Stress and Thermal Analysis of the In-Vessel RMP Coils in HL-2M

A set of in-vessel resonant magnetic perturbation （RMP） coils for MHD instability suppression is proposed for the design of a HL-2M tokamak. Each coil is to be fed with a current of up to 5 kA, operated in a frequency range from DC to about I kHz. Stainless steel （SS） jacketed mineral insulated cables are proposed for the conductor of the coils. In-vessel coils must withstand large electromagnetic （EM） and thermal loads. The support, insulation and vacuum sealing in a very limited space are crucial issues for engineering design. Hence finite element calculations are performed to verify the design, optimize the support by minimizing stress caused by EM forces on the coil conductors and work out the temperature rise occurring on the coil in different working conditions, the corresponding thermal stress caused by the thermal expansion of materials is evaluated to be allowable. The techniques to develop the in-vessel RMP coils, such as support, insulation and cooling, are discussed.

Stress and Thermal Analysis of the In-Vessel Resonant Magnetic Perturbation Coils on the J-TEXT Tokamak

A set of four in-vessel saddle coils was designed to generate a helical field on the J- TEXT tokamak to study the influences of the external perturbation field on plasma. The coils are fed with alternating current up to 10 kA at frequency up to 10 kHz. Due to the special structure, complex thermal environment and limited space in the vacuum chamber, Jt is very important to make sure that the coils will not be damaged when undergoing the huge electromagnetic forces in the strong toroidal field, and that their temperatures don＇t rise too much and destroy the in- sulation. A 3D finite element model is developed in this paper using the ANSYS code, stresses are analyzed to find the worst condition, and a mounting method is then established. The results of the stress and modal analyses show that the mounting method meets the strength requirements. Finally, a thermal analysis is performed to study the cooling process and the temperature distribution of the coils.

Gradient coil design with enhanced shielding constraint for a cryogen-free superconducting MRI system

The relatively fragile low-temperature stability of cryogen-free superconducting magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)magnets requires the careful management of exogenous heat sources.A strongly shielded gradient magnetic field is important for the optimal operation of cryogen-free MRI systems.In this study,we present an enhanced shielding method incorporating a regionalized stray field constraining strategy.By optimizing the constraint parameters,we could develop engineering-feasible gradient coil schemes without increasing system complexity but with the stray field intensity reduced by half.In real measurement in an integrated MRI system,the developed gradient assembly demonstrated good performance and supported to output images of excellent quality.Our findings suggested that the proposed method could potentially form a useful design paradigm for cryogen-free MRI magnets.

Enhancing silicon spectral emission in LIBS using Tesla coil discharge

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)is a powerful technique for elemental analysis,offering rapid analysis,minimal sample preparation,wide elemental coverage,and portability.To enhance the detection sensitivity of LIBS,increasing the spectral emission intensity is crucial.This paper explores the use of Tesla coil(TC)discharge as an alternative to spark discharge in silicon LIBS.The study examines the influence of TC discharge on both time-integrated and timeresolved spectra,with and without TC discharge;the corresponding electron temperature and density are obtained.The results show that TC discharge significantly amplifies the spectral intensity,improving signal sensitivity in LIBS analysis.Specifically,in the laser energy range from 7.4 to 24.0 mJ,TC discharge increased the average spectral line intensities of Si(II)385.60 nm and Si(I)390.55 nm by factors of 8.4 and 5.1,respectively.Additionally,the average electron temperature and density were enhanced by approximately 3.2%and 4.2%,respectively,under TC discharge.The advantages of TC discharge include higher energy deposition,extended discharge duration,reduced electrode erosion,and enhanced safety.This research contributes to advancing LIBS technology and expanding its applications in various fields.

Analytical computation of magnetic field in coil-dominated superconducting quadrupole magnets based on racetrack coils

Currently,three types of superconducting quadrupole magnets are used in particle accelerators:cos 2θ,CCT,and serpentine.However,all three coil configurations have complex spatial geometries,which make magnet manufacturing and strain-sensitive superconductor applications difficult.Compared with the three existing quadrupole coils,the racetrack quadrupole coil has a simple shape and manufacturing process,but there have been few theoretical studies.In this paper,the two-dimensional and three-dimensional analytical expressions for the magnetic field in coil-dominated racetrack superconducting quadrupole magnets are presented.The analytical expressions of the field harmonics and gradient are fully resolved and depend only on the geometric parameters of the coil and current density.Then,a genetic algorithm is applied to obtain a solution for the coil geometry parameters with field harmonics on the order of 10^(-4).Finally,considering the practical engineering needs of the accelerator interaction region,electromagnetic design examples of racetrack quadrupole magnets with high gradients,large apertures,and small apertures are described,and the application prospects of racetrack quadrupole coils are analyzed.

