Projecting Wintertime Newly Formed Arctic Sea Ice through Weighting CMIP6 Model Performance and Independence

Precipitous Arctic sea-ice decline and the corresponding increase in Arctic open-water areas in summer months give more space for sea-ice growth in the subsequent cold seasons. Compared to the decline of the entire Arctic multiyear sea ice,changes in newly formed sea ice indicate more thermodynamic and dynamic information on Arctic atmosphere–ocean–ice interaction and northern mid–high latitude atmospheric teleconnections. Here, we use a large multimodel ensemble from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6) to investigate future changes in wintertime newly formed Arctic sea ice. The commonly used model-democracy approach that gives equal weight to each model essentially assumes that all models are independent and equally plausible, which contradicts with the fact that there are large interdependencies in the ensemble and discrepancies in models' performances in reproducing observations. Therefore, instead of using the arithmetic mean of well-performing models or all available models for projections like in previous studies, we employ a newly developed model weighting scheme that weights all models in the ensemble with consideration of their performance and independence to provide more reliable projections. Model democracy leads to evident bias and large intermodel spread in CMIP6 projections of newly formed Arctic sea ice. However, we show that both the bias and the intermodel spread can be effectively reduced by the weighting scheme. Projections from the weighted models indicate that wintertime newly formed Arctic sea ice is likely to increase dramatically until the middle of this century regardless of the emissions scenario.Thereafter, it may decrease(or remain stable) if the Arctic warming crosses a threshold(or is extensively constrained).

The Independence of the Learner Is the Primary Aim of the Language Teacher

In recent years, in our country, a new upsurge of learning foreignlanguage has appeared along with the deepening of reform and theflourishing of construction of China’s socialist modernization. Englishis mostly learned here because it has now become a popular language inthe world, people in many countries often communicate with each otherin English. Many native English-speakers come to China as teachers,

Research and Practice of the “Independence + Integration” Moral and Self-cultivation Teaching Method for Online Specialized Courses

In the context of the COVID-19 outbreak,online teaching has spread rapidly.However,the existing research on moral and self-cultivation teaching methods for online courses remains inadequate.This paper proposes an“independence+integration”moral and self-cultivation teaching method for online courses.The method divides the targets of moral and self-cultivation teaching into independent and integrated ones,and fits them both explicitly and implicitly into the online teaching of specialized courses in higher education.When this method was employed to teach engineering mechanics to industrial design students at a college in China,it effectively increased the students’acceptance of online courses as well as their understanding of moral and self-cultivation knowledge and the course itself,and improved the quality of online teaching.The method provides a new way of thinking about online moral and self-cultivation teaching.

Independence Polynomials and the Merrifield-Simmons Index of Mono-Layer Cylindrical Grid Graphs

Research on the independence polynomial of graphs has been very active.However,the computational complexity of determining independence polynomials for general graphs remains NP-hard.Letα(G)be the independence number of G and i(G;k)be the number of independent sets of order k in G,then the independence polynomial is defined as I(G;x)=∑_(k=0)^(α(G))i(G;k)x^(k),i(G;0)=1.In this paper,by utilizing the transfer matrix,we obtain an analytical expression for I(CGn;x)of mono-cylindrical grid graphs CGn and present a crucial proof of it.Moreover,we also explore the Merrifield-Simmons index and other properties of CGn.

THE ONLY ONE Of THE DALAI LAMAS TO PREACH 'TIBETAN INDEPENDENCE'

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The Path to Growth and Maturity for Young Students: Embracing Independence and Self- Reliance

Young students are the future of our country and the hope of our nation.The healthy growth of young students must rely on independence and self-reliance.From the perspectives of family,society,and school,this article explores the cultivation of young students’spirit of independence and self-reliance,which should be grasped from three aspects:recognizing the situation,identifying the reasons,and taking effective measures.

Analysis of the Role of Problem-Based Independent Learning Model in Teaching Cerebral Ischemic Stroke First Aid in Emergency Medicine

Objective:To analyze the effect of using a problem-based(PBL)independent learning model in teaching cerebral ischemic stroke(CIS)first aid in emergency medicine.Methods:90 interns in the emergency department of our hospital from May 2022 to May 2023 were selected for the study.They were divided into Group A(45,conventional teaching method)and Group B(45 cases,PBL independent learning model)by randomized numerical table method to compare the effects of the two groups.Results:The teaching effect indicators and student satisfaction scores in Group B were higher than those in Group A(P<0.05).Conclusion:The use of the PBL independent learning model in the teaching of CIS first aid can significantly improve the teaching effect and student satisfaction.

Analysis of the Application Value of Virtual Reality Combined with Flipped Classroom Teaching Mode in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Teaching

Objective:To analyze the value of using virtual reality combined with the flipped classroom teaching model in teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR).Methods:Two classes of our nursing program were randomly selected for the study from September 2022 to September 2023,Class A(52 students,conventional teaching method)and Class B(52 students,virtual reality combined with flipped classroom teaching mode).The assessment scores and independent learning ability scores of the students in the two classes were compared.Results:CPR theory and operation scores,passing rate,and independent learning ability scores of Class B were higher than those of Class A(P<0.05).Conclusion:the use of virtual reality combined with the flipped classroom teaching mode in CPR teaching is conducive to the improvement of students’assessment scores and independent learning ability.

Resting-state brain network remodeling after different nerve reconstruction surgeries:a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in brachial plexus injury rats

Distinct brain remodeling has been found after different nerve reconstruction strategies,including motor representation of the affected limb.However,differences among reconstruction strategies at the brain network level have not been elucidated.This study aimed to explore intranetwork changes related to altered peripheral neural pathways after different nerve reconstruction surgeries,including nerve repair,endto-end nerve transfer,and end-to-side nerve transfer.Sprague–Dawley rats underwent complete left brachial plexus transection and were divided into four equal groups of eight:no nerve repair,grafted nerve repair,phrenic nerve end-to-end transfer,and end-to-side transfer with a graft sutured to the anterior upper trunk.Resting-state brain functional magnetic resonance imaging was obtained 7 months after surgery.The independent component analysis algorithm was utilized to identify group-level network components of interest and extract resting-state functional connectivity values of each voxel within the component.Alterations in intra-network resting-state functional connectivity were compared among the groups.Target muscle reinnervation was assessed by behavioral observation(elbow flexion)and electromyography.The results showed that alterations in the sensorimotor and interoception networks were mostly related to changes in the peripheral neural pathway.Nerve repair was related to enhanced connectivity within the sensorimotor network,while end-to-side nerve transfer might be more beneficial for restoring control over the affected limb by the original motor representation.The thalamic-cortical pathway was enhanced within the interoception network after nerve repair and end-to-end nerve transfer.Brain areas related to cognition and emotion were enhanced after end-to-side nerve transfer.Our study revealed important brain networks related to different nerve reconstructions.These networks may be potential targets for enhancing motor recovery.

Quasi-χ~2 Distribution and the Independence of Wishart Distribution

In this paper, the authors generalize the definition of χ 2 distribution and introduce a quasi χ 2 distribution, and then prove several properties of it, find the necessary and sufficient conditions of independence about multivariate normal distributions, matrix normal distributions and two parts of the Wishart distribution.

Research into the Application of Cooperative Learning to English Reading Teaching of Art Majors in Independent Colleges

This paper first stated some related theories of cooperative learning and English reading teaching.And then an applicationof cooperative learning in English reading teaching of art majors in independent college is implemented based on these literature re-views.The aim of the experiment is to explore the impact of the application of cooperative learning strategies.It mainly discussedthe following questions:(1)Can the group cooperative learning improve students'reading achievement?(2)What factors contributeto the success/failure of cooperative learning?(3)What are the favorite cooperative learning models in reading classes?The experi-ment proved that cooperative learning does not truly improve art students’reading achievement in independent college,but it real-ly has a positive role in promoting the students'learning interest,motivation and emotional attitude.The experiment also indicatesthat cooperative learning is still a valuable teaching strategy for applying,and GI,LT,TGT and other cooperative learning modelare welcomed by classmates.

Independence Test of Wheat Head Blight Infection

The relationship between wheat varieties and occurrence of head blight was discussed, the independence test was carried out by using contingency table.

The Use of Field Dependence/Independence in Language Acquisition

Field dependence/independence in Language Acquisition are discussed by many language learners.In this article,we will mainly focus on talking about the cognitive style,including the concept of Field-dependence/independence,their character istics and differences and functions in language acquisition.

To Improve Students'Linguistic Performance & Independent Thinking Abilities in Business English Teaching

Business English is a required course for English majors.By learning the course,students can know the necessary business knowledge and improve their linguistic performance and independent thinking abilities under the systematic background knowledge of industry & business theory and practice.It will be the strong foundations for students'better future career.

The Integration of Sports Specialty English and College English Teaching in the Independent Colleges

At the present time,there are many imbalances in sports specialty English teaching in the independent colleges such as emphasis on basic English teaching while ignoring sports specialty English teaching, unreasonable application of modern information technology, imbalance of English teachers' knowledge structure in sports specialty, etc. As for the English teaching in sports specialty in the independent college,it is necessary to build college English curriculum system with the attributes of sports education.

NONNULL DISTRIBUTION OF THE LIKELIHOOD RATIO CRITERION FOR TESTING THE EQUALITY OF DIAGONAL BLOCKS WITH BLOCKWISE INDEPENDENCE

In this paper, the nonnull moments and the distributions of the likelihood ratio criterion for testing the equality of diagonal blocks with blockwise independence under certain alternatives have derived.

Preliminary Discussion on the ESP Teaching for Civil Engineering Majors of Independent Colleges

In independent colleges, English for civil engineering majors is not a main course. Accompanied by China's accession to WTO and the deepening global economic integration, civil engineering industry enhances international exchanges and cooperation.In order to further adapt to the international community and the market demand, English for civil engineering majors is becoming more and more important to the graduates who graduate from this major. Discussion on the English teaching situation and the existing issues for civil engineering majors of independent colleges from teaching methods, by putting forward some suggestions, help to improve English teaching level of civil engineering majors of independent colleges.

Prediction of Hydrothermal Copper, Gold, Silver and Lead-Zinc in Northwestern Yunnan Using Weight of Evidence Model

This paper discusses the application of the model in predicting for hydrothermal Cu, Ag, Au and Pb-Zn occurrences in northwestern Yunnan. Geochemical, lineament and lithology data were the selected recognition criteria. The mentioned criteria varied against 75 known hydrothermal occurrences; the geochemical data had a weight of （W^＋= 1. 209 7, W^- =-0. 748 1） being the maximum among the three and the rest lineament and lithology have （W^＋= 0.7424, W^-= -0.449 6）, （W^＋= 0.378 7,W^-=-0.6243） respectively. The application was successful since the predicted results covers about 70% of the known deposits and predicted unknown areas.

On the connotation, challenge and significance of China’s “energy independence” strategy

The world’s energy is in the "third major transformation period" from fossil energy to new energy, and all countries in the world have formulated energy development strategies. Through advanced deployment, the United States is about to achieve "energy independence" relying on "unconventional oil and gas revolution". China’s energy development is faced with four challenges:(1) The population base and economic development scale determine the "totally huge amount" of energy consumption;(2) the "coal rich but oil and gas insufficient" resource structure determines the "unclean" energy consuming structure;(3) the increasing dependence on imported oil and gas determines the "unsafe" energy supply;and(4) the unconventional oil and gas endowment makes it impossible to achieve energy independence by copying the American model. From the perspective of the world energy trend and the unique situation of China’s energy, we put forward a "three-step" strategy for China to achieve "energy independence": From 2020 to 2035, "energy supply security" will be addressed by "cleaning coal, stabilizing oil and gas production and vigorously developing new alternative energy";from 2035 to 2050, the vision of "production independence" will be realized by relying on "domestic production and overseas oil and gas mining rights";from 2050 to 2100, "intelligent energy and new energy" will help China realize "energy independence". The two important signs of China’s "energy independence" are that domestic production accounts for more than 90% of the domestic consumption and clean energy production accounts for more than 70%, and energy security realizes "independence and self-control" and "long-term security". The strategic significance of "energy independence" is to ensure national energy security, drive the development of relevant major industries, achieve energy management reform, and implement the environmental protection goal of zero carbon emissions. The "energy independence" of China is a strategic mission, it might be fulfilled in the future with the growth of the state’s power, even when the domestic energy production does not catch up with the domestic consumption. Perhaps the world’s new technological revolution will exceed expectations, and China’s "energy independence" dream will eventually come true.

Sub-independence-spaces

Cleverly using the relation of independence spaces and B-matroids, this paper firstly deals with the properties of the closure operator of an independence space, followed by presenting the definitions and solving some relative properties for the sub-independence spaces of an independence space with the help of circuits.