Tracking the phase transformation and microstructural evolution of Sn anode using operando synchrotron X-ray energy-dispersive diffraction and X-ray tomography

Tin(Sn)holds great promise as an anode material for next-generation lithium(Li)ion batteries but suffers from massive volume change and poor cycling performance.To clarify the dynamic chemical and microstructural evolution of Sn anode during lithiation and delithiation,synchrotron X-ray energydispersive diffraction and X-ray tomography are simultaneously employed during Li/Sn cell operation.The intermediate Li-Sn alloy phases during de/lithiation are identified,and their dynamic phase transformation is unraveled which is further correlated with the volume variation of the Sn at particle-and electrode-level.Moreover,we find that the Sn particle expansion/shrinkage induced particle displacement is anisotropic:the displacement perpendicular to the electrode surface(z-axis)is more pronounced compared to the directions(x-and y-axis)along the electrode surface.This anisotropic particle displacement leads to an anisotropic volume variation at the electrode level and eventually generates a net electrode expansion towards the separator after cycling,which could be one of the root causes of mechanical detachment and delamination of electrodes during long-term operation.The unraveled chemical evolution of Li-Sn and deep insights into the microstructural evolution of Sn anode provided here could guide future design and engineering of Sn and other alloy anodes for high energy density Li-and Na-ion batteries.

In-line phase contrast for weakly absorbing materials with a microfocus x-ray source

For weakly absorbing materials, image contrast can be enhanced by phase contrast in formation. The effectiveness of the in-line phase contrast technique relies on its ability to record intensity data which contain information on the x- ray＇s phase shift. Four kinds of approaches to the relationship between intensity distribution and phase shift axe reviewed and discussed. A micro-focal x-ray source with high geometrical magnification is used to acquire phase contrast images. A great improvement on image quality is shown and geometrical parameters axe modified for comparison between different imaging positions.

Influence of tube voltage and current on in-line phase contrast imaging using a microfocus x-ray source

In-line x-ray phase contrast imaging has attracted much attention due to two major advantages： its effectiveness in imaging weakly absorbing materials, and the simplicity of its facilities. In this paper a comprehensive theory based on Wigner distribution developed by Wu and Liu [Med. Phys. 31 2378-2384 （2004）] is reviewed. The influence of x-ray source and detector on the image is discussed. Experiments using a microfocus x-ray source and a CCD detector are conducted, which show the role of two key factors on imaging： the tube voltage and tube current. High tube current and moderate tube voltage are suggested for imaging.

Seismic tomography of Yunnan region using short-period surface wave phase velocity

利用云南数字地震台网23个台站记录的短周期(1～18s)面波资料，用双台窄带通滤波互相关方法，测定了在209条路径上的基阶瑞利波相速度频散曲线，并通过层析成像反演得到各周期的相速度分布图象．给出了沿24°N，25°N，26°N及27°N和100．5°E的相速度频散剖面图．结果表明：云南地区的相速度分布图象具有强烈的横向变化，短周期段的相速度分布与沉积层厚度密切相关，中甸、丽江东部区域在约25km深度存在着明显的低速层，而畹町、云县、思茅一带在该深度范围是一明显的大面积高速区域．小江断裂与红河断裂围成的川滇菱形块体南段为低相速度区域．云南地区强震震中位置主要分布在相速度高速与低速过渡的区域．

Seismic tomography of Yunnan region using short-period surface wave phase velocity

The data of short-period (1~18 s) surface waves recorded by 23 stations belonging to the digital seismic network of Yunnan Province of China are used in this paper. From these data, the dispersion curves of phase velocities of the fundamental mode Rayleigh wave along 209 paths are determined by using the two-station narrowband filtering cross-correlation method. Adopting tomography method, the distribution maps of phase velocities at various peri-ods in Yunnan region are inverted. The maps of phase velocities on profiles along 24N, 25N, 26N, 27N and 100.5E and the distribution maps of phase velocities at 3 periods in the study region are given. The results show that the phase velocity distribution in Yunnan region has strong variations in horizontal direction, and the phase velocity distribution in short-period range is closely related to the thickness of sedimentary layers in the shallow crust. The phase velocity in southern part of the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block encircled by the Honghe fault and Xiaojiang fault is obviously lower than that in surrounding areas. The epicentral locations of strong earthquakes in Yunnan region are mainly distributed in transitional zones between low and high phase velocities.