Effect of coil and chamber structure on plasma radial uniformity in radio frequency inductively coupled plasma

Enhancing plasma uniformity can be achieved by modifying coil and chamber structures in radio frequency inductively coupled plasma(ICP)to meet the demand for large-area and uniformly distributed plasma in industrial manufacturing.This study utilized a two-dimensional self-consistent fluid model to investigate how different coil configurations and chamber aspect ratios affect the radial uniformity of plasma in radio frequency ICP.The findings indicate that optimizing the radial spacing of the coil enhances plasma uniformity but with a reduction in electron density.Furthermore,optimizing the coil within the ICP reactor,using the interior point method in the Interior Point Optimizer significantly enhances plasma uniformity,elevating it from 56%to 96%within the range of the model sizes.Additionally,when the chamber aspect ratio k changes from 2.8 to 4.7,the plasma distribution changes from a center-high to a saddleshaped distribution.Moreover,the plasma uniformity becomes worse.Finally,adjusting process parameters,such as increasing source power and gas pressure,can enhance plasma uniformity.These findings contribute to optimizing the etching process by improving plasma radial uniformity.

Realization of an optimized cylindrical uniform magnetic field coil via flexible printed circuit technology

The design and fabrication method of magnetic field coils with high uniformity is essential for atomic magnetometers.In this paper,a novel design strategy for cylindrical uniform coils is first proposed,which combines the target-field method(TFM)with an optimized slime mold algorithm(SMA)to determine optimal structure parameters.Then,the realization method for the designed cylindrical coil by using the flexible printed circuit(FPC)technology is presented.Compared with traditional fabrication methods,this method has advantages in excellent flexibility and bending property,making the coils easier to be arranged in limited space.Moreover,the manufacturing process of the FPC technology via a specific cylindrical uniform magnetic field coil is discussed in detail,and the successfully realized coil is well tested in a verification system.By comparing the uniformity performance of the experimental coil with the simulation one,the effectiveness of the FPC technology in producing cylindrical coils has been well validated.

Fuzzy Proportional Integral Derivative control of a voice coil actuator system for adaptive deformable mirrors

Research on adaptive deformable mirror technology for voice coil actuators(VCAs)is an important trend in the development of large ground-based telescopes.A voice coil adaptive deformable mirror contains a large number of actuators,and there are problems with structural coupling and large temperature increases in their internal coils.Additionally,parameters of the traditional proportional integral derivative(PID)control cannot be adjusted in real-time to adapt to system changes.These problems can be addressed by introducing fuzzy control methods.A table lookup method is adopted to replace real-time calculations of the regular fuzzy controller during the control process,and a prototype platform has been established to verify the effectiveness and robustness of this process.Experimental tests compare the control performance of traditional and fuzzy proportional integral derivative(Fuzzy-PID)controllers,showing that,in system step response tests,the fuzzy control system reduces rise time by 20.25%,decreases overshoot by 78.24%,and shortens settling time by 67.59%.In disturbance rejection experiments,fuzzy control achieves a 46.09%reduction in the maximum deviation,indicating stronger robustness.The Fuzzy-PID controller,based on table lookup,outperforms the standard controller significantly,showing excellent potential for enhancing the dynamic performance and disturbance rejection capability of the voice coil motor actuator system.

Mathematical Modelling and Design of Helical Coil Heat Exchanger for Production of Hot Air for Fluidized Bed Dryer

In global industrialization, efforts have been made to increase the rate of heat transfer in heat exchanger, minimizing the size of heat exchanger to reduce cost as well as increasing the effectiveness. Helical coil heat exchanger (HCHE) has been proven to be effective in improving heat transfer due to its large surface area. In this study, HCHE was designed to provide hot air needed for fluidized bed drying processes. The HCHE design model was fabricated and evaluated to study the efficiency of the hot air output for a laboratory fluidized bed dryer. The mathematical model for estimation of the final (output) temperature of air, Taf, passing through the HCHE was developed and validated experimentally. The drying of bitter kola particulates was carried out with a drying temperature of 50C 3C and a bed height-to-bed diameter ratio (H/D) of 1.5. The time taken to dry bitter kola particulates to 0.4% moisture content was 1 hour 45 minutes. Hence, HCHE is recommended for use in the production of hot for laboratory-scale fluidized bed dryers.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Performance of Turbulent Heat Transfer in Tubes with Different Cross-Sectioned Wire Coils

