Experimental investigation of dynamic characteristics of leaching tubing for solution mining of salt cavern carbon and energy storage

Salt caverns are extensively utilized for storing various substances such as fossil energy,hydrogen,compressed air,nuclear waste,and industrial solid waste.In China,when the salt cavern is leached through single-well water solution mining with oil as a cushion,engineering challenges arise with the leaching tubing,leading to issues like damage and instability.These problems significantly hinder the progress of cavern construction and the control of cavern shape.The primary cause of this is the flowinduced vibration instability of leaching tubing within a confined space,which results in severe bending or damage to the tubing.This study presents a model experimental investigation on the dynamic characteristics of leaching tubing using a self-developed liquid-solid coupling physical model experiment apparatus.The experiment utilizes a silicone-rubber pipe(SRP)and a polycarbonate pipe(PCP)to examine the effects of various factors on the dynamic stability of cantilevered pipes conveying fluid.These factors include external space constraint,flexural rigidity,medium outside the pipe,overhanging length,and end conditions.The experiments reveal four dynamic response phenomena:water hammer,static buckling,chaotic motion,and flutter instability.The study further demonstrates that the length of the external space constraint has a direct impact on the flutter critical flow velocity of the cantilevered pipe conveying fluid.Additionally,the flutter critical flow velocity is influenced by the end conditions and different external media.

Quantifying the impact of mineralogical heterogeneity on reactive transport modeling of CO_(2)+O_(2) in-situ leaching of uranium

CO_(2)+O_(2) in-situ leaching(ISL)of sandstonetype uranium ore represents the third generation of solution mining in China.In this study,reactive transport modeling of the interaction between hydrodynamic and geochemical reactions is performed to enable better prediction and regulation of the CO_(2)+O_(2) in-situ leaching process of uranium.Geochemical reactions between mining solutions and rock,and the kinetic uranium dissolution controlled by O_(2)(aq)and bicarbonate(HCO_(3)-)are considered in the CO_(2)+O_(2) ISL reactive transport model of a typical sandstone-hosted uranium ore deposit in northern China.The reactive leaching of uranium is most sensitive to the spatial distribution of the mineralogical properties of the uranium deposit.Stochastic geostatistical models are used to represent the uncertainty on the spatial distribution of mineral grades.A Monte Carlo analysis was also performed to simulate the uranium production variability over an entire set of geostatistical realizations.The ISL stochastic simulation performed with the selected geostatistical realizations approximates the uranium production variability well.The simulation results of the ISL reactive transport model show that the extent of the uranium plume is highly dependent on mineralogical heterogeneity.The uncertainty analysis suggests the effect of uranium grade heterogeneity was found to be important to improve the accurate capture of the uncertainty.This study provides guidance for the accurate simulation and dynamic regulation of the CO_(2)+O_(2) leaching process of uranium at the scale of large mining areas.

Factors influencing in-situ leaching of uranium mining in a sandstone deposit in Shihongtan, Northwest China

The Shihongtan uranium deposit in northwest China is a sandstone-type deposit suitable for alkaline in-situ leaching exploitation of uranium. Alkaline leaching tends to result in CaCO3 precipitation there by affecting the porosity of the ore-bearing aquifer. CaCO3 deposits can also block pumping and injection holes if the formulation parameters of the leaching solution are not well controlled. However, controlling these parameters to operate the in-situ leaching process is challenging. Our study demonstrates that the dissolved uranium concentration in the leaching solution increases as HCO3-concentration increases. Therefore, the most suitable HCO3-concentration to use as leaching solution is defined by the boundary value of the HCO3-concentration that controls CaCO3 dissolution-precipitation. That is, the dissolution and precipitation of calcite is closely related to pH, Ca2+ and HCO3-concentration. The pH and Ca2+ concentration are the main factors limiting HCO3-concentration in the leaching solution. The higher the pH and Ca2+ concentration, the lower the boundary value of HCO3-concentration, and therefore the more unfavorable to in-situ leaching of uranium.

