Diagnosis and management challenges of in-stent restenosis in coronary arteries

Over the course of the 3 decades, percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) with stent implantation transformed the practice of cardiology. PCI with stenting is currently the most widely performed procedure for the treatment of symptomatic coronary disease. In large trials, drugeluting stents(DES) have led to a significant reduction in in-stent restenosis(ISR) rates, one of the major limitations of bare-metal stents. Due to these favorable findings, DES was rapidly and widely adopted enabling more complex coronary interventions. Nevertheless, ISR remains a serious concern as late stent complications. ISR mainly results from aggressive neointimal proliferation and neoatherosclerosis. DES-ISR treatment continues to be challenging complications for interventional cardiologists.

Treatment of coronary in-stent restenosis： a systematic review

Coronary stem implantation has significantly improved percutaneous coronary intervention and enabled the management of early complications of plain balloon angioplasty. However, a new complication has accompanied these improvements： in-stent restenosis （ISR） arising from neointimal hyperplasia. ISR after coronary angioplasty is currently one of the main limitations of this method, leading to the recurrence of exertional angina pectoris or acute coronary syndromes. The clinical incidence of ISR after bare-metal stent （BMS） implantation is approximately 20%35%. The use of drug-eluting stents （DES） has led to a further decrease in the occurrence of ISR to 5%-10%. Evidence resulting from controlled clinical studies suggests that DES and drug-eluting balloon catheters （DEB） provide the best clinical and angiographic results in the treatment of ISR. We undertook a systematic review of the pathophysiology, diagnostics and treatment options for BMS- and DES-ISR. We discuss recent randomised studies, comparing different DES or DEB used for BMS or DES-ISR treatment, as well as the use of new biovascular scafolds and the topic of scafold restenosis.

Influence of increased epicardial adipose tissue volume on 1-year in-stent restenosis in patients who received coronary stent implantation

Background Epicardial adipose tissue （EAT） is significantly associated with the formation and composition of coronary atherosclerotic plaque, cardiac events and the clinical prognosis of coronary heart disease. But, whether increased EAT deposition may affect the incidence of in-stent restenosis （ISR） is currently unclear. This study used coronary computed tomography angiography （CCTA） as a mean to investigate whether increased EAT volume was associated with ISR. Methods A total of 364 patients who underwent 64-slice CCTA examination for the evaluation of suspected coronary artery disease, and subsequently underwent percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） for the first time, and then accepted coronary angiography （CA） follow-up for ISR examination in one year, were retrospectively included in this study. EAT volume was measured by CCTA examination. CA follow-up was obtained between 9 and 15 months. ISR was defined as 〉 50% kuninal diameter narrowing of the stent segment or peri-stent segment. EAT volume was compared between patients with and without ISR and additional well-known predictors of ISR were compared. Results EAT volume was significantly increased in patients with ISR compared with those without ISR （154.5 ± 74.6 mL vs. 131.0 ± 52.2 mL, P 〈 0.001）. The relation between ISR and EAT volume remained significant after adjustment for conventional cardiovascular risk factors and angiographic parameters. Conclusions EAT volume was related with ISR and may provide additional information for future ISR.

Drug-eluting balloons versus new generation drug-eluting stents for the management of in-stent restenosis: an updated meta-analysis of randomized studies

Background New-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) was more effective in the treatment of in-stent restenosis (ISR) compared with the first-generation DES. Drug-eluting balloons (DEB) and new-generation DES had been available strategies in treatment of bare-metal stents/DES ISR (BMS/DES-ISR). Six new randomized trials have recently examined the angiographic outcomes and one-year clinical outcomes of DEB and new generation DES in BMS/DES-ISR. However, the optimal management for BMS/DES-ISR lesions remains controversial. Methods We searched the randomized clinical trials evaluating the angiographic outcomes and one-year clinical outcomes of DEB and new-generation DES in patients with BMS/DES-ISR. The primary endpoints were the angiographic outcomes, including the minimal luminal diameter (MLD), diameter stenosis %(DS%), late lumen loss (LLL), and binary restenosis (BR). Results A total of six randomized clinical trials with 1177 BMS/DES-ISR patients were included in our meta-analysis. For angiographic outcomes, there were significantly less MLD and more DS% with DEB compared to new-generation DES (MLD: MD =?0.18, 95% CI:?0.31– ?0.04, P < 0.001;DS%: MD = 5.68, 95% CI: 1.00–10.37, P < 0.001). Moreover, for one-year clinical outcomes, DEB was associated with a significant increase risk in target lesion revascularization (TLR)(RR = 2.93, 95% CI: 1.50–5.72, P = 0.002). However, DEB was associated with higher risks of major adverse cardiac event, target vessel revascularization, TLR, BR, and more DS% only in DES-ISR group. Conclusions DEB and new-generation DES have the similar clinical efficacy for the treatment of BMS-ISR. However, DES showed more MLD, less DS%, and a decreased risk of TLR for the treatment of DES-ISR.