The thermal-hydraulic performance of plain tubes with and without wire coils in turbulent regimes is investigated experimentally and numerically.The effects of wire coil distribution(circular cross section)within the tube were explored experimentally,and water was employed as the working fluid.The numerical simulation was carried out using software programmer ANSYS Fluent 2019 R3 using the finite-volume approach.In the turbulent regime,six cross-sectionedwire coilswere analyzed,including:circular,rectangular,hexagonal,square,star shape,and triangle.The utilization of a tube with a wire coil has been shown to increase heat transfer rate and pump consumption.The results indicate a high level of concurrence,as the deviations are all below 8%.Compared with plain tube,the wire coils,according to the arrangement(TWD),gave the best PEC.The heat transfer enhancement ability of different cross sections follows the following order:StCS>RCS>HCS>SqCS>CCS>TCS.Also,the sequence of pump consumption for each cross section is as follows:RCS>StCS>SqCS>HCS>CCS>TCS.

Numerical Studies on Thermal and Hydrodynamic Characteristics of LNG in Helically Coiled Tube-in-Tube Heat Exchangers

As compact and efficient heat exchange equipment,helically coiled tube-in-tube heat exchangers(HCTT heat exchangers)are widely used in many industrial processes.However,the thermal-hydraulic research of liquefied natural gas(LNG)as the working fluid inHCTT heat exchangers is rarely reported.In this paper,the characteristics of HCTT heat exchangers,in which LNG flows in the inner tube and ethylene glycol-water solution flows in the outer tube,are studied by numerical simulations.The influences of heat transfer characteristics and pressure drops of the HCTT heat transfers are studied by changing the initial flow velocity,the helical middle diameter,and the helical pitch.The results indicate that different initial flow velocities in the inner tube and the outer tube of the HCTT heat exchanger have little influence on the secondary flow of the fluid in the helical tubes,and the overall flow characteristics tend to be stable.The smaller helical middle diameter of the HCTT heat exchanger leads to the shorter fluid flow length,the smaller resistance along the tubes and the increase of initial pressure under the condition of constant inlet velocity,which promotes the occurrence of secondary flow.The axial flow of fluid promotes the destruction of heat transfer boundary layer and gains strength of the turbulence and heat transfer efficiency.With the increase of the helical pitch of the HCTT heat exchanger,the turbulent intensity and the heat transfer efficiency are also increased.Moreover,the improvement of the flow state of the HCTT exchanger in a longer helical pitch also enhances the heat exchange efficiency.

Numerical Simulation of Liquified Natural Gas Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics in Helically Coiled Tube-in-Tube Heat Exchangers

Helically coiled tube-in-tube(HCTT)heat exchangers are widely applied to the process technology because of their compactness and higher heat transfer efficiency.HCTT heat exchangers play an important role in liquified natural gas(LNG)use and cold energy recovery.The heat transfer characteristics,pressure distribution,and degree of vaporization of LNG in HCTT heat exchangers are numerically investigated.By comparing the simulation results of the computational model with existing experimental results,the effectiveness of the computational model is verified.The numerical simulation results show the vapor volume fraction of the HCTT heat exchanger is related to the inlet Reynolds number,inner tube diameters,and helix diameter.The vapor volume fraction increases rapidly from the fourth to the seventh equal division points of the helix tube length.On condition that the inlet Reynolds number is greater than 33500,the pressure drop rate gradually increases.When the magnitude of the vapor volume fraction is below 0.2,the heat transfer coefficient increase rate is greater than that when the vapor volume fraction is above 0.2.The heat exchange efficiency of HCTT heat exchangers increases with the decrease of the ratio of helix diameter to inner tube diameter.

Application of the CIEDE2000 color difference formula in the color quality control of coil coatings

The application status of color difference formulas in coil coatings was investigated,with a focus on comparing the CIEDE2000 and HunterLab formulas.Experimental studies were conducted to evaluate the two formulas against the results of visual inspections.Findings indicate that the CIEDE2000 formula outperforms the HunterLab formula for most color variations.Therefore,the CIEDE2000 formula is suggested as an enhanced method for the quality control of color differences in coil coatings.

