AIM: To implement a quick and simple test- rapid assessment faecal incontinence score(RAFIS) and show its reliability and validity.METHODS: From March 2008 through March 2010, we evaluated a total of 261 consecutive p...AIM: To implement a quick and simple test- rapid assessment faecal incontinence score(RAFIS) and show its reliability and validity.METHODS: From March 2008 through March 2010, we evaluated a total of 261 consecutive patients, including 53 patients with faecal incontinence. Demographic and comorbidity information was collected. In a single visit, patients were administered the RAFIS. The results obtained with the new score were compared with those of both Wexner score and faecal incontinence quality of life scale(FIQL) questionnaire. The patient withoutinfluence of the surgeon completed the test. The role of surgeon was explaining the meaning of each section and how he had to fill. Reliability of the RAFIS score was measured using intra-observer agreement and Cronbach's alpha(internal consistency) coefficient. Multivariate analysis of the main components within the different scores was performed in order to determine whether all the scores measured the same factor and to conclude whether the information could be encompassed in a single factor. A sample size of 50 patients with faecal incontinence was estimated to be enough to detect a correlation of 0.55 or better at 5% level of significance with 80% power.RESULTS: We analysed the results obtained by 53 consecutive patients with faecal incontinence(median age 61.55 ± 12.49 years) in the three scoring systems. A total of 208 healthy volunteers(median age 58.41 ± 18.41 years) without faecal incontinence were included in the study as negative controls. Pearson's correlation coefficient between "state" and "leaks" was excellent(r = 0.92, P < 0.005). Internal consistency in the comparison of "state" and "leaks" yielded also excellent correlation(Cronbach's α = 0.93). Results in each score were compared using regression analysis and a correlation value of r = 0.98 was obtained with Wexner score. As regards FIQL questionnaire, the values of "r " for the different subscales of the questionnaire were: "lifestyle" r =-0.87, "coping/behaviour" r =-0.91, "depression" r =-0.36 and "embarrassment" r =-0.90,(P < 0.01). A multivariate analysis showed that all the scoring systems measured the same factor. A single factor may explain 80.84% of the variability of FI, so all the scoring systems measure the same factor. Patient's continence improves when RAFIS and Jorge-Wexner scores show low values and when the values obtained in the FIQL questionnaire are high.CONCLUSION: RAFIS is a valid and reliable tool to assess Faecal Incontinence.展开更多
Based on the account of the vital role which the national finance played in supporting agriculture,the thesis presents the current situation of financial support for agriculture in China,in terms of the limited scale ...Based on the account of the vital role which the national finance played in supporting agriculture,the thesis presents the current situation of financial support for agriculture in China,in terms of the limited scale and irrational structure of financial support expenditure in agriculture.On the basis of the brief introduction of the current level of Chinese farmers' income,the thesis discusses the effects of scale and irrational structure of financial support expenditure in agriculture on the farmers' income,according to the related data of financial support expenditure in agriculture and rural per capita net income.The results indicate that the calculating regression equation has a remarkable explanation power,reflecting the positive role of financial support expenditure in agriculture played by national finance in increasing the farmers' income.As regards the structure of financial support expenditure in agriculture at present,according to the proportion from high to low,the expenditure primarily consists of three parts from high to low in sequence as follows:productive expenditure and funds for public undertakings,capital construction expenditure,and rural relief expenditure plus science and technology funds.Such sequence deviates from the marginal production effects of financial support expenditure in agriculture and the correlation of farmers' income,which demonstrates the severe irrationality of the structure of financial support expenditure in agriculture.Corresponding countermeasures are put forward as follows:on one hand,we should continue intensifying the efforts to support agriculture financially in order to form a regular increase mechanism;on the other hand,we should adjust and optimize the structure of financial support expenditure in agriculture,and further crystallize the investment flows.展开更多
INCO-617 alloy hollow sphere foams with average aperture of about 3 mm and about 0.12 mm wall thickness were fabricated by hollow sphere method.Firstly the wet spheres,which are formed as powder shells from slurry by ...INCO-617 alloy hollow sphere foams with average aperture of about 3 mm and about 0.12 mm wall thickness were fabricated by hollow sphere method.Firstly the wet spheres,which are formed as powder shells from slurry by coating polystyrene balls,were arranged with body-centered cubic(BCC) structure.Subsequently,the sphere stacks were heat-treated in vacuum at 350 ℃ for 40 min to decompose the organic materials,and sintered at different temperatures for different time.The effects of slurry components,sintering temperature and sintering time on the density and porosity of cell wall of hollow sphere foam were studied through Scanning Electron Microscopy.The results show that the densities of INCO-617 alloy hollow sphere foam,increasing with the increase of powder content in slurry,sintering temperature and sintering time,range from 1.112 to 1.216 g·cm-3.Extension of sintering time can reduce the porosity of cell wall,which enhances the compression strength of hollow sphere foam significantly.展开更多
In the paper, we define(inco) project modules of relatively hereditary torsion theory τ by intersection complement of module and study their properties; secondly, we define the(inco) τ-semisimple ring by(inco) τ-pr...In the paper, we define(inco) project modules of relatively hereditary torsion theory τ by intersection complement of module and study their properties; secondly, we define the(inco) τ-semisimple ring by(inco) τ-projective module and study their properties. When τ is a trivial torsion theory on R-mod, we prove that R is a semisimple ring if and only if R is a(inco) semisimple ring and satisfies(inco) condition.展开更多
基金CIBERehd was funded by the Instituto de Salud CarloⅢ
文摘AIM: To implement a quick and simple test- rapid assessment faecal incontinence score(RAFIS) and show its reliability and validity.METHODS: From March 2008 through March 2010, we evaluated a total of 261 consecutive patients, including 53 patients with faecal incontinence. Demographic and comorbidity information was collected. In a single visit, patients were administered the RAFIS. The results obtained with the new score were compared with those of both Wexner score and faecal incontinence quality of life scale(FIQL) questionnaire. The patient withoutinfluence of the surgeon completed the test. The role of surgeon was explaining the meaning of each section and how he had to fill. Reliability of the RAFIS score was measured using intra-observer agreement and Cronbach's alpha(internal consistency) coefficient. Multivariate analysis of the main components within the different scores was performed in order to determine whether all the scores measured the same factor and to conclude whether the information could be encompassed in a single factor. A sample size of 50 patients with faecal incontinence was estimated to be enough to detect a correlation of 0.55 or better at 5% level of significance with 80% power.RESULTS: We analysed the results obtained by 53 consecutive patients with faecal incontinence(median age 61.55 ± 12.49 years) in the three scoring systems. A total of 208 healthy volunteers(median age 58.41 ± 18.41 years) without faecal incontinence were included in the study as negative controls. Pearson's correlation coefficient between "state" and "leaks" was excellent(r = 0.92, P < 0.005). Internal consistency in the comparison of "state" and "leaks" yielded also excellent correlation(Cronbach's α = 0.93). Results in each score were compared using regression analysis and a correlation value of r = 0.98 was obtained with Wexner score. As regards FIQL questionnaire, the values of "r " for the different subscales of the questionnaire were: "lifestyle" r =-0.87, "coping/behaviour" r =-0.91, "depression" r =-0.36 and "embarrassment" r =-0.90,(P < 0.01). A multivariate analysis showed that all the scoring systems measured the same factor. A single factor may explain 80.84% of the variability of FI, so all the scoring systems measure the same factor. Patient's continence improves when RAFIS and Jorge-Wexner scores show low values and when the values obtained in the FIQL questionnaire are high.CONCLUSION: RAFIS is a valid and reliable tool to assess Faecal Incontinence.
基金Supported by Liaoning Academy of Social Sciences
文摘Based on the account of the vital role which the national finance played in supporting agriculture,the thesis presents the current situation of financial support for agriculture in China,in terms of the limited scale and irrational structure of financial support expenditure in agriculture.On the basis of the brief introduction of the current level of Chinese farmers' income,the thesis discusses the effects of scale and irrational structure of financial support expenditure in agriculture on the farmers' income,according to the related data of financial support expenditure in agriculture and rural per capita net income.The results indicate that the calculating regression equation has a remarkable explanation power,reflecting the positive role of financial support expenditure in agriculture played by national finance in increasing the farmers' income.As regards the structure of financial support expenditure in agriculture at present,according to the proportion from high to low,the expenditure primarily consists of three parts from high to low in sequence as follows:productive expenditure and funds for public undertakings,capital construction expenditure,and rural relief expenditure plus science and technology funds.Such sequence deviates from the marginal production effects of financial support expenditure in agriculture and the correlation of farmers' income,which demonstrates the severe irrationality of the structure of financial support expenditure in agriculture.Corresponding countermeasures are put forward as follows:on one hand,we should continue intensifying the efforts to support agriculture financially in order to form a regular increase mechanism;on the other hand,we should adjust and optimize the structure of financial support expenditure in agriculture,and further crystallize the investment flows.
文摘INCO-617 alloy hollow sphere foams with average aperture of about 3 mm and about 0.12 mm wall thickness were fabricated by hollow sphere method.Firstly the wet spheres,which are formed as powder shells from slurry by coating polystyrene balls,were arranged with body-centered cubic(BCC) structure.Subsequently,the sphere stacks were heat-treated in vacuum at 350 ℃ for 40 min to decompose the organic materials,and sintered at different temperatures for different time.The effects of slurry components,sintering temperature and sintering time on the density and porosity of cell wall of hollow sphere foam were studied through Scanning Electron Microscopy.The results show that the densities of INCO-617 alloy hollow sphere foam,increasing with the increase of powder content in slurry,sintering temperature and sintering time,range from 1.112 to 1.216 g·cm-3.Extension of sintering time can reduce the porosity of cell wall,which enhances the compression strength of hollow sphere foam significantly.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Develop Foundation of Jilin Science and Technology Department(20040506-3)
文摘In the paper, we define(inco) project modules of relatively hereditary torsion theory τ by intersection complement of module and study their properties; secondly, we define the(inco) τ-semisimple ring by(inco) τ-projective module and study their properties. When τ is a trivial torsion theory on R-mod, we prove that R is a semisimple ring if and only if R is a(inco) semisimple ring and satisfies(inco) condition.
