central-western SCS.

A Brief Introduction to the English Periodical of Contemporary Social Sciences

The English periodical of Contemporary Social Sciences is an English bimonthly periodical founded by Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences and approved by the National Radio and Television Administration of the People’s Republic of China(formerly the State Administration of Press,Publication,Radio,Film and Television of the People’s Republic of China)in March 2016.As the first English periodical sponsored by a local academy of social sciences.

A Brief Introduction to the English Periodical of Contemporary Social Sciences

The English periodical of Contemporary Social Sciences is an English bimonthly periodical founded by Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences and approved by the National Radio and Television Administration of the People’s Republic of China(formerly the State Administration of Press,Publication,Radio,Film and Television of the People’s Republic of China)in March 2016.

A Brief Introduction to the English Periodical of Contemporary Social Sciences

The English periodical of Contemporary Social Sciences is an English bimonthly periodical founded by Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences and approved by the National Radio and Television Administration of the People’s Republic of China(formerly the State Administration of Press,Publication,Radio,Film and Television of the People’s Republic of China)in March 2016.

Landscape Design of Parks Based on Red Tourism——With the Memorial Park of Soviet Republic of China in Ruijin,Jiangxi Province as a Study Case

Red tourism is a derivative product of organized patriotic education and revolutionary education activities.Memorial Park of Soviet Republic of China in Ruijin City,Jiangxi Province,as a representative of red tourism destination,is designed with red and patriotic education as the principal line to carry forward revolutionary traditions and spirits of Red Army,as well as create "red" garden landscapes with strong patriotism,time spirits and leisure elements.

Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Rainstorm during the Crops Growth Period in North China Region

By using the daily precipitation data from 1961 to 2005 in North China region,the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of rainstorm process occurrence and the rainstorm intensity during the crops growth period were studied.The results showed that the rainstorm intensity and the rainstorm process during the crops growth period in North China region both had the obvious annual fluctuations and era variation characteristics.Although the rainstorm and heavy rainstorm occurred in North China region every year,the annual variations were great,and the variation coefficients respectively reached 36.9% and 53.1%.The torrential rain occurred once in every 4-5 years,and the rainstorm process occurred once in every 11 years.Although the torrential rain and rainstorm process occurred in fewer years,their annual fluctuations were more obvious.The peak value zones of rainstorm intensity which was greater and the rainstorm process which occurred frequently were in the 1960s.After 1999,the rainstorm intensity and the rainstorm process were in low value zone of historical stage from 1961 to 2005.Moreover,the 1970s-1990s was between high value and low value,and the rainstorms in different intensities which weren't synchronous happened in the period.In addition,the spatial distribution of annual average rainstorm days presented the tendency which increased obviously from northwest to southeast in Northern China,and the variation coefficient of rainstorm days presented the tendency which increased gradually from southeast to northwest.Generally,the more the annual average rainstorm days are,the smaller the variation coefficient is,and vice versa.The statistics results also showed that precipitation in North China had obvious positive correlation relationship with the rainstorm days.

The Structural Characteristics of Side-Opening Costumes during the Republic Period of China

The structural characteristics of Chinese side-opening costumes during the Republic Period of China were investigated.By measuring and recovering the physical structures of side-opening costume objects from the Folk Costumes Biography Museum of Jiangnan University,three structural characteristics were analyzed.These structural characteristics show that most of the side-opening costumes during the Republic Period of China remain traditional Chinese costume structures.The general structural characteristics of side-opening costumes are concluded and the structural cutting methods can inspire current designs as well as provide useful references for contemporary fashion designers.

Layouts and Aesthetic Characteristics of Buildings in the Period of Republic of China along Zhongshan Road in Nanjing City

Zhongshan Road in Nanjing City was formerly known as "Meridian of the Republic of China", signif icant buildings of the Republic of China were mostly distributed along this modern avenue. The diversifi ed styles and types of these buildings refl ect the historical changes of modern Chinese buildings, and also record history of that age. The buildings are intangible cultural heritages of not only Nanjing, but also China. Study on and protection of these buildings is a process of reviewing modern architectural history of China, and also rethinking the inheritance and development of traditional Chinese cultures. In addition, the research promotes the coordinated development of modern urban construction and social cultures.

