Non-governmental organizations'influence on tackling black carbon in the shipping industry

This paper reviews the achievements of some typical non-governmental organizations （NGOs） in reducing black carbon emissions from shipping which enjoy the consultative status offered by the International Maritime Organization. It discusses the roles of the specific NGOs in dealing with black carbon in the Arctic region from the perspective of global governance to gain insights to guide our involvements in the Arctic affairs and shipping in the region by taking the advantages of NGOs＇ influence on the proceedings of international negotiations, our national policy development, the improvement of industrial practices and public perceptions.

General Elements of the ICAO-International Civil Aviation Organization Activities

The International Civil Aviation Organization （ICAO） is a specialized agency of the United Nations. Functionally, it has emerged as the organizational necessity of both the universal complex structure and the importance of its overall activity. It was created on the basis of Article 57 of the United Nations Charter, stipulating that the specialized UN agencies are autonomous international organizations. They enjoy their autonomy on the basis of the contract they were established by, being engaged in activities within the United Nations system. On the territories the organization member states comprise, they enjoy privileges and immunities, having the international legal capacity to carry out their activities in accordance to the Statute. The 1944 Multilateral Convention was to establish both protection and efficient development of international civil aviation. In accordance to that rights and obligations of member states were established. It is of a special importance to emphasize obligation of parties to take their parts in both co-operation and programs aimed at improvement of international transport, navigational equipment, and installations. In the globalized world of today, air traffic is an irreplaceable part of the system of communication. It enables fast and timely business contacts between the people from various continents, as well as transport of goods.

Employment and Performance of Agricultural Graduates： Who Are We Training for？

The fit-for purpose of agricultural graduates in the job market remains a challenge to agricultural training and education despite the active involvement of farmer organizations, non-governmental organizations （NGOs）, and agribusiness in the agriculture job market. This paper traces： （1） the employment of agricultural graduates in the last 10 years in Mali, Republic of Congo, Ghana, and the Gambia; and （2） through a case study, assesses the attitudinal and mindset change in the way research for development is conducted by research staff of the National Agricultural Research Institute （NARI） of the Gambia. Not surprisingly, the public sector consistently employed more agricultural graduates in all four countries. The next highest employer of agricultural graduates was the NGOs, followed by agribusiness. Positive attitudinal and mindset change among research staff and their collaborators in the Gambia was enhanced when collaborative learning and coaching and mentoring in managerial and financial skills enhancement complemented technical skills improvements. Employers indicated strong preference for graduates in agricultural engineering and farm machinery; agricultural economics with emphasis on farm management; innovation systems and value chains; and information communication technology including report writing. Farmers＇ organizations showed particular interest in interpersonal skills; participatory technology development and dissemination; and appreciation of socio-cultural contexts including farmer innovations. In Mali, Ghana and the Gambia, employers reported that 4%-14% of the agricultural graduates they hired were women.

Social donation and university development:a comparative analysis between China’s and America’s endowment for public education

Social donation is a means for individuals,government organizations,and non-government organizations(NGOs)to provide public products and services for society.Seeking social donation is vital in the improvement of the university.This paper probes into the relationship between social donation and university development by comparing social donation levels and practices in China with those in the U.S.The main reasons why social donations in Chinese universities are relatively low are as follows:(1)independent NGOs have not been formed;(2)the system and mechanism of social donation are not perfect,and(3)many restricting factors of social culture still exist in China.