Pragmatist View of Human Rights:Theoretical Explanations of China’s Human Rights Practice

The pragmatist view of human rights represents a the-oretical condensation of the Chinese practice in human rights devel-opment.In view of the problem of circular idling between rights and claims caused by the traditional view of human rights of focusing on contents and not valuing implementation,social segmentation caused by empty talks on interests and claims while ignoring social develop-ment,and the phenomenon of the issue of human rights completely becoming empty and useless political rhetoric,the pragmatic view of human rights,based on the fact that there is a gap between the claims and realization of human rights,emphasizes that instead of blindly ex-panding the types of rights in term of text,it is better to base on prac-tice and promote the maximum realization of existing rights through development.The pragmatist view of human rights attaches impor-tance to relevant economic,social and cultural basis to promote the realization of human rights,rather than only focusing on the claims themselves;it pays greater attention to enhancing the realization of rights,rather than the distribution of rights under the total limit;it ad-vocates more for cooperativism in the realization of rights,rather than confrontation.The pragmatic concept of human rights takes Marxism as its theoretical basis and the gene of practice and the dimension of development as its theoretical characteristics,and promotes the devel-opment of human rights through the realization of rights.

Consular Notification Practice from the Perspective of International Human Rights Protection

The development of the humanization of international law has driven innovations in consular law.Consular treaties tra-ditionally governing consular relations among states have begun to incorporate provisions for the protection of individual rights.Article 36(1)of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations is seen as a“rights-empowering”clause,endowing consular notification with dual rights attributes and obligations and triggering consular assistance and protection mechanisms.Bilateral consular practices of states have also led to the customary implementation of mandatory notification duties,with consular notification evolving into a widespread state practice.Human rights documents,represented by the core United Nations human rights treaties,have gradually incorporated consular notification provisions,further reinforcing its procedural value in the human rights law implementation mechanism.In death penalty cases,international human rights bodies have promoted the human rights enhancement of“consular access”through consular notification,with specific recommendations and information-sharing mechanisms that will significantly advance the human rights enhancement process of consular notification.

Double Misplaces of SOE＇s Ownership and the Loss of Claim Rights

Modem enterprise theory defines onterprise＇s ownership through the concepts of residual rights of control and claim to residue. It also believes that when they are in homologous, the ownership of enterprise can be arranged in the best place. When the enterprise is under normal run, shareholders are its owner, but when it goes into bankruptcy, claimers should take place of shareholders becoming the owner of the enterprise. But in China, the ownership of state-owned enterprise （SEE） goes into double misplaces. Management controls the enterprise under the normal run, which leads salaries to seize the earnings and share equities. The state who acts as the shareholder not only lessens investments but also fixes its earnings as much as possible. It gives up the claim to residue, which leads claimers to bear the enterprise＇s residual risks （when the residual income is negative）. When the enterprise goes into bankruptcy, as the shareholder, the state determines whether it can exist or not in order to maximize its own utility. Rights of claimer are being seriously damaged as they can be manipulated freely in the enterprise. Banks＇ bad debts are also in an extremely high level. In this article, the author will establish a model and use the relative data to do technical analysis.

Third-Generation Human Rights＂ A Tragic Illusion

This paper deals with the applicability of human rights in general and of third-generation human right in particular. It offers an explanation of the pathetic status of human rights and suggests an alternative approach towards ＂third-generation＂ human rights, i.e., the rights of communities. It argues that since an immanent dichotomy exists between the political aspect of human rights--the fact that their addressee is the state government--and their universal aspect, i.e., the fact that they belong to everyone and their fulfillment is demanded by international bodies, very often their possessors cannot capitalize them. Third-generation human rights encounter additional problems. Very often their respondent--the state government----cannot comply with their demands, and according to the Kantian principle ＂Ought Implies Can,＂ they should be addressed towards someone who can in fact fulfill them. This article thus suggests addressing third-generation human rights towards the international community. This may exclude them from the current category of human rights, and create the need to establish a new category such as Community Rights. Such classification may bear the advantage of making these rights more applicable and accessible than they are at present.