High-resolution Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps from ambient noise tomography in North China

We presented high-resolution Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps at periods ranging from 5 s to 30 s in the northeast part of the North China Craton (NNCC). Continuous time-series of vertical component between October 2006 and December 2008, recorded by 187 broadband stations temporarily deployed in the NNCC region, have been cross-correlated to obtain estimated fundamental mode Rayleigh wave Green’s functions. Using the frequency and time analysis technique based on continuous wavelet transformation, we measured 3 667 Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion curves. High-resolution phase velocity maps at periods of 5, 10, 20 and 30 s were reconstructed with grid size 0.25°× 0.25°, which reveal lateral heterogeneity of shear wave structure in the crust and upper mantle of NNCC. For periods shorter than 10 s, the phase velocity variations are well correlated with the principal geological units in the NNCC, with low-speed anomalies corresponding to the major sedimentary basins and high-speed anomalies coinciding with the main mountain ranges. Within the period range from 20 s to 30 s, high phase velocity observed in eastern NCC is coincident with the thin crust, whereas low phase velocities imaged in central NCC is correlated to the thick crust. However, the low-velocity anomaly in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region displayed in the 20 s and 30 s phase maps may be associated with fluids.

Simulation Experiments in Electromagnetic Tomography Well Logging in Two-phase Flow

Electromagnetic Computer Tomography （ECT） is a method to probe the interior of an inhomogeneous medium via surface measurement in a non-linear way. Due to the great differences in conductivity and permittivity between oil and water in the well, Electromagnetic Tomography Well Logging （ETWL）, a new flow imaging measurement system, is proposed to describe the distribution and movement of oil/water two-phase flow in the well by scanning the detected region and applying a suitable data processing algorithm. The results of the numerical simulation and physical modeling show that the system could provide a clear image of the flow profile.

Algorithm for phase contrast X-ray tomography based on nonlinear phase retrieval

A new algorithm for phase contrast X-ray tomography under holographic measurement was proposed in this paper. The main idea of the algorithm was to solve the nonlinear phase retrieval problem using the Newton iterative method. The linear equations for the Newton directions were proved to be ill-posed and the regularized solutions were obtained by the conjugate gradient method. Some numerical experiments with computer simulated data were presented. The efficiency, feasibility and the numerical stability of the algorithm were illustrated by the numerical experiments. Compared with the results produced by the linearized phase retrieval algorithm, we can see that the new algorithm is not limited to be only efficient for the data measured in the near-field of the Fresnel region and thus it has a broader validity range.

Validation of Transverse Phase Space Tomography at TRIUMF

Knowledge of the phase space density distribution in details is useful to understand subsequent evolution of the charged particle beam in a transport line.This makes the beam tomography very useful in the application for beam diagnostics.This application is not limited by the beam energy,as opposed to the emittance scanner.This paper presented the simulations and measurements we undertook in TRIUMF beam-lines to validate the maximum entropy(MENT)technique for the tomographic reconstruction of beam density distribution in the 2-dimensional transverse phase space.Beam profiles were taken with a single wire scanner while changing an upstream quadrupole’s strength.Moreover,the phase space plots were directly measured with emittance scanner.A close comparison was made on the resulting phase space density distribution and the emittance value at the same location of the beam-line.They show good agreement.

Non-Linear Phase Tomography Based on Fréchet Derivative

Phase imaging coupled to micro-tomography acquisition has emerged as a powerful tool to investigate specimens in a non-destructive manner. While the intensity data can be acquired and recorded, the phase information of the signal has to be “retrieved” from the data modulus only. Phase retrieval is an ill-posed non-linear problem and regularization techniques including a priori knowledge are necessary to obtain stable solutions. Several linear phase recovery methods have been proposed and it is expected that some limitations resulting from the linearization of the direct problem will be overcome by taking into account the non-linearity of the phase problem. To achieve this goal, we propose and evaluate a non-linear algorithm for in-line phase micro-tomography based on an iterative Landweber method with an analytic calculation of the Fréchet derivative of the phase-intensity relationship and of its adjoint. The algorithm was applied in the projection space using as initialization the linear mixed solution. The efficacy of the regularization scheme was evaluated on simulated objects with a slowly and a strongly varying phase. Experimental data were also acquired at ESRF using a propagation-based X-ray imaging technique for the given pixel size 0.68 μm. Two regularization scheme were considered: first the initialization was obtained without any prior on the ratio of the real and imaginary parts of the complex refractive index and secondly a constant a priori value was assumed on ?. The tomographic central slices of the refractive index decrement were compared and numerical evaluation was performed. The non-linear method globally decreases the reconstruction errors compared to the linear algorithm and is achieving better reconstruction results if no prior is introduced in the initialization solution. For in-line phase micro-tomography, this non-linear approach is a new and interesting method in biomedical studies where the exact value of the a priori ratio is not known.

