Xu et al used the HOMA2 model to estimate theβ-cell function and insulin resistance levels in an individual from simultaneously measured fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin levels.This method is based o...Xu et al used the HOMA2 model to estimate theβ-cell function and insulin resistance levels in an individual from simultaneously measured fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin levels.This method is based on the assumption that the glucose-insulin axis is central for the metabolic activities,which led to type 2 diabetes.However,significant downregulation of both the NKX2-1 gene and the TPD52L3 gene force an increase in the release of free fatty acids(FFAs)into the blood circulation,which leads to a marked reduction in membrane flexibility.These data favor a FFA-glucose-insulin axis.The authors are invited to extend their study with the introduction of the saturation index(number of carbon-carbon double bonds per 100 fatty-acyl chains),as observed in erythrocytes.展开更多
ResearchGate is a world wide web for scientists and researchers to share papers,ask and answer questions,and find collaborators.As one of the more than 15 million members,the author uploads research output and reads a...ResearchGate is a world wide web for scientists and researchers to share papers,ask and answer questions,and find collaborators.As one of the more than 15 million members,the author uploads research output and reads and responds to some of the questions raised,which are related to type 2 diabetes.In that way,he noticed a serious gap of knowledge of this disease among medical professionals over recent decades.The main aim of the current study is to remedy this situation through providing a comprehensive review on recent developments in biochemistry and molecular biology,which can be helpful for the scientific understanding of the molecular nature of type 2 diabetes.To fill up the shortcomings in the curricula of medical education,and to familiarize the medical community with a new concept of the onset of type 2 diabetes,items are discussed like:Insulin resistance,glucose effectiveness,insulin sensitivity,cell membranes,membrane flexibility,unsaturation index(UI;number of carboncarbon double bonds per 100 acyl chains of membrane phospholipids),slowdown principle,effects of temperature acclimation on phospholipid membrane composition,free fatty acids,energy transport,onset of type 2 diabetes,metformin,and exercise.Based on the reviewed data,a new model is presented with proposed steps in the development of type 2 diabetes,a disease arising as a result of a hypothetical hereditary anomaly,which causes hyperthermia in and around the mitochondria.Hyperthermia is counterbalanced by the slow-down principle,which lowers the amount of carbon-carbon double bonds of membrane phospholipid acyl chains.The accompanying reduction in the UI lowers membrane flexibility,promotes a redistribution of the lateral pressure in cell membranes,and thereby reduces the glucose transporter protein pore diameter of the transmembrane glucose transport channel of all Class I GLUT proteins.These events will set up a reduction in transmembrane glucose transport.So,a new blood glucose regulation system,effective in type 2 diabetes and its prediabetic phase,is based on variations in the acyl composition of phospholipids and operates independent of changes in insulin and glucose concentration.UI assessment is currently arising as a promising analytical technology for a membrane flexibility analysis.An increase in mitochondrial heat production plays a pivotal role in the existence of this regulation system.展开更多
A useful parameter for interpreting analyses of membrane fatty-acid composition is the unsaturation index(UI),a measure of unsaturation that is calculated as the mean number of cis double bonds per fatty-acid residue ...A useful parameter for interpreting analyses of membrane fatty-acid composition is the unsaturation index(UI),a measure of unsaturation that is calculated as the mean number of cis double bonds per fatty-acid residue multiplied by 100.The UI is a fundamental parameter that contains information about many membrane biophysical properties and behavior.UI is a crucial index for type 2 diabetes(T2D) and other disorders,yet it is not properly considered in the scientific community.The goal of the present editorial is to familiarize the scientific T2 D community with the UI.The idea of early systemic cell-membrane disease necessitates new thinking andsuggests that UI should feature prominently on the research agenda.展开更多
文摘Xu et al used the HOMA2 model to estimate theβ-cell function and insulin resistance levels in an individual from simultaneously measured fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin levels.This method is based on the assumption that the glucose-insulin axis is central for the metabolic activities,which led to type 2 diabetes.However,significant downregulation of both the NKX2-1 gene and the TPD52L3 gene force an increase in the release of free fatty acids(FFAs)into the blood circulation,which leads to a marked reduction in membrane flexibility.These data favor a FFA-glucose-insulin axis.The authors are invited to extend their study with the introduction of the saturation index(number of carbon-carbon double bonds per 100 fatty-acyl chains),as observed in erythrocytes.
文摘ResearchGate is a world wide web for scientists and researchers to share papers,ask and answer questions,and find collaborators.As one of the more than 15 million members,the author uploads research output and reads and responds to some of the questions raised,which are related to type 2 diabetes.In that way,he noticed a serious gap of knowledge of this disease among medical professionals over recent decades.The main aim of the current study is to remedy this situation through providing a comprehensive review on recent developments in biochemistry and molecular biology,which can be helpful for the scientific understanding of the molecular nature of type 2 diabetes.To fill up the shortcomings in the curricula of medical education,and to familiarize the medical community with a new concept of the onset of type 2 diabetes,items are discussed like:Insulin resistance,glucose effectiveness,insulin sensitivity,cell membranes,membrane flexibility,unsaturation index(UI;number of carboncarbon double bonds per 100 acyl chains of membrane phospholipids),slowdown principle,effects of temperature acclimation on phospholipid membrane composition,free fatty acids,energy transport,onset of type 2 diabetes,metformin,and exercise.Based on the reviewed data,a new model is presented with proposed steps in the development of type 2 diabetes,a disease arising as a result of a hypothetical hereditary anomaly,which causes hyperthermia in and around the mitochondria.Hyperthermia is counterbalanced by the slow-down principle,which lowers the amount of carbon-carbon double bonds of membrane phospholipid acyl chains.The accompanying reduction in the UI lowers membrane flexibility,promotes a redistribution of the lateral pressure in cell membranes,and thereby reduces the glucose transporter protein pore diameter of the transmembrane glucose transport channel of all Class I GLUT proteins.These events will set up a reduction in transmembrane glucose transport.So,a new blood glucose regulation system,effective in type 2 diabetes and its prediabetic phase,is based on variations in the acyl composition of phospholipids and operates independent of changes in insulin and glucose concentration.UI assessment is currently arising as a promising analytical technology for a membrane flexibility analysis.An increase in mitochondrial heat production plays a pivotal role in the existence of this regulation system.
文摘A useful parameter for interpreting analyses of membrane fatty-acid composition is the unsaturation index(UI),a measure of unsaturation that is calculated as the mean number of cis double bonds per fatty-acid residue multiplied by 100.The UI is a fundamental parameter that contains information about many membrane biophysical properties and behavior.UI is a crucial index for type 2 diabetes(T2D) and other disorders,yet it is not properly considered in the scientific community.The goal of the present editorial is to familiarize the scientific T2 D community with the UI.The idea of early systemic cell-membrane disease necessitates new thinking andsuggests that UI should feature prominently on the research agenda.
