Research on the Constitutional,Historical and Practical Logic of the Chinese Path of Human Rights Development——From the Perspective of the Inclusion of Human Rights Clause in the Constitution

The inclusion of the human rights clause in the Chi-nese Constitution is a concern and expression of the spirit of the Con-stitution,which has laid the institutional regulations of the fundamen-tal law for the development of human rights in China,provided the principles and value norms of the highest level of effectiveness for the legal protection of human rights,and built a profound constitutional basis for the formation and improvement of the Chinese path of human rights development.The human rights clause is not only a summariza-tion and affirmation of the historical practice of Chinese human rights development under the leadership of the Communist Party of China,but also a new starting point for the development of human rights in China under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.It marks that the development of human rights in China has entered a new era.The Party and the state have finally embarked on a path of human rights development with Chinese characteristics by formulating and implementing the Human Rights Action Plan of China,eliminating ab-solute poverty through the national poverty alleviation campaign,and promoting human rights protection through the rule of law.

Twenty Years of the Implementation of the Human Rights Clause in the Constitution:Achievements,Implications,and Research Topics

On March 14,2004,the Second Session of the 10th National People’s Congress of China adopted the fourth amendment to the Chinese Constitution,the most noticeable highlight of which is the addition of the paragraph“the state respects and protects human rights”as the third clause in Article 33 of Chapter II“Basic Rights and Obligations of Citizens”in the Constitution.The inclusion of the clause of human rights in the Constitution is considered an important milestone in the history of human rights development in the People’s Republic of China.The implementation of the human rights clause not only showcases the values of the Party and the state in respecting and protecting human rights,but also promotes the development of human rights,shapes the culture of human rights,and endows the rule of law with a rich humanistic spirit.Over the past 20 years,the publicity,research and practice of the human rights clause have made the Chi-nese people realize that human rights are not only a“great term”,but also a common value shared by mankind.Amid the once-in-a-century changes of the world,although the development of human rights is facing various challenges,the humanistic spirit contained in the hu-man rights clause has become the internal driving force for building consensus in the whole of society.Reinterpreting the significance and value of the human rights clause can help us conscientiously draw on the experience in the implementation of the clause over the past 20 years and contribute Chinese wisdom and experience to global human rights governance with a more open mind and inclusive attitude.

The Connotations of the Constitutional Clause on Human Rights Protection From the Perspective of Foreign-related Rule of Law

The inclusion of the human rights clause in the Chi-nese Constitution is the core normative manifestation of the constitu-tionalization of human rights,and points to the relationship between international law and the Constitution in the sense of positive law.The inclusion of the human rights clauses in the Chinese Constitution itself is an inherent part of the development of China’s socialist constitution,and socialism has already contributed valuable concepts and practices of human rights protection to the modern world in its early stage.The constitutionalization of human rights protection does not necessarily lead to the superiority of international law over the constitutional order of a country,but rather to the convergence of international law and domestic law through the constitutional order.The relevant rules of international law will be effective only when they are transformed into domestic law through the Constitution and the human rights clause in the Constitution.Correspondingly,the domestic legal order is brought into line with the international legal order through the Con-stitution and its human rights clause.Behind the system of fundamen-tal rights in the constitutional order is the value foundation of the en-tire legal system.The advancement of foreign-related rule of law has brought new opportunities for China’s judicial practice to further pro-mote the protection of human rights.In the future,we should further integrate the human rights values embedded in socialism into China’s constitutional practice,enhance human rights protection around the country,and take a more active part in global human rights gover-nance.

比例原则的中国宪法规范依据

比例原则是一项重要的宪法原则,然而学界对其在我国宪法中的规范依据的解释却众说纷纭。我国《宪法》第5条第1款即"法治国家条款"反映的是形式法治国理念,其并不能成为推导比例原则的宪法规范依据。蕴含了机会平等和实质平等双重内涵的《宪法》第33条第2款规定的"在法律面前一律平等",无论是在"法律适用上的平等"意义上抑或在"立法上的平等"意义上,与《宪法》第5条第5款即"反对特权条款"等我国宪法平等权规范一同构成推导比例原则的重要宪法依据。而《宪法》第51条与《宪法》第33条第3款即"国家尊重和保障人权"条款相结合亦是证立比例原则的宪法依据的重要组成部分。

宪法的人权保障机制研究——“人权保障条款”的解读

保障人权是宪法的终极价值。宪法对人权的保障体现在两个方面:一是宏观保障,控制国家权力;二是微观保障,规定基本权利的内容。历史地看,宏观上,人权观念的变化促使了宪法观念从限制国家权力到作为共同体的根本价值的变化。微观上,人权促使了基本权利的增长。这两方面的变化体现了人权保障的新跨越。我国宪法和现代宪法观念有暗合之处,但不能等同。这是对我国人权保障条款的认识的平台。

我国宪法未列举权利的判断方法

当人们对某种权利的欲求达到一定程度时,往往出现使之"入宪"的呼声。未列举权利理论的提出可以打破这种长期以来的迷信。人权条款为我国宪法未列举权利的栖身之所。判断未列举权利,首先需要对权利的层级化分类。判断未列举权利总的标准为"足够基本";具体标准为该权利主体具有高度的普遍性,该权利性质与生命权、人格尊严息息相关,公民对该权利产生了强烈要求。