Remediation of in-situ Leach Mining Contaminated Soil by Amendment-plant Synergism

This study aimed to remediate in-situ leach mining contaminated soil by amendment-plant synergism. The results showed that plant species exhibited ex-tremely significant effects on the concentration of nitrate nitrogen; to be specific, the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in soil planted with wheat was reduced from 692.19 mg/kg to lower than 100 mg/kg; when the mass ratio of amendment to soil reached 3：50 and the amendment particle size was 1-2 mm, the concentration of nitrate ni-trogen in soil planted with wheat was reduced to 43 mg/kg. The amendment type exhibited extremely significant effects on the concentration of ammonium nitrogen; to be specific, when the mass ratio of amendment to soil reached 10：50, the concen-tration of ammonium nitrogen in soil added with 2-3 mm zeolite was reduced from 23 593.75 to 3 300 mg/kg on day 15. Amendments and plants mainly exhibited desorption performance for sulfate radical in soil, and the amendment type extreme-ly significantly affected the concentration of sulfate radical; to be specific, the con-centration of sulfate radical in soil added with limestone increased from 370 mg/kg to 900 mg/kg on day 7.

Recovery of Zn, Pb, Fe and Si from a low-grade mining ore by sulfidation roasting-beneficiation-leaching processes

To recover Zn, Pb, Fe and Si from a low-grade mining ore in the Lanping basin, Yunnan Province, China, a novel technology using the roasting with pyrite and carbon followed by beneficiation and hydrochloric acid leaching was proposed. Firstly, several factors such as pyrite dosage, roasting temperature, carbon powder dosage, holding time and particle size affecting on the flotation performance of Zn(Pb) and magnetic separation performance of Fe were simultaneously examined and the optimum process parameters were determined. A flotation concentrate, containing 17.46% Zn and 3.93% Pb, was obtained, and the Zn and Pb recoveries were 86.04% and 69.08%, respectively. The obtained flotation tailing was concentrated by a low-intensity magnetic separator. The grade of iron increased from 5.45% to 43.45% and the recovery of iron reached 64.87%. Hydrochloric acid leaching was then carried out for the magnetic separation tailing and a raw quartz concentrate containing 81.05% SiO2 was obtained. To further interpret the sulfidation mechanism of smithsonite, surface morphology and component of the sample before and after reactions were characterized by XRD and EPMA-EDS. The aim was to achieve the comprehensive utilization of the low-grade mining ore.

Recovery of Rare Earth Elements Present in Mining Tails, by Leaching with Nitric and Hydrochloric Solutions

The rare earth elements (REE) include the group of 15 lanthanides, scandium and yttrium and have diverse applications in technological and nuclear areas. The existence of REE in massive solid mining wastes generated in leaching processes of copper minerals in the Atacama region of Chile generates the possibility of creating added value to the treatment of this type of waste and supporting the development of a circular economy, generating a useful by-product in different industries. In order to know the behavior of these elements present in the solid carrier waste, a leaching process was carried out by using two agents separately, corresponding to hydrochloric and nitric acid. The technical feasibility to recover REE from carrier tail was demonstrated, the best leaching agent for these elements being a hydrochloric solution, obtaining a maximum recovery efficiency of 64.5%, for an acid concentration: 3M, temperature: 40°C and (liquid/solid) ratio: 4. Lanthanum and cerium present the best individual recoveries compared to the other REE, with a maximum efficiency for a hydrochloric solution of 75.7% and 70.0%, respectively. The interaction of operational parameters that most influence the REE recovery corresponds to the temperature and the (liquid/solid) ratio. After 4 hours of leaching, REE recovery efficiencies remain practically constant. Acid consumptions correspond to 11 (kg HCl/ton mining tail) and 29 (kg HNO3/ton mining tail). The highest amount recovery ratios of these elements correspond to 0.355 and 0.224 (kg REE/ton mining tail), for hydrochloric and nitric solutions, respectively. These results influence the types of reagents and parameters to be studied in the following stages of the global process.