Recent advances in cardiovascular stent for treatment of in-stent restenosis:Mechanisms and strategies

Treatments of atherogenesis,one of the most common cardiovascular diseases(CVD),are continuously being made thanks to innovation and an increasingly in-depth knowledge of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty(PTCA),the most revolutionary medical procedure used for vascular restoration.Combined with an expanding balloon,vascular stents used at stricture sites enable the long-time restoration of vascular permeability.However,complication after stenting,in-stent restenosis(ISR),hinders the advancement of vascular stents and are associated with high medical costs for patients for decades years.Thus,the development of a high biocompatibility stent with improved safety and efficiency is urgently needed.This review provides an overview of current advances and potential technologies for the modification of stents for better treatment and prevention of ISR.In particular,the mechanisms of in-stent restenosis are investigated and summarized with the aim to comprehensively understanding the pathogenesis of stent complications.Then,according to different therapeutic functions,the current stent modification strategies are reviewed,including polymeric drug eluting stents,biological friendly stents,prohealing stents,and gene stents.Finally,the review provides an outlook of the challenges in the design of stents with optimal properties.Therefore,this review is a valuable and practical guideline for the development of cardiovascular stents.

Local drug-delivery balloon for proliferative occlusive in-stent restenosis after drug-eluting stent

Drug-coated balloon has been developed as an alternative to drug-eluting stents for in-stent restenosis but the performance of drug infusion balloon in such setting has not been previously described. We present a case of particularly aggressive in-stent restenosis after drug eluting stent implantation treated with a new kind of drug infusion balloon developed in order to overcome the impossibility to inflate regular drug-coated balloon for several dilatation.

Volumetric intravascular ultrasound comparisons of drug-eluting stent thrombosis and in-stent restenosis

Objectives We compared intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) findings of drug-eluting stent (DES)-treated lesions that developed stent thrombosis versus in-stent restenosis (ISR) to identify underlying mechanical differences. Methods IVUS findings in 15 post-DES thrombosis patients were compared with 45 matched ISR patients who had no evidence of stent thrombosis. Results Minimum stent area [MSA, (3.7±0.8) mm2 vs (4.9±1.8) mm2, P=0.01], minimum stent diameter [(1.9±0.3) mm vs (2.3±0.4) mm, P=0.005], mean stent area [(5.2±0.8) mm2 vs (7.2±2.1) mm2, P【0.01], and both focal [MSA/reference lumen area, (54.7±15.9)% vs (75.0±20.1)%, P=0.001] and diffuse stent expansion [mean stent area/reference lumen area, (76.6±23.0)% vs (110.3±23.3)%, P【0.01] were significantly smaller in the stent thrombosis group (vs the ISR group). An MSA 【4.0 mm2 (73.3% vs 35.6%, P=0.01) or 【5.0 mm2 (86.7% vs 53.3%, P=0.02) was more often found in the stent thrombosis group (vs the ISR group). The MSA site occurred more frequently in the proximal stent segment within the stent thrombosis group compared to the ISR group (60% vs 24.4%, P=0.01). There were no differences in edge dissection, stent fracture, or stent-vessel wall malapposition between the two groups. Independent predictors of stent thrombosis were diffuse stent expansion (OR=1.5, P=0.03) and proximal location of the MSA site (OR=12.7, P=0.04). Conclusion DES-treated lesions that develop thrombosis or restenosis are often underexpanded. Underexpansion appears to be more severe in DES-thrombosis lesions. Lesions with diffuse underexpansion and a proximal (vs distal) underexpanded MSA site are more predisposed to thrombus formation than ISR.

COMPARISON OF SHORT- AND LONG-TERM OUTCOMES BETWEEN CYPHER AND TAXUS DRUG-ELUTING STENTS FOR IN-STENT RESTENOSIS

Objective To compare the short- and long-term clinical outcomes between sirolimus-eluting stent （ Cypher stent） and paclitaxel-eluting stent （TAXUS stent） in patients with in-stent restenosis （ISR） lesions of the coronary arteries. Methods From December 2002 to March 2005, 253 patients with ISR lesions of the coronary arteries were selected and divided into two groups. Cypher group （152 cases） was treated with Cypher or Cypher Select stents, and TAXUS group （101 cases） with TAXUS stents. A total of 262 ISR lesions in these patients were treated with 308 drog-eluring stents （DESs）, including 176 Cypher or Cypher Select stents and 132 TAXUS stents. All patients were followed up for 10 months. Procedure success rates of DES implantation in both groups were observed. Major adverse cardiac events （MACE） rates in hospital and at 10 months follow-up, as well as in-DES restenosis observed using coronary angiography at follow-up were compared between two groups. Results Success rate of DES implantation was 100% in both groups. No significant difference in MACE rate during hospitalization was found between the two groups. However, at 10 months follow-up, MACE rate was higher in TAXUS group than in Cypher group （ 16.00% vs. 6.67%, P =0. 031 ）. As for coronary angiography at 10 months follow-up, we observed an increasing tendency of in-DES restenosis rate in TAXUS group compared with Cypher group （29.41% vs. 14.04%, P=0.075）. Conclusions Cypher and TAXUS DESs both have good short- and long-term outcomes in treating ISR. Cypher DES proved better long-term clinical outcome than TAXUS DES.

Finite Element Simulation of In-Stent Restenosis with Tissue Growth Model

In this study, a finite element simulation of in-stent restenosis (ISR) is conducted to simulate the deployment and expansion of a stent in an occluded artery with a contact model and a mechanics-based growth model. A tissue growth model based on the multiplicative decomposition of deformation is applied to investigate the growth of the plaque and artery wall upon the stent’s implantation. Due to the high stresses at the contact points between the stent struts and the tissue, further tissue injury or restenosis is observed. The simulation results show that after the stent deployment, the von Mises stress is significantly larger in the plaque compared to the artery wall, especially in the region that is in contact with the stent. However, the growth of the plaque and artery tends to even out the stress concentration over time. The tissue growth is found to be more significant near the inner wall than the outer layer. A 0.77 mm restenosis is predicted, which agrees with published clinical observations. The features of the artery growth are carefully analyzed, and the underlying mechanism is discussed. This study is the first attempt to apply finite element analysis to artery restenosis, which establishes a framework for predicting ISR’s occurrence and severity. The results also provide insights into understanding the underlying mechanism of in-stent restenosis.

Intracoronary brachytherapy for the treatment of recurrent drugeluting stent in-stent restenosis:A systematic review and metaanalysis

BACKGROUND We performed a meta-analysis on observational studies since randomized control trials are not available.We studied intracoronary brachytherapy(ICBT)and recurrent drug eluting stent in-stent restenosis(DES-ISR)to evaluate the procedural success,target lesion revascularization(TLR),incidence of myocardial infarction(MI)and all-cause mortality at 2 years follow-up.AIM To perform meta-analysis for patients undergoing ICBT for recurrent DES-ISR.METHODS We performed a systematic search of the PubMed/MEDLINE,Cochrane and DARE databases to identify relevant articles.Studies were excluded if intracoronary brachytherapy was used as a treatment modality for initial ISR and studies with bare metal stents.We used a random-effect model with DerSimonian&Laird method to calculate summary estimates.Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics.RESULTS A total of 6 observational studies were included in the final analysis.Procedural angiographic success following intra-coronary brachytherapy was 99.8%.Incidence of MI at 1-year was 2%and 4.1%at 2-years,respectively.The incidence of TLR 14.1%at 1-year and 22.7%at 2-years,respectively.All-cause mortality at 1-and 2-year follow-up was 3%and 7.5%,respectively.CONCLUSION Given the observational nature of the studies included in the analysis,heterogeneity was significantly higher for outcomes.While there are no randomized controlled trials or definitive guidelines available for recurrent ISR associated with DES,this analysis suggests that brachytherapy might be the alternative approach for recurrent DES-ISR.Randomized controlled trials are required to confirm results from this study.

Influence of Simvastatin for In-stent Restenosis Rate and Blood Lipid Level and Inflammation Actor after Coronary Artery Stent Implantation

Objectives To investigate the effect of simvastatin on the probability of restenosis after stent implantation and serum level of lipids as well as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods 118 patients with CHD after stenting therapy were divided into treatment group (n=62) and control group (n=56) randomly. All patients were treated with aspirin (100 mg/d) and clopidogrel (75 mg/d) while treatment group patients took simvastatin (40 mg qn) additionally. All patients underwent coronary angiography (CAG) to compare the difference of restenosis and the serum level of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglyceride (TG) as well as hs-CRP after the drug treatment for 6 months. Results The probability of restenosis was significantly lower in the treatment group than that of control group (P<0.01) and the results were similar between the patients with bare metal stent (P<0.01) and those with sirolimus-eluting stent (P<0.01). The serum levels of TC (P<0.01), LDL-c (P<0.01), TG (P<0.05) and hs-CRP (P<0.01) were obviously lower while the HDL-c (P<0.05) level was higher in the treatment group than those of control group. There was no death case. Conclusions Simvastatin could decrease the probability of restenosis significantly after coronary stent implantation with dose of 40 mg/d. It also has good performance on lipids control and lightening inflammatory reactions with its undoubtedly safety.

Preventive role of palladium-103 radioactive stent on in-stent restenosis in rabbit iliac arteries

The abilility of γ-emitting palladium-103 stent implantation to inhibit in-stent restenosis in rabbit iliac ar- teries was investigated. Quantitative histomorphometry of the stented iliac segments 28 days after the implantation indicated that palladium-103 stents made a significant reduction in neointimal area and percent area stenosis com- pared with the nonradioactive stents. Lumen area in the palladium-103 stents treatment group was larger than the control group. However, the reduction of neointima formation by palladium-103 stents implantation was in a non-dose-dependent fashion. Low ionizing radiation doses via γ-emitting palladium-103 stent are effective in pre- venting neointimal hyperplasia in iliac arteries of rabbits. Palladium-103 stents can be employed as a possible novel means to prevent in-stent restenosis.

Clinical study about the effect of Simiao Yong'an Decoction on preventing in-stent restenosis and regulating inflammation and oxidative stress after lower extremity stent angioplasty stenting

Objective:To study the effect of Simiao Yong'an Decoction on the prevention of in-stent restenosis and the regulation of inflammation and oxidative stress after lower extremity stent angioplasty.Methods:A prospective study was conducted on 60 ASO patients who underwent lower extremity stent angioplasty in our hospital between January 2014 and January 2018.The patients were randomly divided into observation group receiving postoperative Simiao Yong'an Decoction combined with antiplatelet drug treatment and control group receiving postoperative antiplatelet drug treatment.The conditions of in-stent restenosis were followed up,and the indicators of coagulation,inflammation and oxidative stress were detected.Results:The incidence of in-stent restenosis in observation group 1 year after operation was significantly lower than that in control group;6 months and 12 months after operation,the ankle brachial index(ABI)levels,minimal lumen diameter(MLD)levels at the stent and superoxide dismutase(SOD)contents of observation group were significantly higher than those of control group,whereas D-dimer(D-D)and fibrinogen degradation product(FDP)levels as well as P-selectin,C-reactive protein(CRP),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),malondialdehyde(MDA)and inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)contents were significantly lower than those of control group.Conclusions:Simiao Yong'an Decoction can prevent the in-stent restenosis and inhibit the inflammation and oxidative stress after lower extremity stent angioplasty.

