Analysis of trace mercury in water by solid phase extraction using dithizone modified nanometer titanium dioxide and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry

A new method for analysis of trace mercury in water samples was developed, based on the combination of preconcentration/separation using dithizone-modified nanometer titanium dioxide （TiO2） as a solid phase extractant and determination by cold vapor atomic adsorption spectrometry （CVAAS）. Dithizone was dissolved with alcohol and loaded on the surface of nano-sized TiO2 powders by stirring. The static adsorption behavior of Hg^2＋on the dithizone-modified nanoparficles was investigated in detail. It was found that excellent adsorption ratio for Hg^2＋ could be obtained in the pH range of 7-8 with an oscillation time of 15 rain, and a 5 mL of 3.5 mol·L^-1 HCI solution could quantitatively elute Hg^2＋ from nanometer TiO2 powder. Common coexisting ions caused no obvious influence on the determination of mercury. The mechanisms for the adsorption and desorption were discussed. The detection limit （30） for Hg^2＋ was calculated to be 5 ng·L^-1. The proposed method was applied to the determination of Hg^2＋ in a mineral water sample and a Zhujiang River water sample. By the standard addition method, the average recoveries were found to be 94.4%-108.3% with RSD （n = 5） of 2.9%-3.5%.

Research progress on the soil vapor extraction

Soil vapor extraction (SVE), the most common, efficient and economical means of remediation, is an in-situ remediation technique for removing volatile pollutants from unsaturated soil. The paper brie fly introduced the technological rationale and characteristics, summarized the theories and application research for SVE at home and abroad, and made the expectations and suggestions for the research on SVE. The international scholars have systematically researched the influence factors, remediation mechanism and numerical simulation of SVE. At present, SVE has been mostly integrated with other techniques to form enhanced SVE techniques, such as thermally enhanced SVE and AS-SVE (Air sparging- SVE), to be used for the field remediation widely. Compared with foreign countries, researches of Chinese scholars mainly focus on the laboratory research, especially on the influence factors, but rarely study the SVE model and the mass transfer mechanism of pollutant in SVE process. The SVE pilot studies are rare in China, and the field application has not been reported. In view of this situation, Chinese scholars in the future research can focus on the following aspects: (1) strengthening the research and systematized summary of SVE technical parameters and related knowledge;(2) strengthening the research on the mechanism and model of gas-phase mass transfer of pollutants in soil during SVE process;(3) strengthening the research on the enhanced SVE techniques and its application to actual site remediation.

Melt extraction and mineralization: A case study from the Shuangjianzishan supergiant Ag-Pb-Zn deposit(208 Mt), Inner Mongolia, NE China

The supergiant Shuangjianzishan(SJZ) Ag-Pb-Zn deposit is in the southern segment of the Great Hinggan Range(SGHR), northeast China. Previous studies suggest the ore-forming material and fluid originated from the magmatic system, and the mineralization age was consistent with the diagenetic age. However,the relationship between granitic magmatism and mineralization is still unclear in the SJZ. In this study, CH-O-He-Ar and in-situ S-Pb isotope analyses were conducted to determine the sources of ore-forming fluids and metals, which were combined with geochemistry data of SJZ granitoids from previous studies to constrain the relationship between the magmatism and the mineralization. The C-H-O-He-Ar-S-Pb isotopic compositions suggested the SJZ ore-forming material and fluids were derived from a magmatic source, which has mixed a small amount of mantle-derived materials. In addition, the disseminated sulfide from the syenogranite has comparable S-Pb isotopic composition with the sulfide minerals from ore veins,suggesting that the generation of the SJZ ore-forming fluids has a close relationship with the syenogranite magmatism. Combining with the geochemical characters of the syenogranite, the authors proposed that the mantle-derived fingerprint of the SJZ ore-forming fluid might be caused by the parent magma of the syenogranite, which was derived from partial melting of the juvenile lower crust, and underwent the residual melts segregated from a crystal mush in the shallow magma reservoir. The extraction of the syenogranite parent magma further concentrated the fertilized fluids, which was crucial to mineralization of the SJZ Ag-Pb-Zn deposit.

Kinetic Mass Transfer Between Non-aqueous Phase Liquid and Gas During Soil Vapor Extraction

The mass transfer between non-aqueous phase liquid(NAPL) phase and soil gas phase in soil vapor extraction(SVE) process has been investigated by one-dimensional venting experiments. During quasi-steady volatilization of three single-component NAPLs in a sandy soil, constant initial lumped mass transfer coefficient (λgN,0) canbe obtained if the relative saturation (ξ) between NAPL phase and gas phase is higher than a critical value (ξc), andthe lumped mass transfer coefficient decreases with ξ when ξ＜ξc. It is also shown that the lumped mass transfercoefficient can be increased by blending porous micro-particles into the sandy soil because of the increasing of theinterfacial area.