Crustal and upper mantle structure beneath Abaga area in Inner Mongolia revealed by Rayleigh-wave phase velocity tomography

There are strong interactions between the crust and the mantle in the Abaga area.To study the structure of the crust and upper mantle in that area,the fundamental-mode Rayleigh-wave phase velocity dispersion along 3,331 inter-station paths were estimated by the continuous wavelet transformation method.The dispersion data were used to construct the first 2-D phase velocity maps for waves with periods of 12-80 s and a horizontal resolution of 0.5°×0.5°by applying a linear inversion.The results show that the short-period phase velocity distributions(12-20 s)are affected by exposed Cenozoic volcanoes and the thickness of the sedimentary layer.Phase velocity maps for waves with periods of 30-40 s indicate that the direction of the Solonker suture zone is in good agreement with the extension of the high-speed anomalous connection in the study area.It is concluded that the Solonker suture zone extends throughout the entire lithosphere.For periods of 30-80 s,stable low-velocity anomalies were observed near the Holocene volcanoes in the northeast and south of the study area,suggesting that the low-velocity anomaly is related to volcanic activity.Moreover,the two low-velocity anomalies may be connected,suggesting that the Darigan Volcano may have the same thermal source as the Honggeertu Volcano and even the Datong Volcano.And the thermal source of the two low-velocity anomalies is speculated to be upwelling of hot mantle material.In addition,the velocities in the crust and upper mantle are lower than those from the AK 135 model and are close to the velocity for the destroyed North China Craton,and very similar to that for the East African Rift Valley.This may indicate that the lithospheric structure in the Abaga area is active.

Elucidating the evolution of long-period stacking ordered phase and its effect on deformation behavior in the as-cast Mg-6Gd-1Zn-0.6Zr alloy

Herein,the evolution of long-period stacking ordered(LPSO)phases in the as-cast Mg-6Gd-1Zn-0.6Zr(wt.%)alloy are investigated via transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and atom probe tomography(APT).The TEM results reveal that two types of LPSO phase(a bulky interdendritic phase and a plate-like matrix LPSO phase)are formed in the as-cast sample.Most of the LPSO phases are confirmed to be of the 14H type,with a smaller proportion being of the 18R LPSO.Further,the APT results reveal that the composition of the interdendritic LPSO phase is closer to that of the ideal 14H phase compared to the matrix LPSO phase,and both the interdendritic and matrix LPSO phases exhibit a Gd/Zn ratio of 2.5,thereby indicating a deficient Zn content compared to the ideal 14H phase(i.e.,1.3).In addition,the influence of the LPSO phases on the deformation behavior is investigated at different compressive plastic strains using electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)analysis to reveal twinning and slip behavior during deformation.The results indicate that the LPSO phase induces additional work hardening in the late stage of deformation via the suppression of{1011}compressive twinning and the activation of non-basal slip systems.

基于非凸与不可分离正则化算法的电容层析成像图像重建

搅拌器内两相混合是化工生产中常见的现象,电容层析成像(ECT)技术主要对两相分布进行可视化重构,以达到监测的目的。受稀疏贝叶斯学习的启发,提出了一种非凸与不可分离正则化(NNR)算法重建ECT图像。在稀疏先验的基础上引入矩阵低秩特性,采用最大后验估计在潜在空间中提出一个新的优化问题,利用对偶变量将潜在空间的目标函数映射到原始空间进行迭代求解,用来恢复同时稀疏与低秩的矩阵。与凸近似L1范数相比,NNR算法可获得更准确的重建图像,同时比非凸可分离方法更容易收敛到全局最优解。为验证NNR算法的重建效果,通过数值仿真与静态实验的方法分别与其他5种算法进行重建对比。结果表明:NNR算法可以有效减少重建伪影,提升中心物体的重建质量,为搅拌器内两相分布提供了高质量的重建算法。