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 level as an indicator for restenosis following cervical and intracranial angioplasty and stenting

Cervical and intracranial angioplasty and stenting is an effective and safe method of reducing the risk of ischemic stroke, but it may be affected by in-stent restenosis. The present study in-vestigated serum level of matrix metalloproteinase 9 as a predictor of restenosis after 40 patients underwent cervical and/or intracranial angioplasty and stenting. Results showed that resteno-sis occurred in 30% （3/10） of patients when the serum level of matrix metalloproteinase 9 at 3 days after surgery was 2.5 times higher than preoperative level. No restenosis occurred when the serum level of matrix metalloproteinase 9 at 3 days after surgery was not 2.5 times higher than preoperative level. Restenosis occurred in 12% （2/17） of patients when the serum level of matrix metalloproteinase 9 was higher than preoperative level for more than 30 days after surgery, but only occurred in 4% （1/23） of patients when the serum level of matrix metalloproteinase 9 was higher than preoperative level for less than 30 days after surgery. However, the differences observed were not statistically signiifcant （P 〉 0.05）. Experimental ifndings indicate that when the serum level of matrix metalloproteinase 9 is 2.5 times higher than preoperative level at 3 days after cervi-cal and intracranial angioplasty and stenting, it may serve as a predictor of in-stent restenosis.

LOW-DOSE RADIOACTIVE ENDOVASCULAR STENTS PREVENT NEOINTIMAL HYPERPLASIA IN RABBITS RESTENOSIS MODEL

Objective To evaluate the effects of low-dose radioactive stents on the prevention of restenosis in rabbit model. Methods The stents were bombarded with suitable charged particles of adapted energy in the cyclotron to create a proper mixture of the radionuclides 59 Fe, 60 Co, 58 Co, 51 Cr, and 54 Mn. The radioactive stents were implanted in the iliac arteries of rabbits. The effects of radioactive stents on prevention of restenosis were assessed by angiography, histomorphometry and immunocytochemistry. Results All the iliac arteries that had been implanted with radioactive stents were patent on angiography and had no radiation complication during the 1～2 months of follow-up. There was a significant reduction in neointimal area (0.37±0.14mm 2 vs. 0.81±0.10mm 2, P<0.01), percent area stenosis (6.7±2.9% vs. 13.2±1.4%, P<0.01) and PCNA immunoreactive rate (2.00±1.58% vs. 10.88±6.98%, P<0.05) in the radioactive stent group compared with the control stent group. Conclusion Radioactive stents with an active of 0.91～1.65 μCi could inhibit SMC proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia in animal restenosis model. The low-dose radioactive stents are safe and feasible for prevention of restenosis.

Incidence, Predictors, Treatment, and Long-Term Prognosis of Patients with Restenosis after Long Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation for Coronary Arteries

Background: Few data on the clinical course and management of patients experiencing restenosis after implantation of long drug-eluting stents treatment for coronary arteries was available. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence, predictors, and long-term outcomes of patients with in-stent restenosis (ISR) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with long (33 mm & 38 mm) drug-eluting stents (DES) for long lesions in coronary arteries including left anterior descending artery (LAD), Lt circumflex artery (Lt Cx), right coronary artery (RCA), obtuse marginal artery (OM) & posterior descending artery (PDA). Methods: Between July 2009 and October 2010, 421 long DES had being implanted in 421 consecutive patients with significant coronary artery stenosis, with 371 patients (88%) undergoing routine follow up, clinical follow up done by exercise stress test at 6 & 12 months after stenting for 126 patients (34%), in 124 patients (33.5%) follow up was done by Computed Tomography angiography & 121 patients (32.5%) with clinically driven angiographic follow-up. A major adverse cardiac event was defined as the composite of death, myocardial infarction (MI), or target-lesion revascularization (TLR) within 15 months. Results: All patients who underwent clinical follow up were asymptomatic. The overall incidence of angiographic (CT or conventional) ISR with long (33 mm & 38 mm) DES was 4% (15 out of 371 stents) with 8 (53.3%) focal-type and 7 (46.7%) with diffuse-type ISR. Six patients (40%) under-went repeated PCI, seven (46.7%) underwent bypass surgery, and 2 (13.3%) were treated medically. During long-term follow-up (ranging from 12 - 26 months), there were no deaths, 3 (0.8%) MI, and 13 (3.5%) repeated target-lesion revascularization (PCI or CABG) cases. The incidence of major adverse cardiac event was 5.3% in the medical group, 10.1% in the repeated PCI group, and 21.4% in the bypass surgery group. Multivariate analysis showed that the occurrence of DES-ISR did not affect the risk of death or MI. Conclusions: The incidence of ISR was 4% after long DES stenting for coronary arteries. The long-term clinical prognosis of patients with long DES-ISR associated with coronary artery stenting might be benign, if the patient has optimal treatment.