Development of a Combined Flotation and High Pressure Leaching Process for Copper and Nickel Recovery from Mine Tailing

The present study focused on the re-processing of copper and nickel from mine tailings. In this work, recovery of copper and nickel from mine tailing by combined process of flotation and high pressure oxidative leaching were considered. In the first stage, effects of flotation parameters including collector type, collector dosage, and pH and pulp density were examined. The results showed that over 80% copper recovery was achieved under the optimized flotation conditions while nickel recovery was lower than 30% due to its co-ex-istence with gangue minerals of pyrrhotite, pyrite and other clay minerals. In the second stage, key parameters, particularly concentration of sulfuric acid, temperature, pressure and leaching time were investigated to test the leaching efficiency of copper and nickel from the flotation concentrate with high pressure oxidative leaching (HPOL). A comparison was made between the leaching efficiencies of copper and nickel from flotation concentrates and mine tailing.

In-situ Elimination Effect on Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soil from the Mining Area by Ramie

[Objective] The aim was to study on in-situ elimination effect on heavy metals in soil of the mining area by ramie （Boehmeria nivea （L.） Gaud.）. [Methods] Based on Xiangzhu No.3 and Zhongzhu No.1, we conducted research on heavy metals contents of plants growing in soil of Qibao Mountain orefield in Liuyang, Hunan Province, and on characteristics of enrichment and transfer of heavy metals （Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn） under influence of the two ramie species. [Result] It was concluded that trend of Cu content in different parts of ramie was as follows： rootskinleafbone; trend of Pb was rootleafskinbone; trend of Cd was rootskinboneleaf; the trend of Zn was rootskinboneleaf. In farmland A （with low content of heavy metal）, for per square meter of plough horizon, effect of Zhong 1 on heavy metals transferring volume and the period for restoration of the soil into national standard one （Category Ⅲ of Environmental Quality Standard for Soil） have been concluded. Specifically, for Cu, the corresponding values were 3 404.44 mg and 8.59 y, respectively; for Pb, the values were 3 638.5 mg and 13.52 y; for Cd, the values were 720.48 mg and 1.49 y; for Zn, the values were 37 324.8 mg and 0.67 y. [Conclusion] Soil contaminated by Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn in orefield can be rapidly restored by growing ramie.

Enhancing the electrocatalytic performance of nitrate reduction to ammonia by in-situ nitrogen leaching

Electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NITRR) is regarded as a “two birds-one stone” method for the treatment of nitrate contaminant in polluted water and the synthesis of valuable ammonia, which is retarded by the lack of highly reactive and selective electrocatalysts .Herein, for the first time, nickel foam supported Co_(4) N was designed as a high-performance NITRR catalyst by an in-situ nonmetal leaching-induced strategy.At the optimal potential, the Co_(4) N/NF catalyst achieves ultra-high Faraday efficiency and NH_(3) selectivity of 95.4% and 99.4%, respectively.Ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), together with other experiments powerfully reveal that the nitrogen vacancies produced by nitrogen leaching are stable and play a key role in boosting nitrate reduction to ammonia.Theoretical calculations confirm that Co_(4) N with abundant nitrogen vacancies can optimize the adsorption energies of NO_(3)^(-) and intermediates, lower the free energy (Δ G ) of the potential-determining step (*NH_(3) to NH_(3) ) and inhibit the formation of N-containing byproducts.In addition, we also conclude that the nitrogen vacancies can stabilize the adsorbed hydrogen, making H_(2) quite difficult to produce, and lowering ΔG from *NO to *NOH, which facilitates the selective reduction of nitrate.This study reveals significant insights about the in-situ nonmetal leaching to enhance the NITRR activity.