A Summary of Educational Scholars’View on Educational Purpose during the Period of the Republic of China

By using literature data analysis,taking the views of educational scholars during the Republic of China as an entry point,selecting representative educational scholars from that period,studying the educational goals of those educational scholars,as well as summarizing and refining their educational concepts,it has been found that the focus was on the cultivation of a sound personality,the development of spiritual values,the cultivation of social responsibility,as well as the cultivation of national consciousness.These four aspects are consistent with the comprehensive development demands by the educational purposes of modern countries in terms of moral,intellectual,physical,artistic,and labor;they provide new supplements and impetus for the current educational purposes to cultivate effective people and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Microphysical Characteristics of Precipitation during Pre-monsoon,Monsoon, and Post-monsoon Periods over the South China Sea

Raindrop size distribution (RSD) characteristics over the South China Sea (SCS) are examined with onboard Parsivel disdrometer measurements collected during marine surveys from 2012 to 2016. The observed rainfall is divided into premonsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon periods based on the different large-scale circumstances. In addition to disdrometer data, sounding observation, FY-2E satellite, SPRINTARS (Spectral Radiation-Transport Model for Aerosol Species), and NCEP reanalysis datasets are used to illustrate the dynamical and microphysical characteristics associated with the rainfall in different periods. Significant variations have been observed in respect of raindrops among the three periods. Intercomparison reveals that small drops (D < 1 mm) are prevalent during pre-monsoon precipitation, whereas medium drops (1?3 mm) are predominant in monsoon precipitation. Overall, the post-monsoon precipitation is characterized by the least concentration of raindrops among the three periods. But, several large raindrops could also occur due to severe convective precipitation events in this period. Classification of the precipitation into stratiform and convective regimes shows that the lg(Nw) value of convective rainfall is the largest (smallest) in the pre-monsoon (post-monsoon) period, whereas the Dm value is the smallest (largest) in the pre-monsoon (post-monsoon) period. An inversion relationship between the coefficient A and the exponential b of the Z?R relationships for precipitation during the three periods is found. Empirical relations between Dm and the radar reflectivity factors at Ku and Ka bands are also derived to improve the rainfall retrieval algorithms over the SCS. Furthermore, the possible causative mechanisms for the significant RSD variability in different periods are also discussed with respect to warm and cold rain processes, raindrop evaporation, convective activities, and other meteorological factors.

A new type of internal solitary waves with a re-appearance period of 23 h observed in the South China Sea

The South China Sea （SCS）, in particular the northern SCS, is one of ocean areas where energetic internal solitary waves （ISWs）occur most frequently （Cai et al., 2012; Zheng, 2017）. Based on the re-appearance period （RP） at an observation station, Ramp et al.（2004） divided the ISWs into two types：Type-a and Type-b. Type-a ISWs arrive regularly at the same time every day, i.e., the RP is about 24 h, and Type-b ISWs arrive about one hour late every day, i.e., the RP is about 25 h.

Characteristics of Temperature Change in China over the Last 2000 years and Spatial Patterns of Dryness/Wetness during Cold and Warm Periods

This paper presents new high-resolution proxies and paleoclimatic reconstructions for studying climate changes in China for the past 2000 years. Multi-proxy synthesized reconstructions show that temperature variation in China has exhibited significant 50–70-yr, 100–120-yr, and 200–250-yr cycles. Results also show that the amplitudes of decadal and centennial temperature variation were 1.3℃ and 0.7℃, respectively, with the latter significantly correlated with long-term changes in solar radiation, especially cold periods, which correspond approximately to sunspot minima. The most rapid warming in China occurred over AD 1870–2000, at a rate of 0.56°± 0.42℃（100 yr）^（-1）; however, temperatures recorded in the 20 th century may not be unprecedented for the last 2000 years, as data show records for the periods AD 981–1100 and AD1201–70 are comparable to the present. The ensemble means of dryness/wetness spatial patterns in eastern China across all centennial warm periods illustrate a tripole pattern： dry south of 25°N, wet from 25°–30°N, and dry to the north of 30°N. However, for all centennial cold periods, this spatial pattern also exhibits a meridional distribution. The increase in precipitation over the monsoonal regions of China associated with the 20 th century warming can primarily be attributed to a mega El Nino–Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. In addition, a significant association between increasing numbers of locusts and dry/cold conditions is found in eastern China. Plague intensity also generally increases in concert with wetness in northern China, while more precipitation is likely to have a negative effect in southern China.