一种组合电极电容层析成像重建图像融合方法

提出一种基于电容层析成像(ECT)组合电极重建图像及层次聚类的ECT图像融合方法。首先,构建组合8电极及12电极ECT阵列传感器,研究2种组合传感器激励测量方案;其次,采用层次聚类法对两种组合电极ECT重建图像进行聚类,从而消除重建过程中产生的伪影;最后,将聚类后的2种图像再进行小波融合重建。实验结果表明,相较于原始重建图像,所提方法重建图像平均相对误差最小,最大降幅达到23.4%,平均相关系数最大,最大增幅达到10.56%。

电容层析成像垂直环空气液两相流动实验

为了研究石油与天然气钻井溢流期间井筒环空中的气液两相流动规律,设计并搭建了一套垂直井筒环空气液两相流动实验装置,创建了电容层析成像(ECVT)和含气率分析的流型识别方法。通过实验表明:该实验揭示了含气率随气液相表观速度、黏度的变化规律;实现了对不透明井筒环空内气液两相流动过程的实时可视化和定量化表征。该实验装置可作为垂直井筒环空中气液两相流动特征、气体运移、流型转化研究的重要手段,也可用于实验教学、大学生创新性实验项目等。

能谱CT定量参数联合动脉期碘基图影像组学特征在肺鳞癌与肺腺癌鉴别诊断中的价值

目的基于能谱电子计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)定量参数联合动脉期碘基图影像组学特征构建诺模图模型,探讨能谱CT在肺鳞癌(lung squamous cell carcinoma,LUSC)与肺腺癌(lung adenocarcinoma,LUAD)鉴别诊断中的临床应用价值。方法收集术前行能谱CT增强检查、经病理活检或手术证实的肺癌患者89例,其中LUAD组38例,LUSC组51例。分析LUAD组和LUSC组患者在60keV动脉期单能量图像中病灶水浓度、碘浓度(iodine concentration,IC)、标准化碘浓度(normalizediodineconcentration,NIC)、CT值、能谱曲线斜率(K)、有效原子序数(effective-Z,Eff-Z)及标准化有效原子序数(normalized effective-Z,NEff-Z)。采用Logistic回归分析构建LUAD和LUSC基于能谱CT特征的鉴别诊断模型。应用ITKSnap软件提取动脉期碘基图影像组学特征;采用组内相关系数(intraclass correlation coemcient,ICC)、递归特征消除(recursive featureelimination,RFE)和最小绝对收缩和选择算子(least absolute shrinkage and selection operator,LASSO)对影像组学特征进行降维、筛选,采用Logistic回归构建基于影像组学特征的诊断模型,并计算该模型的影像组学评分(radiomics score,Rad-score),以多因素Logistic回归分析筛选出的能谱CT定量参数与Rad-score构建联合模型,并绘制诺模图。应用受试者工作特征(receiveroperatingcharacteristic,ROC)曲线、Delong检验、校正曲线、Hosmer-Lemeshow检验及临床决策曲线(decision curve analysis,DCA)对能谱CT模型、影像组学模型和诺莫图模型进行效能评价。结果LUAD组和LUSC组患者IC、NIC、CT值、K及NEff-Z比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,IC、NIC及NEff-Z为独立影响因素,基于此构建能谱CT模型预测LUAD和LUSC的效能曲线下面积(areaunderthecurve,AUC)为0.768,准确率、灵敏度、特异度分别为70.73%、76.92%和67.86%;影像组学特征经降维后共筛选出的有意义特征有5个,一阶特征2个、二阶特征2个和形状特征1个,影像组学模型预测LUAD和LUSC的效能AUC为0.848,准确率、灵敏度、特异度分别为80.50%、83.33%和75.00%;诺莫图模型预测LUAD和LUSC的效能AUC为0.912,准确率、灵敏度、特异度分别为85.00%、92.31%和85.71%。经Delong检验显示,诺莫图模型AUC均明显高于影像组学模型和能谱CT模型(P均<0.05)。Hosmer-Lemeshow检验结果显示,能谱CT模型、影像组学模型及诺莫图模型的拟合度均良好(χ^(2)值分别为8.592、6.591、6.686,P值分别为0.378、0.581、0.570)。校准曲线分析显示,诺莫图模型预测LUAD和LUSC的预测概率曲线与理想曲线更接近,优于影像组学模型和能谱CT模型;DCA分析结果显示,诺莫图模型的AUC最大,均高于影像组学模型和能谱CT模型,临床净收益更高。结论基于能谱CT定量参数联合动脉期碘基图影像组学特征构建的诺模图模型在LUSC与LUAD鉴别诊断中具有潜在应用价值。