A review of gold extraction using noncyanide lixiviants: Fundamentals, advancements, and challenges toward alkaline sulfur-containing leaching agents

Alkaline sulfur-containing lixiviants,including thiosulfate,polysulfides,and alkaline sulfide solutions,stand out as a promising class of alternatives to cyanide because of their low toxicity,high efficiency,and strong adaptability.In this paper,we summarized the research progress and remaining challenges in gold extraction using these noncyanide reagents.After a brief introduction to the preparation method,the transformation process of various sulfur-containing species in alkaline solutions was discussed.Thereafter,some insights into the mechanism of gold leaching in alkaline sulfur-containing solutions were presented from different aspects,including thermodynamics analysis,electrochemical dissolution,and leaching kinetics.Moreover,recent progress in in-situ generation of sulfur-containing anions from gold-bearing sulfide minerals was outlined as well.Gold passivation caused by sulfur species was discussed in particular because it is considered the greatest challenge facing sulfur-containing leaching systems.Alkaline sulfur-containing lixiviants are expected to serve as alternatives in industrial applications of gold extraction,particularly for refractory gold ores containing copper and carbonaceous matter.

In-situ wafer bowing measurements of GaN grown on Si(111) substrate by reflectivity mapping in metal organic chemical vapor deposition system

In this work, the wafer bowing during growth can be in-situ measured by a reflectivity mapping method in the 3×2 Thomas Swan close coupled showerhead metal organic chemical vapor deposition（MOCVD） system. The reflectivity mapping method is usually used to measure the film thickness and growth rate. The wafer bowing caused by stresses（tensile and compressive） during the epitaxial growth leads to a temperature variation at different positions on the wafer, and the lower growth temperature leads to a faster growth rate and vice versa. Therefore, the wafer bowing can be measured by analyzing the discrepancy of growth rates at different positions on the wafer. Furthermore, the wafer bowings were confirmed by the ex-situ wafer bowing measurement. High-resistivity and low-resistivity Si substrates were used for epitaxial growth. In comparison with low-resistivity Si substrate, Ga N grown on high-resistivity substrate shows a larger wafer bowing caused by the highly compressive stress introduced by compositionally graded Al Ga N buffer layer. This transition of wafer bowing can be clearly in-situ measured by using the reflectivity mapping method.

<i>In-Situ</i>Monitoring of Chemical Vapor Deposition from Trichlorosilane Gas and Monomethylsilane Gas Using Langasite Crystal Microbalance

Using the langasite crystal microbalance (LCM), the trends in film thickness produced by means of the chemical vapor deposition using trichlorosilane gas, monomethylsilane gas and their mixed gas were observed at 600?C and evaluated by comparison with the information from a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The crystalline silicon film thickness from trichlorosilane gas was comparable to that of an amorphous silicon carbide film from monomethylsilane gas. The film obtained from the gas mixture was amorphous and was the thinnest in this study. Because the thickness trend obtained by the LCM agreed with that by the TEM, the LCM is shown to be a convenient evaluation tool for the behavior of various film deposition.

乙酸+异丙醇酯化体系中汽液平衡测定及萃取精馏

汽液平衡数据对于共沸物分离具有十分重要的地位,为了解决乙酸+异丙醇酯化反应体系中的共沸物分离的问题,采用Dvorak-Boublik平衡釜测定了乙酸+异丙醇+乙酸异丙酯、乙酸+异丙醇+水、乙酸+乙酸异丙酯+水、异丙醇+乙酸异丙酯+水4个三元体系的汽液平衡数据,对实验数据进行热力学一致性检验和NRTL(nonrandomtwo-liquid)模型关联。通过残留曲线图分析了共沸体系分离的可行性,利用Aspen Plus对异丙醇+乙酸异丙酯+水体系进行萃取精馏工艺模拟和优化。结果表明,分离得到乙酸异丙酯质量分数≥98%,异丙醇质量分数≥99%,研究结果不仅补充了部分乙酸+异丙醇酯化反应体系的三元汽液平衡数据,也为体系的共沸物分离提供理论依据。

