Prevalence and Individual-Level Determinants of Uptake of Three or More Doses of Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine for Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy in Busia County, Kenya

Background: Malaria in pregnancy causes maternal anemia, low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, and preterm deliveries. In malaria-endemic regions in Kenya, percentage of pregnant women hospitalized with malaria reach up to 60%. WHO recommends at least three doses of sulphadoxine pyrimethamine for Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy (IPTp) antenatally. This study sought to ascertain the prevalence and individual-level factors influencing the uptake of IPTp-SP3+. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study at Busia County Referral Hospital. 384 mothers were consecutively sampled at the maternity unit during delivery. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Odds ratio (OR) and adjusted OR were used to determine statistical significance of individual factors influencing uptake of three or more IPTp-SP. Results: 43.0% of participants took IPTp-SP3+. Individual factors that affected the uptake of IPTp-SP3+ included starting ANC visits in the first trimester (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.23 – 3.67, p = 0.046), having more than four ANC visits (aOR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.49 – 6.50, p = 0.002), having a higher monthly income (aOR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.24 – 5.36, p = 0.012), being aware of the advantages of IPTp-SP medications (aOR = 3.7, 95% CI: 1.40 – 9.74, p = 0.008), and having a positive attitude toward ANC services (aOR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.61 – 6.31, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Less than half of the pregnant mothers are complyingIPTp-SP3+. There should be aggressive efforts by the County and National Ministries of Health promoting initiation of ANC attendance early and attendance of all the recommended eight visits together with ensuring availability of the drugs.

Local HIV/AIDS NGOs and Client Satisfaction: Dimensions and Explanatory Factors through a Multilevel Regression Analysis

Background: HIV/AIDS Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Benin can use evaluations (including client satisfaction surveys) as tools to improve the effectiveness of their interventions. Objective: It is to identify the dimensions of NGO clients’ satisfaction and their associated factors. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 2413 clients receiving both preventive and curative services from 31 NGOs working in HIV/AIDS prevention-screening and providing care to persons living with HIV. Results: We identified four dimensions of satisfaction relevant to our setting: reception and humane attitude, accessibility of care and resources, staff availability and competence and continuity of care. Individual factors [(age positively and gender (men negatively)] statistically significantly influenced global satisfaction and three of its four dimensions but the strength of these associations was too weak. Concerning organizational factors, involvement in evaluation had a negative effect on reception and humane attitude. A local source as principal source of funding was associated with greater satisfaction with accessibility of care and resources, while foreign partners as the principal source of funding were associated with greater satisfaction in terms of both global satisfaction and its dimensions, except for continuity of care. Organizational factors explain from 12.5% to 15.6% of the variance of global satisfaction and its dimensions (except for continuity of care). Conclusion: These information on the global satisfaction and its dimensions as well as the influencing factors are important for NGOs and their partners as these can help them to plan and implement actions to improve performance.

Factors Affecting Nurses’ Turnover in Alhassa Governmental Hospitals

Nurse turnover can negatively impact delivering patient care in the health facilities which will affect the patient’s health and reduce the quality of care. The MOH faces a serious challenge or high nursing staff turnover and the intention to leave the workforce. Aim: To explore one of the significant human recourse problems in the MOH and affecting the healthcare system, which is, factors affecting nurses’ turnover in governmental hospitals using Alhassa governmental hospitals as a case study. Method: A quantitative research method used to explore the factors affecting nurses’ turnover in the governmental hospitals in Alhassa. Result: According to the study finding, management style was a factor more likely to indicate nurses’ turnover. It defines the impact of management style and works environment on nurses’ and clients’ systems. Individual factors were the second influence on their turnover. The balance between nurses’ work and their family need was the first issue that had affected their work. Organization factors are also an influence on the nurses’ turnover in Alhassa region. Conclusion: Nurses’ turnover is a significant issue in a human resource in MOH. This study first applied in Alhassa region that highlighted the factors that affect nurses’ turnover. Nurses’ turnover is a continuous problem that occurs in the health facilities related to management method causes, personal causes or organizational causes. Management style was the most influences on nurses’ turnover in this study changing or modifying management style that can intent nurses to continue their work in the hospital in Alhassa region.

A probe into social media users- Based on the ＂Actual Man＂ theory of Marxism

Social media users attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad.This paper conducted a detailed literature review and prposed an analytical framework to define and conceptualize social media users on the ＂Actual Man＂ theory of Marxism.Furthermore, the paper generalizes three research levels, including the individual level,the gruop level and the materialism level.This study can improve understanding of the users＇ behavior in the social media virtue world as well as provide references for advanced researehe~

Blood pressure differences in people with various individual characteristics in Guangdong Province

Objective To study the differences in blood pressure (BP) levels and the main factors raising BP among the population in Guangdong Province. Methods The data analyzed stem from the sampling survey of hypertension in Guangdong Province in 1991, covering 42, 894 subjects over 15 years old. Individual characteristics included age, sex, occupation, education, smoking, alcohol drinking and body mass index (BMI) . Results Systolic and diastolic BP increased with age. The hypertension prevalence rate in male is higher than in female. The age - adjusted prevalence rate in office personnel is the highest (12.9 % ) among all occupations. It was increased with education level and BMI (in people educated at university and over is 13. 1 % ), and higher in smokers and alcohol-drinkers than non-smokers and non -alcohol-drinkers. Conclusions Age, occupation, education, smoking, alcohol drinking and BMI all effect BP. These risk factors should be reduced in the Guangdong population.

A CONSIDERATION OF DIFFERENT INDIVIDUAL FACTORS IN CLASSROOM LANGUAGE TEACHING

Students’ individual differences pose a challenge to language teachers and influence the way in which a foreign language is learned. We are therefore invited to consider the role of our students’ personalities,motivation and cognitive styles in the language classroom. LANGUAGE teaching would be much easier if all students were alike. The number of instructional decisions would be greatly reduced; teaching methods would be rather simpler; lesson designs would not have to be modified; teachers would not have to consider alternative procedures; teacher-student