Dissolution of Al_2TiO_5 inclusions in CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3 slags at 1823 K

Al-Ti-O inclusions always clog submerged nozzles in Ti-bearing Al-killed steel.A typical synthesized Al2TiO5 inclusion was immersed in a CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 molten slag for different durations at 1823 K.The Al2TiO5 dissolution paths and mechanism were revealed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS）.Decreased amounts of Ti and Al and increased amounts of Si and Ca at the dissolution boundary prove that inclusion dissolution and slag penetration simultaneously occur.SiO2 diffuses or penetrates the inclusion more quickly than CaO,as indicated by the w（CaO）/w（SiO2） value in the reaction region.A liquid product （containing 0.7-1.2 w（CaO）/w（SiO2）,15wt%-20wt% Al2O3,and 5wt%-15wt% TiO2） forms on the inclusion surface when Al2TiO5 is dissolved in the slag.Al2TiO5 initially dissolves faster than the diffusion rate of the liquid product toward the bulk slag.With increasing reaction time,the boundary reaches its largest distance,the Al2TiO5 dissolution rate equals the liquid product diffusion rate,and the dissolution process remains stable until the inclusion is completely dissolved.

Formation mechanism and control of MgO·Al_2O_3 inclusions in non-oriented silicon steel

On the basis of the practical production of non-oriented silicon steel, the formation of Mg O·Al2O3 inclusions was analyzed in the process of ＂basic oxygen furnace（BOF） → RH → compact strip production（CSP）＂. The thermodynamic and kinetic conditions of the formation of Mg O·Al2O3 inclusions were discussed, and the behavior of slag entrapment in molten steel during RH refining was simulated by computational fluid dynamics（CFD） software. The results showed that the Mg O/Al2O3 mass ratio was in the range from 0.005 to 0.017 and that Mg O·Al2O3 inclusions were not observed before the RH refining process. In contrast, the Mg O/Al2O3 mass ratio was in the range from 0.30 to 0.50, and the percentage of Mg O·Al2O3 spinel inclusions reached 58.4% of the total inclusions after the RH refining process. The compositions of the slag were similar to those of the inclusions; furthermore, the critical velocity of slag entrapment was calculated to be 0.45 m·s^-1 at an argon flow rate of 698 L·min^-1, as simulated using CFD software. When the test steel was in equilibrium with the slag, [Mg] was 0.00024wt%–0.00028wt% and [Al]s was 0.31wt%–0.37wt%; these concentrations were theoretically calculated to fall within the Mg O·Al2O3formation zone, thereby leading to the formation of Mg O·Al2O3 inclusions in the steel. Thus, the formation of Mg O·Al2O3 inclusions would be inhibited by reducing the quantity of slag entrapment, controlling the roughing slag during casting, and controlling the composition of the slag and the Mg O content in the ladle refractory.

Purifying Fe-based amorphous alloys to enhance glass-forming ability by designing a novel refining slag

Designing low melting point and low basicity refining slag suitable for Fe-based amorphous alloys and understanding the inclusions’formation,removal,influencing mechanisms are quite vital in the fields of metallurgy and materials.In this study,a novel 13%SiO_(2)-32%CaO-30%Al_(2)O_(3)-25%B_(2)O_(3)(wt.%)refining slag was designed after careful calculations of the liquid phase region,slag-metal equilibrium,surface tension,viscosity,deoxidation capability and sulfur distribution ratio.After refining with our designed slag,the content of impurities and the number density of inclusions in a representative Fe_(83)Si_(2)B_(15)(at.%)amor-phous alloy were significantly reduced.Moreover,the glass-forming ability(GFA)of the alloy was also enhanced,enabling the preparation of amorphous ribbons with a lower cooling rate.Based on the impu-rities in Fe-based amorphous alloys as well as the calculated oxide and sulfide free energy diagrams,CaO,SiO_(2),Al_(2)O_(3) oxides and CaS,TiS,MnS sulfides will form in the master alloy.The high melting point in-clusions in the melt are generally removed via a floatation-separation-absorption process and the Mn,Ti,S impurities are removed via slag-metal interface reactions during refining.As for the detrimental effect of inclusions on glass formation,the small lattice disregistry between Ti,Mn-containing inclusions and primaryα-Fe gains reveal that these inclusions are effective in promoting the heterogeneous nucleation,and therefore greatly deteriorate the GFA.These findings are important and provide an ideal solution to purifying the Fe-based amorphous alloys by refining and enhancing the GFA for industrial production.

Inclusion evolution in 50CrVA spring steel by optimization of refining slag

In order to control the CaO-Al;O;-SiO;-MgO system inclusions in 50 CrVA spring steel in a lower melting temperature region,high temperature equilibrium experiments between steel and slag were performed in the laboratory,under the conditions of the initial slag basicity within 3-7and the content of Al;O;between 18-35mass%,to investigate the formation and evolution of this type of inclusion.The results indicate that the total oxygen content in the steel decreases with the increase of slag basicity and the decrease of Al;O;content in slags,and CaO-Al;O;-SiO2-MgO inclusions tend to deviate from the low melting point region with the increase of Al;O;content in slags.The most favorable composition for the refining slag is composed of 51-56mass% CaO,9-13mass% SiO;,20-25mass% Al;O;and 6mass% MgO.In this case,the inclusions in 50 CrVA spring steel are mostly in the low melting point regions,in which their plasticities are expected to improve during steel rolling.The MgO-based inclusions were observed in the steel matrix and the formation mechanism was theoretically and schematically revealed.It is also found that adding around 11mass% of MgO into the refining slags is beneficial to reducing the refractory corrosion.Further work should be carried out focusing on the evolution rates of MgO-based inclusions.