酸性水汽提装置双相钢管线腐蚀失效分析与防护措施

近年来,石油化工行业大力推进节能保温技术在管线上的应用,取得了显著的节能效果,但同时也给管线埋下了安全隐患。随着管线服役时间的增加,保温层下腐蚀造成的泄漏事故逐渐增多。本研究以国内某石化公司煤制氢部酸性水汽提装置管线腐蚀的典型案例为研究对象,通过对过滤器出口压力远传引压排气双相钢2205小接管腐蚀原因调查、宏观、低倍分析、材质分析、金相检验、电镜分析、保温材料成分等多项理化检验分析,认为该小接管开裂是因为保温层下腐蚀(CUI),腐蚀形成的蚀坑或腐蚀产物层下沉积的腐蚀性离子造成应力腐蚀开裂,根据结论,采取了一系列保温层下腐蚀的防护措施,为同类企业防范CUI管控提供参考。

Behaviour of Tributylamine as Entrainer for the Separation of Water and Acetic Acid with Reactive Extractive Distillation

A new separation method, reactive extractive distillation, was put forward for separating water and acetic acid. The separation mechanism was analyzed through infrared spectra technique. Isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data at 101.33 kPa for the binary or ternary systems consisting of water, acetic acid and tributylamine were measured. The activity coefficients were correlated by using Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC Equations.The VLE experiment showed that tributylamine could enhance the relative volatility of water to acetic acid. An extractive distillation experiment was carried out and proved that tributylamine was a good extractive solvent.

Correlation and Prediction of Salt Effect on Vapor Liquid Equilibrium for the System of 2-Propanol/Water

Binary vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) data were measured for the systems of 2-propanol/ ethanediol and ethanediol/potassium acetate (KAc). VLE data for the system of propanol/ethanediol was tested using thermodynamic consistency test. The average values of Δy1 and Δ P were 0.0776 and 0.1542 kPa, respectively. The above two sets of VLE data were correlated with the NRTL model. Ternary VLE data for the system of 2-propanol/water/KAc was used to obtain the more suitable parameters of NRTL model for binary systems of 2-propanol/KAc and water/KAc (called TDCM). For multicomponent systems, ternary and quaternary, the VLE values predicted by the NRTL model agreed well with the litera-ture data. Influence of KAc, ethanediol, and the mixture of KAc and ethanediol on volatility between 2-propanol and water was investigated respectively. The results showed that the above-mentioned materials and mixture had different influence on volatility between 2-propanol and water. The method for correla-tion and prediction of salt-containing VLE is simple and effective for the said system.

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium of Toluene-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon System in Sub- and Supercritical State

The phase behaviors of toluene/polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixture systems were investigated with a continuous-flow type apparatus at 573.2, 598.2, 623.2 and 648.2 K, while the pressure changed from 1 to 5MPa. The pseudo-binary phase behaviors were predicted with the Peng-Robinson equation of state with interaction parameters between toluene and pseudo-components considered. The phase diagrams of the system have been classified following the category of phase boundary diagram models. The extraction selectivity and efficiency of tolu-ene as a solvent was discussed by comparing with that of hexane. The prediction model for selectivity was also suggested.

An Idea of Extracting Fresh Water from the Atmosphere

Based on principles of vapor coagulation, a method of extracting fresh water from the atmosphere was put forward. Its principles are simple, and it is easy to make and install the equipment made cheaply. Moreover, there is no or much less energy consumed during the extraction process, so there is no environmental pollution. In a word, this method of extracting fresh water from the atmosphere is of great practical value.

基于解决复杂工程问题能力培养的汽液平衡数据测定实验教学改革

共沸或近沸混合物的高效分离是化工过程中典型的复杂工程问题。针对汽液平衡数据测定实验教学对学生解决复杂工程问题能力培养不足的现状,我们改用具有最低共沸点的正丙醇-水实验体系,结合基础理论和工程实践设置预习思考题,用学生实测的汽液平衡数据回归Wilson模型参数,并用上述参数指导萃取精馏制备无水正丙醇的精馏塔设计。实践表明,将实验教学与工程实际相结合,用实测数据指导过程设计,能够加深学生对工程实践的认识,切实提高学生解决复杂工程问题的能力。

基于TMVOC的有机污染场地热强化气相抽提修复效果模拟

热强化气相抽提技术因其修复周期短、二次污染可控以及对土壤质地和污染物性质适应性较强等优势,被广泛应用于有机污染场地修复,但目前国内外关于该技术的数值模拟研究较少. TMVOC模型可模拟多孔介质的热量传递及污染物的运移、去除过程.为建立系统化、精准化的有机污染场地热强化气相抽提修复模型,探究有机污染场地热强化气相抽提修复过程,提高热强化气相抽提技术的治理精度,以天津某试剂厂中试场地为研究对象,采用TMVOC模型模拟原位热传导(TCH)强化气相抽提过程中场地的温度变化及目标污染物氯苯的去除效果,结合中试数据进一步阐明场地升温过程及氯苯的去除规律,并验证TMVOC模型的可信度.结果表明:(1)模拟加热7周后,TCH-A区的平均温度为99.4℃,维持该温度1周后平均温度降为95.0℃,升温过程温度监测数据模拟值与试验值的拟合优度R为0.995.(2)模拟加热7周后,TCH-B区的平均温度为84.8℃,维持该温度1周后平均温度升至88.0℃,升温过程温度监测数据模拟值与试验值的拟合优度R为0.989.(3)模拟热强化气相抽提修复8周后,氯苯的去除率达97.3%,第1周的去除速率最慢,第4周最快,修复后氯苯浓度模拟值与试验值的拟合优度R为0.910.研究显示,TMVOC模型可有效模拟热强化气相抽提过程中场地温度和污染物的变化规律,为有机污染场地热强化气相抽提技术的精准化修复提供支撑.