华北克拉通中西部及周边地区瑞利面波相速度方位各向异性

利用“中国科学台阵探测”项目的密集流动台站以及区域固定台站的地震面波记录,采用程函面波成像方法,得到了华北克拉通中西部及周边地区14~100 s周期高分辨率的瑞利面波相速度方位各向异性分布图像.结果显示,鄂尔多斯块体内部中长周期(20~100 s)为大范围高速和弱各向异性分布特征,但在块体西南部区域各向异性明显增强,向东可一直延伸至108°E附近.我们认为,受青藏高原影响,鄂尔多斯块体西南部岩石圈已发生明显变形,高原扩张对鄂尔多斯块体的影响超出了止于六盘山逆冲推覆带的传统认识.在鄂尔多斯块体内部,长周期(80~100 s)的相速度显示高速区向中部和东南部区域收缩,各向异性强度在高速区外围明显增强,揭示了块体边界带的岩石圈在后期构造活动过程中已遭受不同程度的变形改造,厚度发生了不同程度的减薄.山西断陷带北部大同火山区附近,在20 s以上周期为显著低速异常,不同周期段各向异性存在明显差异,我们推测该区不同深度的各向异性差异与鄂尔多斯块体东北部岩石圈不同深度的几何形态以及青藏高原远程挤压效应有关.山西断陷带中南部区域,在20~60 s周期显示高速和近EW向快波方向,与鄂尔多斯块体中东部高速区具有较好的连续性,认为该区岩石圈仍保留部分原有华北克拉通岩石圈的属性.青藏高原东北缘地区不同周期相速度表现为明显的低速异常,快波方向呈现较为一致的NWW-SEE向分布特征,揭示了在高原下方壳幔介质变形连续一致,符合岩石圈垂直连贯变形模式.

基于多尺度密集连接网络的电容层析成像图像重建

为求解电容层析成像中的非线性病态反问题,提出了一种多尺度密集连接网络(MD-Net)模型。该模型由多尺度特征融合模块和密集连接块组成,以通过融合多尺度特征进一步提高图像的重建精度。通过MATLAB仿真实验平台构建了流型数据集,利用密集连接网络的非线性映射能力,完成训练集的学习与训练,并利用测试集进行训练效果评价。在此基础上进行了静态实验。仿真与静态实验结果均表明:与LBP、Landweber迭代算法和其他深度学习方法相比,该方法的重建精度最高、抗噪能力强,并具有良好的泛化能力。

基于两步正则化Gauss-Newton迭代算法的ECT图像重建

电容层析成像(ECT)技术求解图像重建问题属于非线性问题,并且存在严重的不适定性。为提高图像重建精度,提出了一种基于两步正则化Gauss-Newton迭代算法的ECT图像重建方法。针对标准正则化Gauss-Newton迭代算法在图像重建中存在的不收敛问题,引入了两步迭代方法;改进了正则化矩阵,提高了解估计的精确度;考虑到Gauss-Newton算法对迭代初值的依赖性,加入了同伦算法。最后,进行仿真和静态实验,并与线性反投影(LBP)算法、Landweber算法、Tikhonov正则化算法进行对比。结果表明,该方法可有效提高图像重建精度。

单、双期CT增强甲状腺结节诊断价值比较

目的 比较单、双期CT增强对甲状腺结节的诊断价值,探索最佳扫描方案。方法 按纳入及排除标准,选取我院2020年1月~2022年6月因甲状腺结节行平扫及双期CT增强的153个病例,共171枚结节,单期CT增强组取延迟50 s的图像序列作诊断,双期CT增强组取延迟25 s和50 s两组图像序列作诊断。主要评价指标为甲状腺结节良恶性诊断的准确率、结节特征的显示率、阳性淋巴结的显示率及结节的强化特点。结果 单、双期CT增强对甲状腺结节良恶性的诊断准确率差异无统计学意义(P=0.152),对甲状腺结节的边缘、形态、包膜、密度、钙化、淋巴结等特征的显示差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不同密度的良恶性的甲状腺结节在两组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.418)。双期CT增强的强化方式在良恶性甲状腺结节之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.075)。结论 单、双期CT增强对甲状腺结节的诊断价值无明显差异,单期CT增强辐射剂量低,适合临床推广和应用。