Ancient India and Africa had thousands of years of early economic and cultural exchanges based on the basis of spontaneous equality.As the two sides gradually became colonies of Western countries,they passively change...Ancient India and Africa had thousands of years of early economic and cultural exchanges based on the basis of spontaneous equality.As the two sides gradually became colonies of Western countries,they passively changed their original communication methods and modes,and even partly changed them.The relationship between India and Africa during this period was linked to the growth and decline of Western powers in the Indian Ocean region,reflecting the internal governance methods and foreign relations concepts of the non-colonial rulers of India.It has generally experienced the Portuguese colonial period,the period of hegemony and the period of British rule.In a large period of time,the sub-stages such as the rule of the Mughal Empire and the British East India Company can also be detailed.Together,they present a relatively unique picture of historical exchanges between colonial Indo-African countries or regions.展开更多
The review traces the unfolding of HIV epidemic in North India. The first few cases were reported in 1989 in Indians returning from African countries like Uganda, Zambia and a trickle from USA. Subsequently the cases ...The review traces the unfolding of HIV epidemic in North India. The first few cases were reported in 1989 in Indians returning from African countries like Uganda, Zambia and a trickle from USA. Subsequently the cases started pouring from coastal areas of Mumbai, Chennai and finally the virus spread all over through rail and road. In the North eastern region or the golden triangle, IV drug users formed a major group. Using a simple peptide ELISA, it was documented that the virus belonged to the NOF strain. This was much before clades were identified using molecular analysis. It appears that the HIV virus followed the drug (mandrax) route between Mumbai and South Africa. An alarming rise was observed among truck drivers fuelling HIV in Punjab villages who indulged in promiscuous behavior in road side making shift brothels near eating kiosks. Special customs in the state also flared the spread. During the early epidemic a very high prevalence was shown in blood transfused individuals (12.5%) which dropped to 2% -3% after aggressive measures taken by the NACO. While HIV positivity rates plateaued in some states by 2004, infection in Punjab continued to rise even after 2005. Kaposi sarcoma is almost unknown in Indian patients while TB and candida formed major co-infections. In one study, subtype V3 -V5 region chimeras of Indian clade C and clade B replicated freely in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and macrophages and showed higher HIV replication. Opt-out screening was started in an emergency setting in a tertiary care hospital. The positivity rate was 20/per thousand. Thus a large number of patients would have been missed if opt-out screening was not resorted to.展开更多
基金supported by“the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities”in South China University of Technology,project No:XYMS202008.
文摘Ancient India and Africa had thousands of years of early economic and cultural exchanges based on the basis of spontaneous equality.As the two sides gradually became colonies of Western countries,they passively changed their original communication methods and modes,and even partly changed them.The relationship between India and Africa during this period was linked to the growth and decline of Western powers in the Indian Ocean region,reflecting the internal governance methods and foreign relations concepts of the non-colonial rulers of India.It has generally experienced the Portuguese colonial period,the period of hegemony and the period of British rule.In a large period of time,the sub-stages such as the rule of the Mughal Empire and the British East India Company can also be detailed.Together,they present a relatively unique picture of historical exchanges between colonial Indo-African countries or regions.
文摘The review traces the unfolding of HIV epidemic in North India. The first few cases were reported in 1989 in Indians returning from African countries like Uganda, Zambia and a trickle from USA. Subsequently the cases started pouring from coastal areas of Mumbai, Chennai and finally the virus spread all over through rail and road. In the North eastern region or the golden triangle, IV drug users formed a major group. Using a simple peptide ELISA, it was documented that the virus belonged to the NOF strain. This was much before clades were identified using molecular analysis. It appears that the HIV virus followed the drug (mandrax) route between Mumbai and South Africa. An alarming rise was observed among truck drivers fuelling HIV in Punjab villages who indulged in promiscuous behavior in road side making shift brothels near eating kiosks. Special customs in the state also flared the spread. During the early epidemic a very high prevalence was shown in blood transfused individuals (12.5%) which dropped to 2% -3% after aggressive measures taken by the NACO. While HIV positivity rates plateaued in some states by 2004, infection in Punjab continued to rise even after 2005. Kaposi sarcoma is almost unknown in Indian patients while TB and candida formed major co-infections. In one study, subtype V3 -V5 region chimeras of Indian clade C and clade B replicated freely in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and macrophages and showed higher HIV replication. Opt-out screening was started in an emergency setting in a tertiary care hospital. The positivity rate was 20/per thousand. Thus a large number of patients would have been missed if opt-out screening was not resorted to.