Regional and Synoptic-scale Features Associated with Inactive Periods of the Summer Monsoon over South China

This paper presents an observational study of the physical processes responsible for the inactive period (break) of the summer monsoon over South China (SC). The break of the monsoon is defined by using the rainfall data over Hong Kong Meteorological parameters provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the period 1985-1990 are examined. Daily values of each parameter for the six years are then composited each day for the period of 5 days before to 1 day after the break. It is found that several days before the break, changes opposite to those occurred during the onset and active periods begin to take place. This suggests that a feedback mechanism is present which tends to restore the atmosphere to a more stable state. This mechanism may be initiated by the formation of convective clouds during the onset and active periods. These clouds then reduce the solar radiation to the ground, leading to a gradual drop in the temperature. This drop, together with the cooling of the atmosphere due to the large amounts of rainfall, causes the pressure over the SC region to become higher, which in turn induces a westward extension of the subtropical ridge. The decrease in temperature over SC may also shift the location of the heat source to the west, which leads to a concomitant westward shift of the convergence of the southerlies and results in less moisture-laden air reaching the SC region. The atmosphere then becomes unfavourable for heavy convection and therefore a break starts.

Molecular diversity of barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV from China and the Czech Republic

Wheat yellow dwarf disease(BYD),caused by different species of barley/cereal yellow dwarf viruses(B/CYDVs),is one of the most serious cereal diseases in China and the Czech Republic.Because genetic diversity of the virus directly influences disease epidemiology,the molecular diversity and population structure of 24 Chinese isolates and 16 the Czech Republic isolates of BYDV-PAV from different regions in two countries were analyzed by sequencing their coat protein(CP)and readthrough protein(RTP)domain(RTD)genes and comparing the sequences with six CP and 16 RTP sequences of BYDVPAV isolates from the NCBI database based on nucleotide identity position,phylogenetic analysis and nucleotide diversity.Nucleotide identities between the Chinese and the Czech Republic isolates for the CP were 76.6–99.4%,73.9–89.1%for RTD(ORF5),respectively.The Chinese and the other country isolates showed 74.7–99.2%nucleotide identity for RTP(ORF3+ORF5).Phylogenetic analysis of CP sequences showed that 20 Chinese isolates clustered in the same clade,but the other four Chinese isolates clustered in another clade with the isolates from the Czech Republic and other counties.The population of BYDV-PAV in China had greater nucleotide variability and was more divergent than that in the Czech Republic.Geographical and ecological factors but not hosts might contribute to the population differences in the two countries.

Review of Agricultural Insurance Development in the New Period in China

Agricultural insurance is a great support for agricultural modernization in the new period. It plays a role of " stabilizer" in consecutive increase of yield and constant increase of farmers' income. This paper elaborated current situation of agricultural insurance development in China in the new period,analyzed existing problems,and came up with pertinent recommendations.

Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China(SAC)

1. To draft and revise the state laws and regulations on standardization, to formulate and implement the policies on standardization; to formulate the national administrative rules on standardization and develop relevant systems; to organize the implementation of laws, rules and systems on standardization：

Protocol on the accession of the people’s republic of china

Preamble The World Trade Organization ("WTO"), pursuant to the approval of the Ministerial Conference of the WTO accorded under Article Ⅻ of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization ("WTO Agreement"), and the People's Republic of China ("China"). Recalling that China was an original contracting party to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947. Taking note that China is a signatory to the Final Act Embodying the Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiati...