Indirect reduction technique using a distraction support in minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis of tibial shaft fractures

Purpose： To describe an indirect reduction technique during minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis （MIPPO） of tibial shaft fractures with the use of a distraction support. Methods： Between March 2011 and October 2014, 52 patients with a mean age of 48 years （16-72 years） sustaining tibial shaft fractures were included. All the patients underwent MIPPO for the fractures using a distraction support prior to insertion of the plate. Fracture angular deformity was assessed by goniometer measurement on preoperative and postoperative images. Results： Preoperative radiographs revealed a mean of 7.6°（1.2°-28°） angulation in coronal plane and a mean of 6.8°（0.5°-19°） angulation in sagittal plane. Postoperative anteroposterior and lateral radio graphs showed a mean of 0.8°（0°-4.0°） and 0.6°00-3.6°） of varusvalgus and apex anterior/posterior angulation, respectively. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were noted. Conclusions： This study suggests that the distraction support during MIPPO of tibial shaft fractures is an effective and safe method with no associated complications.

Indirect Electrochemical Reduction of Indanthrene Brilliant Green FFB

The indirect electrochemical reduction of Indanthrene Brilliant Green FFB （IBG） was investigated in detail by cyclic voltammetry and electrolytic experiments.Triethanolamine （TEA） was used as ligand to form elec-trochemically active Fe（III）-complexes in alkaline solution.The effects of operating parameters including reaction temperature,current density,concentration of NaOH and Fe（III）-TEA mediator had been studied by orthogonal ex-periments and the mechanism of radicals on electrochemical reduction was discussed.The cyclic voltammetry ex-perimental results show that Fe（III）-TEA complexes are well suited for the indirect electrochemical reduction of IBG.The electrolytic experiments show that high current efficiency （49.9%） can be successfully achieved under op-timized conditions and the current density is found to be the main influence factor.

Indirect Carbon Reduction Path from the Perspective of Urban Climate Adaptation Planning

Since the 21^(st)century,the problem of global warming has been prominent,and the problem of climate change has attracted worldwide attention.All countries have issued urban climate adaptation planning policy documents to address the current climate problem.At the same time,the proposal of the“double carbon”vision allows us to focus on the carbon emission reduction of cities and buildings.In addition to the implementation of the direct carbon reduction approach in the whole life cycle of construction,the functional role of indirect carbon reduction cannot be underestimated.By analyzing the domestic and foreign urban climate adaptation planning policy documents,summarizing the indirect carbon reduction approaches,and analyzing the feasibility of the indirect carbon reduction and emission reduction methods from the perspective of urban climate adaptation planning,the indirect carbon reduction adaptation strategy is proposed,which provides a reference for the implementation of urban climate adaptation planning and the target completion of reaching the carbon neutralization and peak on time.

Indirect photocatalytic reduction of arsenate to arsenite in aqueous solution with TiO_2 in the presence of hole scavengers

The indirect photocatalytic reduction of arsenate to arsenite in aqueous solution with titanium dioxide(TiO_2)was investigated with various hole scavengers such as methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, formaldehyde, acetone,formic acid and acetic acid. Although the direct photocatalytic reduction of arsenate to arsenite with TiO_2 was impossible, an indirect reduction of As(V) was possible in the presence of sacrificial electron donors to form strongly reductive radicals. The addition of ethanol was very effective for indirect photocatalytic reduction of As(V) in aqueous solution with TiO_2 photocatalyst. The indirect photocatalytic reduction rate of As(V) may be related with both the reaction rate constants of reaction of hydroxyl radicals with hole scavenger and the reactivities for the radicals M· which are produced by the reaction of ·OH with hole scavenger.