Fluidized mining and in-situ transformation of deep underground coal resources: a novel approach to ensuring safe, environmentally friendly, low-carbon, and clean utilisation

Traditional coal mining and utilisation patterns are severely detrimental to natural resources and environments and significantly impede safe, low-carbon, clean, and sustainable utilisation of coal resources. Based on the idea of in situ fluidized coal mining that aims to transform solid coal into liquid or gas and transports the fluidized resources to the ground to ensure safe mining and low-carbon and clean utilisation, in this study, we report on a novel in situ unmanned automatic mining method. This includes a flexible, earthworm-like unmanned automatic mining machine (UAMM) and a coal mine layout for in situ fluidized coal mining suitable for the UAMM. The technological and economic advantages and the carbon emission reduction of the UAMM-based in situ fluidized mining in contrast to traditional mining technologies are evaluated as well. The development trends and possible challenges to this design are also discussed. It is estimated that the proposed method costs approximately 49% of traditional coal mining costs. The UAMM-based in situ fluidized mining and transformation method will reduce CO2 emissions by at least 94.9% compared to traditional coal mining and utilisation methods. The proposed approach is expected to achieve safe and environmentally friendly coal mining as well as lowcarbon and clean utilisation of coal.

Numerical simulation of oil shale in-situ mining using fluid-thermo-solid coupling

For the in-situ gas-injection mining technology of oil shale by process,a numerical simulation method with flow-thermo-solid coupling is proposed in this paper.This method adopts separate simulations and step-by-step coupling simulation ideas combined with the advantages of the finite element method and the finite volume method.The numerical simulation of flow-thermo-solid coupling is decomposed into two parts:flow-solid coupling and thermo-solid coupling.Considering the Fuyu oil shale in-situ production test area in Songliao Basin as an example,it is concluded that the oil shale has undergone four heating stages:a rapid temperature rise,a steady temperature rise,a slow temperature rise,and heat preservation.It takes about 10 years for the stress-strain state of the oil shale layer to reach a steady-state through the thermo-solid coupling.The main strain zones of the oil shale layer are distributed near the fracturing fractures connected to the gas injection well and at the edge of the fracturing fractures.The areas with the plastic deformation in the oil shale layer predominantly appear near the gas injection wells,production wells,and fracturing channels.The areas with the largest fracture strength are mostly distributed near the edge of the fracturing fractures with low flow velocity and low temperature.

煤矿巷道无线传感器网络的LEACH协议改进

将LEACH协议应用于环境复杂的煤矿巷道中存在不足,为了使LEACH协议更适用于煤矿巷道,对LEACH协议进行改进。首先,本文对选择簇头的阈值函数进行调整,加入节点剩余能量、位置信息以及邻节点数量因素;其次,改进建簇算法,节点通过计算与簇头节点和汇聚节点之间的距离来判断加入簇头还是与汇聚节点直接通信;最后,改进簇间通信机制,簇头之间通过多跳方式进行数据传输,并根据能量和距离信息选择下一跳簇头节点,提高簇间数据传输的可靠性。仿真实验表明,改进后的LEACH协议可以有效降低煤矿巷道无线传感器网络能耗,延长网络生命周期。

Research progress and application of deep in-situ condition preserved coring and testing

With the depletion of shallow resources,the exploration of deep earth resources has become a global strategy.The study of the different patterns in the physical mechanical properties of rocks at different occurrence depths is the basis for exploring deep into the earth,with the core and premise being the acquisition and testing of deep in-situ core specimens.Based on the original idea of deep in-situ condition preserved coring(ICP-Coring)and testing,combined with theoretical modeling,numerical analysis,test platform development,indoor testing and engineering application,the principles and technologies of deep ICP-Coring are developed.This principle and technology consists of five parts:in-situ pressurepreserved coring(IPP-Coring),in-situ substance-preserved coring(ISP-Coring),in-situ temperaturepreserved coring(ITP-Coring),in-situ light-preserved coring(ILP-Coring),and in-situ moisturepreserved coring(IMP-Coring).The theory and technology of temperature and pressure reconstruction at different occurrence depths and in different environments are proposed,and prototype trial production was completed by following the principle of displacement and tests based on the in-situ reconstructed environment.The notable advances are as follows:(1)Deep in-situ coring system:A pressure-preserved controller with an ultimate bearing capacity greater than 140 MPa,highperformance(temperature-resistant,pressure-resistant,and low thermally conductive)temperaturepreserved materials,an active temperature control system,and high-barrier quality-preserved membrane materials were developed;a deep ICP-Coring capacity calibration platform was independently developed,a deep in-situ coring technology system was developed,and the acquisition of deep in-situ cores was realized.(2)In-situ storage displacement system:Following the dual-circuit hydraulic design idea,a single-drive source push-pull composite grabbing mechanism was designed;the design of the overall structure for the deep in-situ displacement storage system and ultrahigh pressure cabin structure was completed,which could realize docking the coring device and core displacement in the in-situ reconstructed environment.(3)Test analysis system:A noncontact acoustic-electric-magnetic test system was developed under the in-situ reconstructed environment,and the errors between the test results and traditional contact test results were mostly less than 10%;a detachable deep in-situ core true triaxial test system was developed,which could perform loading tests for deep in-situ cores.The relevant technological achievements were successfully applied to the exploration and development of deep resources,such as deep mines,deep-sea natural gas hydrates,and deep oil and gas.The research results provide technical and equipment support for the construction of a theoretical system for deep in-situ rock mechanics,the development of deep earth resources and energy,and the scientific exploration of different layers and occurrence depths(deep and ultradeep)of the Earth.

湖北省恩施某光伏玻璃用石英砂提纯制备实验

这是一篇关于矿物加工工程领域的文章。光伏玻璃用石英砂是支撑新能源行业发展必不可少的原料之一,其供应安全保障事关我国双碳政策的成功实施。本文以湖北省恩施州某大型石英砂矿为研究对象,开展了工艺矿物学与除杂提纯实验研究,发现该石英砂矿的主要杂质为斜长石、云母、褐铁矿和金红石,采用了“分级-重选-磁选-酸浸”选矿工艺流程,最终获得符合粒度要求(0.106~0.500 mm)的石英砂精矿产率为67.61%,其SiO_(2)含量由97.36%提高至99.79%,有害元素Fe_(2)O_(3)、TiO_(2)与Al_(2)O_(3)含量则分别降低至75、80、630 g/t,石英精矿产品各项指标达到了光伏玻璃用硅质原料的生产要求,实现了该石英砂矿的有效利用。

栾川矿集区钼矿尾渣与土壤中钼的迁移转化机理

为提供栾川矿集区所在流域下游水源地陆浑水库Mo污染的源头控制依据,开展了6座钼矿尾矿库尾渣和土壤的野外调查及三道庄尾矿库尾渣和土壤的Mo赋存形态分析和降雨淋滤试验,以探讨Mo在钼矿尾渣与土壤中的迁移转化机理。结果显示,尾矿库尾渣Mo平均含量为238.24 mg/kg,浸出液Mo含量达0.26 mg/L;土壤Mo平均含量为125.88 mg/kg;尾渣残渣态Mo占比97.71%,土壤残渣态Mo占比63.66%,可交换态和碳酸盐结合态分别占比22.35%和11.80%。酸-偏碱性降雨淋滤后,尾渣中残渣态Mo占比不同程度减少,中-偏碱性降雨更利于尾渣残渣态Mo向碳酸盐结合态转化,使之由淋滤前的1.19%分别增加到18.85%和24.14%,提高了尾渣中Mo的迁移性。酸性降雨时土壤铁锰氧化态和有机态Mo占比大幅度升高,其他形态Mo占比均一定幅度降低;中性-偏碱性降雨时土壤残渣态和有机态Mo占比升高,碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态大幅度降低,表示酸性降雨可促进土壤中形成铁锰等钼酸盐,而中-偏碱性降雨可能有利于土壤中形成铁锰等氢氧化物和碳酸盐,阻碍了铁锰等钼酸盐的产生,一定程度上提高了Mo的迁移性。因尾渣和土壤矿物组成和理化性质不同,降雨淋滤下Mo在两者中的迁移转化机理存在一定差异,但总体而言,酸-偏碱性降雨均可促进Mo的迁移转化,从而影响水土环境。

基于K_(d)的某酸法地浸铀矿山地下水铀运移模拟

地浸铀矿山地下水U污染问题是国际社会广泛关注的环境地质问题,准确预测地浸铀矿山采区外围地下水中U的运移范围对辐射风险评估至关重要。本文以我国某酸法地浸铀矿山为研究对象,利用数值模拟方法定量模拟和预测了不同生产时间地下水中U的运移范围。数值模拟结果表明,地浸生产会明显改变采区流场形态,形成指向采区内部的水力梯度,生产井的抽注是改变流场形态的主控因素。在流场模拟的基础上,建立了不考虑吸附作用的地下水U运移模型与基于K_(d)值的U阻滞运移模型。根据采区内生产井及采区外围不同距离处监测井地下水pH情况,对阻滞运移模型中的K_(d)进行了分区赋值。对比两个模型的模拟结果可以发现,当考虑含水介质对地下水中U的吸附阻滞作用后,模拟结果能够跟现场监测数据更好拟合,表明地浸采区外围地下水中U的运移范围受含水介质的吸附阻滞作用明显;这种情况下,U在地下水中的运移距离缩短了53%,运移范围缩小了41%;阻滞运移模型预测的投产5年后采区外围地下水中U迁移距离为50 m。该结果与现场监测结果基本一致,证明数值模拟手段可以为地浸铀矿山地下水U分布范围预测提供科学依据。

一种应用于煤矿井下LEACH路由协议的改进

介绍感知矿山物联网的建设目的;分析了LEACH协议应用于煤矿井下的优势及不足。针对煤矿井下的特殊地理环境,分析了LEACH协议应用于煤矿井下形成的"热区"问题的原因,从而得出网络总能耗和传感器网络生命周期在煤矿井下的重要性。在此基础上,提出了适合于煤矿井下的LEACH—I协议。通过Matlab仿真,LEACH—I协议在网络总能耗和传感器网络生命周期等性能优于LEACH,更适合应用于煤矿井下。

赤泥基全固废矿井充填材料的制备与性能研究

为实现拜耳法赤泥的资源化利用,采用拜耳法赤泥、电石渣、矿粉和煤矸石等制备了赤泥基全固废矿井充填材料.研究了不同赤泥、电石渣掺量对充填材料力学性能与工作性能的影响,并采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪(SEM-EDS)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)等微观测试手段,分析了赤泥基全固废矿井充填料浆的水化产物、微观结构演变以及重金属浸出毒性.结果表明:矿井充填材料中,当赤泥占胶凝材料的50%,充填浓度为75%时,充填料浆的流动度可达230 mm,充填料浆硬化体7、28 d的抗压强度分别达到2.29、2.88 MPa,满足大多数矿井充填材料工作性能与力学性能的要求.使用赤泥制备矿井充填材料后,As、Cd、Cr、Pb等重金属离子的浸出浓度显著下降,远低于GB/T 14848—2017《地下水环境质量标准》要求的浸出毒性限制.

矿井无线通信网络中LEACH协议的改进

针对矿井下无线传感器网络通信的特点,对LEACH协议分簇进行优化,并充分考虑能量和距离的因素,对簇头节点的选取进行优化,提出基于K-means++聚类的路由算法LEACH-KPPE,有效地改善了LEACH算法中簇头节点分布不均、能耗不均以及网络的稳定性等问题。仿真实验结果表明,该算法有效地改善了整个网络的能耗,提高了能量的利用率,有效延长了网络的生命周期。