“人权条款”实施20年:成效、意义与课题

2004年3月14日第十届全国人大第二次会议通过了宪法第四次修正案,其中最大的亮点是宪法第二章“公民的基本权利和义务”第33条中增加一款作为第三款:“国家尊重和保障人权”。人权概念“入宪”是新中国人权发展史上的重要里程碑。“人权条款”实施不仅宣示党和国家尊重和保障人权的价值观,同时推动了人权事业的发展,塑造人权文化,并赋予法治以丰富的人文精神。20年来,围绕“人权条款”的宣传、研究与实践,使国人认识到,人权不仅是一个“伟大的名词”,更是人类分享的共同价值。在百年变局中,人权发展虽面临着各种挑战,但“人权条款”所蕴含的人文精神已成为凝聚社会共识的内在动力。重温“人权条款”意义与价值,有助于我们认真总结“人权条款”实施20年的经验,以更加开放的心态和宽容态度,为全球人权治理贡献中国的智慧与经验。

我国宪法上“人权条款”的规范效力

宪法上“人权条款”作为原则与规范,一方面可以作为强化基本权利保障的解释基准,发挥着约束公权力的功能,另一方面为普遍人权观念进入宪法规范体系提供衔接点。“人权条款”的规范效力是自身规范属性的集中体现,其中包含着应然效力与社会实效。对“人权条款”而言,需借助规范文本之外的素材论证其效力根基,基础规范理论的运用使这种从实然转向应然的跨越成为可能。“人权条款”实施二十年来,不仅推进了中国人权事业的发展,同时塑造了人权文化,使尊重和保障人权成为公权力运行的基本准则,凝聚了基于人权保障的宪法共识。就规范效力的保障机制而言,国家人权保障体系的强化和宪法监督机制的完善,有助于完善“人权条款”规范效力的实现机制。

论中国人权发展道路的制度、历史与实践逻辑——以人权条款入宪为切入点

人权条款入宪是对宪法精神的关切与表达,为中国人权发展奠定了根本法的制度规范,为人权的法律保障提供了最高位阶效力的原则与价值规范,也为中国人权发展道路的形成发展奠定了深厚的宪制基础。人权条款既是对中国共产党领导下的中国人权发展历史实践的总结与肯定,更是中国共产党领导的中国人权发展事业的新起点,它标志着中国人权事业的发展进入新时代。党和国家通过制定和实施国家人权行动计划、实施国家脱贫攻坚战解决绝对贫困问题、通过法治保障人权,最终走出了一条中国人权发展道路。

论基本权利作为民主权利——基于中国宪法变迁的考察

中国宪法中的基本权利与人民民主原则具有紧密关联,存在着以民主权利诠释基本权利的理论传统。在通过人民民主实现国家建构的宪法秩序下,基本权利并非先于国家的与之对抗的自由,而是将个人整合进国家,进而建构具有实质同一性的政治共同体的民主权利。伴随1982年宪法修改,特别是2004年人权条款写入宪法,宪法中基本权利与民主的关联经历了理论观念、社会基础与规范体系三个层次的深刻变迁,其核心是人民民主由实质同一性模式变迁为相对同一性模式,这为诠释基本权利的民主权利观提供了新的基础。在全过程人民民主重大理念下,宪法中的基本权利与人民民主相互构成,发挥着维系政治共同体,通过政治过程形成民主意志,以及矫正代议民主不足等三项民主功能。

人权保护宪法条款的涉外法治意涵

人权条款入宪是人权宪法化的核心规范表现,并在实证法意义上指向国际法与宪法的关系问题。人权条款入宪本身是我国社会主义宪法发展的题中之义,社会主义在早期就已经为现代世界贡献了宝贵的权利保障观念与实践。已经宪法化的人权保护条款并不会导致国际法必然优越于一国的宪法秩序,而是通过宪法秩序将国际法与国内法相衔接。国际法规则需要通过宪法以及宪法中的人权条款转换为国内法,方才具有效力。与之相应,国内法秩序借助宪法及其人权条款与国际法秩序实现接轨。宪法秩序中的基本权利体系背后体现的是整个法律体系的价值基础。涉外法治建设为我国司法实践带来了进一步推动人权保护的新契机。未来应当继续将蕴含于社会主义之内的人权价值融入我国的宪法实践,不断提升国内人权保障水平,更加积极地参与全球人权治理。

新兴权利保护的基本权利路径

适用宪法的基本权利的规定保护新兴权利的问题,在国外是新兴权利保护中重要的甚至是主要的方法。在我国,新兴权利保护实践有三种确认新兴权利为基本权利的方式:通过人大常委会对宪法的解释确认新兴权利的基本权利身份和位阶;通过司法解释创制规范的方式将特定的利益纳入宪法上已经明确规定的基本权利从而赋予其基本权利的资格;司法机关在具体个案中创造性地扩大解释现有的宪法基本权利规范,在既有宪法规范文本含义内创造出涵括新兴权利的新面向新空间。如何通过对宪法基本权利条款的解释性操作或者其他方法实现宪法基本权利规范与新兴权利的衔接与涵摄,是一个动态发展且永无终结的进程,基于不同的宪法架构和宪法适用传统(包括禁忌),法学理论与司法实践之间的互动需要找到妥当的桥梁。