Clinical Observation on Antiruisi Prescription (安替瑞丝方) in Preventing Restenosis after Coronary Artery Stenting

Antiruisi (AR)prescription (安替瑞丝方) is a compound in Chinese drug-therapy, which was used to treat 35 patients with coronary heart disease after stenting by the authors, and a satisfactory effect had been proved in preventing restenosis. It is reported as follows.

Experiment Study Of The Preventive Effects Of Valsartan ElutingStent On In - stent Restenosis

Objectives Background -Neointima hyperplasia and arterial remodeling are the main mechanisms of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. The successful use of coronary stents neutralizes the acute elastic recoil and improves the remodeling mode with reducing restenosis rate by 10 % . But the in - stent neointima hyperplasia becomes more severe. This study aims to set up model of in - stent restenosis in vivo, and to e-valuate the preventive role of implantation of valsartan eluting stent for restenosis. Methods and Results Twenty - two male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into control group and valsartan group. In-travascular ultrasonic (IVUS) results showed the in-trastent neointimal areas of the control group were larger than those of the valsartan group (P < 0. 01) . The minimal lumen area of control group was smaller than that of the valsartan group ( P < 0. 01). Angiog-raphy results showed the normal lumen diameters were similar between two groups ( P> 0.05) . The lumen stenosis rates compared with the normal diameters of the valsartan group were significantly improved over that of the control group ( P < 0. 05) . It was comparable to the IVUS analysis. There were no cases of a-neurysm or thrombosis. Conclusions Valsartan e-luting stents produced a significant inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia and luminal encroachment in rabbits without obviously producing any serious side -effects. These results demonstrate the potential therapeutic benefit of valsartan eluting stents in the pre- vention and treatment of human coronary restenosis.

Multivariate Analysis of Clinical Factors in Restenosis after Coronary Stenting

Ojbective To find the independent predictors for restenosis after coronary stenting. Methods Quantitative angiography was performed on 60 cases (67 successfully dilated lesions) after angio-plasty over 6-months follow-up, and both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were done to i-dentify the correlations of restenosis with clinical factors. Results The total restenosis rate was 31. 3% (21 of 67 lesions), and according to univariate analysis the patients who underwent coronary stenting≥ 3. 5mm had a lower rate of restenosis ( P < 0. 01). Collateral circulation to the obstruction site, high maximal inflation pressure, smoking and the less minimal lumen diameter after PTCA made the rate of restenosis higherower ( P < 0. 05) . Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that coronary stenting ≥3. 5mm had a low rate of restenosis, but high maximal inflation pressure and smoking made the restenosis rate higher. Conclusion Coronary stent size, maximal inflation pressure and. smoking were independent predictors for restenosis.

Local Delivery of C-myc Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide by Gelatin Coated Platinium-Iridium Stent to Prevent Restenosis in a Normal Rabbit Carotid Artery

Objectives To investigate the feasibility and effect of local deliveryof c-myc antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ASODN) by gelatin coated Platinium-Iridium stent to prevent restenosis in a normal rabbit carotid artery. Methods Gelatin coated Platinium-Iridium stent were implanted in the right carotid arteries of 32 rabbits under vision. Animals were randomized to the control group and the treated group receiving c-myc ASODN (n=16 respectively).7, 14, 30,90 days following the stenting procedure, morphometry for caculation of neointimal area and mean neointimal thickness were performed.The expression of c-myc protein was detected by immunohistochemical methods. Results 32 stents were successfully implanted into the right carotid arteries in 32 animals.Morphometric analysis showed that neointimal area and mean neointimal thickness siginificantly increased continuously up to 12 weeks after stent implantation,and at each time point , neointimal area and mean neointimal thickness were siginificantly smaller in the treated group than control group. (P<0.001,respectively).c-myc protein expression was weak positive or negative in treated group and positive in control group. Conclusions Gelatin coated Platinium-Iridium stent mediated local delivery of c- myc ASODN is feasibility , and it can inhibit neointimal hyperplasia to prevent restenosis in a normal rabbit carotid artery.