琥珀油的提取及成分分析

分别采用水蒸气蒸馏法和有机溶剂提取法提取琥珀挥发油(琥珀油)。在琥珀油提取过程中,考察了不同类型提取溶剂、琥珀粉碎程度、浸泡时间及提取时间等因素对琥珀油得率的影响,以及优化琥珀挥发油的提取工艺。结果表明,水蒸气蒸馏法与有机溶剂提取法相比,水蒸气蒸馏法提取琥珀油量少,纯度较高;有机溶剂提取法提取的琥珀油量多,但纯度较低。当琥珀粉粒径为1.5×10^(5)nm、提取温度为120℃,提取时间为12~14 h时,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取出的琥珀油最为纯净,琥珀油最大得率为0.75%。通过红外光谱分析,发现琥珀油中主要含有烷烃类、脂肪酮类或饱和脂肪酸酯、芳烃类、醇和烯烃类化合物等,通过气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对琥珀挥发油的化学成分进行了鉴定,通过面积归一化法确定各成分的质量分数,鉴定出琥珀油中主要成分有斯巴醇(质量分数为36.74%)、α-咕巴烯(质量分数为23.84%)、氧化石竹烯(质量分数为5.25%)、马兜铃烯环氧化物(质量分数为5.02%)、β-榄香烯(质量分数为3.63%)、1,6-二烯-3-律草醇(质量分数为3.29%)、异长叶烯(质量分数为3.10%)和α-比萨波醇(质量分数为2.79%)等,琥珀挥发油各项指标符合国家标准,重金属含量较少,菌落数达标。

石油烃污染场地气相抽提-微生物降解耦合修复研究

热强化气相抽提(TSVE)-微生物降解(BV)耦合技术对石油烃污染土壤原位修复潜力巨大。通过实验模拟装置,考察常规气相抽提(SVE)、TSVE、BV及TSVE-BV耦合技术对轻组分和重组分石油烃的去除效果,结果表明气相抽提和热强化抽提对轻组分石油烃去除效果较好,对C_(13)以上的石油烃去除效果有限,TSVE-BV耦合方式可在更短时间内实现更高的污染物去除率。根据实验结果,将C_(13)作为TSVE与BV的耦合点,开发TSVE-BV修复装置,在某加油站进行示范修复,总石油烃(TPH)浓度远低于国标要求,污染物去除率高达96%,表明该耦合修复技术可以实现污染场地的高效修复。

土层性质和结构对气相抽提修复土壤中甲醛污染的影响

为探究土层的性质和结构对土壤原位气相抽提修复的影响,对已搬迁某皮革加工厂遗留地块污染区域进行应用研究。结果表明,试验区域内不同土层的微观结构主要为片状,孔隙分布较多,主要为颗粒间孔隙类型。修复后土壤中甲醛浓度低于修复目标值。一阶衰减指数方程可较好地描述甲醛浓度变化过程,甲醛去除速率随土壤深度先增后降,且与孔隙比、中粒砂岩粒径、孔隙平均面积和孔隙分形维数均呈显著正相关,与细粒砂岩粒径呈显著负相关,孔隙分形维数对气相抽提去除速率影响最大,孔隙越大,去除甲醛效果越好。

油污染土壤气体抽排去污模型及影响因素

为了开展适合我国实际情况的有机污染土壤气体抽排净化技术研究 ,在对油污染土壤的通风去污过程机理进行分析的基础上 ,建立了一个简化机理模拟模型 .以华北地区典型土壤为实验土样 ,油污染物为例 ,通过一维土柱实验 ,研究了抽排气体流速、土壤含水率和土质对去污过程的影响 .实验表明抽排气体流速存在最佳值 ,土壤含水率对不同土质土壤净化时间影响不同 ,对粉砂土 ,含水率升高 ,净化效率增强 ;而对粘质土壤 ,结果正好相反 .对模型预测结果进行实验验证表明 。