A novel trapped field magnet enabled by a quasi-operational HTS coil

This study introduces a novel approach to realizing compact high-field superconducting magnets by enabling a closed-loop high temperature superconducting(HTS)coil through magnetization.A circular closed-loop HTS coil is fabricated with a low resistive joint for field cooling magnetization.The HTS coil achieved a trapped field with only a 0.0087%decay in central field over 30 min-utes.More interestingly,the central trapped field of 4.59 T exceeds the initial applied field of 4.5 T,while a peak trapped field of 6 T near the inner edge of the HTS coil,is identified through further numerical investigation.This phenomenon differs from the trapped field distributions observed in HTS bulks and stacks,where the trapped cannot exceed the applied one.Unique distributions of current density and magnetic field are identified as the reason for the trapped field exceeding the applied field.This study offers a new way to develop compact HTS magnets for a range of high-field applications such as superconducting magnetic energy storage(SMES)systems,superconducting machines,Maglev and proposes a viable method for amplifying the field strength beyond that of existing magnetic field source devices.

自动引线系统中旋转偏心检测与补偿方法

在空心杯转子线圈的自动引线微操作系统中,线圈的几何中心很难与旋转台的回转中心重合,因此在旋转过程中产生偏心现象,进而导致线圈引线失败。为此,提出了一种检测和补偿线圈偏差的方法。从分析线圈偏心源出发,建立偏心数学模型,设计了一种偏心模型与图像特征提取算法结合的偏差测量方法,并提出基于自动控制与补偿模型的校正方法。通过实验验证了模型的精确性以及偏心补偿的有效性,基于均方根误差的评价,模型对于偏差预测以及特征提取算法均具有较高的精度,补偿后的最大残余误差小于4μm,平均补偿幅度约为98.6%,引线实验展示了所提方法的优良性能。提出的偏心检测补偿方法具有精度高、复杂度低、效率高、实时性,以及嵌入式等优点,且在微操作以及微装配领域具有更合适、更广泛的应用。

基于永磁体和线圈复合结构的磁性粒子成像零磁场研究

磁性粒子成像(MPI)中的磁场拓扑结构及其产生的零磁场能够直接对成像结果的质量造成影响。针对MPI系统的零磁场设计,该文提出一种永磁体与线圈复合的磁场结构。该结构综合永磁体能够直接产生大梯度静磁场的优势及电磁线圈通过控制激励方式精准调控磁场的优势来构造线型零磁场(FFL)。对所设计的磁场拓扑结构首先进行了基于圆形线圈、矩形线圈和矩形永磁体所产生静磁场的比较;然后从磁场空间分布、磁场梯度和磁场均匀性等方面对FFL进行分析;最后通过有限元仿真确定了线型零磁场的平移扫描区域范围,并进行了MPI分辨率及血管成像研究。结果表明,该文所提拓扑结构产生的FFL磁场梯度达到3.075 T/m,磁场梯度均匀性达到98.7%,在扫描区域为30 mm×70 mm×70 mm的空间内的成像分辨率能够达到1 mm。证明了该文所提拓扑结构应用于磁性粒子成像系统的可行性。

某生物质电厂发电机转子接地故障分析及处理

某生物质电厂发电机转子在运行期间,突然出现转子接地保护动作报警信号并跳机,故障停机后抽转子检查发现转子绕组励端接地,转子返厂后通过对接地故障部位状态及结构特点、残留物、绝缘性能查等分析排查,明确了转子故障原因,提出了同类型发电机日常运维建议,可有效预防同类问题重复发生。

p-τ值对COIL的影响的实验研究

实验研究了单重态氧发生器 ( SOG)的 p-τ值 ,即初始氯气分压与停留时间的乘积 ,对化学氧碘激光器 ( COIL)的影响 ,并分析了诸多实验因素对 SOG的 p-τ值的影响。对于提高

以氮气为载气的千瓦级COIL的初步实验研究

首次在氯气流量为 110 mmol/ s、采用方列管型射流式 O2 (1 Δ)发生器 (SPJSOG)以及列阵式超音速氧碘混合喷管的 COIL装置上 ,以氮气替代氦气作为载气进行出光实验研究。初步实验获得 1.8k W的激光输出功率以及

超音速连续波COIL的二维半数值模拟

给出了超音速连续波（ＣＷ）氧碘化学激光器（ＣＯＩＬ）的理论模型，利用此模型对典型实验装置进行了二维半几何近似下的初步数值模拟研究，对所得结果进行了讨论。