Guarantee of Individualized Education Right for Children with Disabilities in China: A Study on the Compulsory Education Stage

The Regulation on the Education of Persons with Disabilities, which came into effect in 2017, stipulates for the first time disabled children’s right to individualized education, clarifies the subjects who determine and influence the individualized education that disabled children receive, and determines the procedures for disabled children to receive individualized education. However, compared to the subjects that determine disabled children’s right to individualized education and procedural provisions as stipulated in the U.S. laws such as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990, the Regulation on the Education of Persons with Disabilities in China has some problems, including inadequate participation of disabled children and their parents and incomplete relief settlement mechanism. China should further improve the legal provisions relating to disabled children’s right to individualized education, and safeguard the right of participation and the right to relief of disabled children and their parents.

Five Years after the Entry of Force of the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights: Some Observations

The optional Protocol to the international covenant on economic, Social and cultural Right was adopted in 2008 and entered into force in 2013? During the five years after its entry into force, 23 States have ratified the optional Protocol, and 23 individual communications have been submitted to the committee on economic,Social and cultural Rights? comparing with the acceptance of individual communication procedures under other core international human rights treaties, the record of ratification of the optional Protocol is not satisfactory? in its examination of individual communications,the committee on economic, Social and cultural Rights has made detailed reasoning, extensively referred to its previous general comments, and in case of violations found, suggested both specific and general remedies? in its practice of examining individual communications, the committee on economic, Social and cultural Rights needs to clarify and define the rights under the covenant and their corresponding obligations, while maintaining its nature and role as a supervisory body, without expanding its competence to an unacceptable extent?

Research on the System of Preliminary Registration in the Property Right Law of China

In property transactions,there are many reasons for the debt agreement and the property registration that cause some timeinterval,which can easily lead to acts of infringing upon the interests of creditors,for example, a thing sold to different people at the sametime.Because in a number of transactions,the effectiveness of each contract is independent of each other, and this can lead to the occurrenceof credit,and each claim has the function of mutual tolerance and equality.Then set up multiple claims on the same item,the ownership of theproperty is difficult to determine because there is no priority.In order to ensure the realization of coming property rights,it is particularly importantto apply for preliminary registration to the registration authority.

民法典中生态环境损害赔偿责任体例疏释

《中华人民共和国民法典》第1234条、第1235条将生态环境损害赔偿责任拆分成“两类六种”责任形态并列规定,这一制度体例承袭民事责任以责任后果的形态分别列举的体例。从历史面向看,这一体例既受移植苏联在总则中规定民事责任的影响,也与计划经济时期公法责任冲击民法的历史过程相关。然而,民法典编纂过程中并未对这一体例予以矫正,反而将其应用到生态环境损害责任的立法中。从现实面向看,尽管这一体例的形成具有一定的偶然性,但随着对民法典的本土化研究,这一体例所体现的“权利-义务-责任”体系被赋予了取代“权利-请求权”体系的新功能,并且使生态环境损害赔偿规避了环境权的争论得以直接以责任的形式规定。但由于其遮蔽了责任后果与责任原因之间的关联,使分别列举的责任后果的适用逻辑不清晰,致使生态环境损害赔偿责任司法实务中存在赔偿不足或赔偿冗赘的现象。在当前制度环境下,欲在保持现有的生态环境损害赔偿责任体例的前提下理顺生态环境损害赔偿责任的适用逻辑,需在学理层面将其与责任原因相连结。

民法教学中的“一体化”思维模式培养

民法作为法学教学中最重要的一门专业课之一,一直面临一个不可回避的困难,即民法下属各分支领域之间的“思维壁垒”。为突破此困难,文章以请求权,这个民法理论和实践上的双重核心概念为支点,提出以“一体化”民事法律思维培养为中心的教学理念,并以“债权”,这个民法中最复杂、最特殊、最重要的分支为例,详细论证“一体化”思维模式培养的三个教学模块,即债权请求权的分类体系、债权请求权的抗辩体系和债权请求权的后置程序。同时根据上述内容改变传统的案例教学方法,形成一套能够适应“一体化”思维模式培养要求的案例教学方法。

第三人代缴税款的逻辑证成与制度构建研究

第三人代缴税款或能化解“先税后证”形成的僵局,或是税收法定下双方合意实现交易目的的结果,在有助于财政目的实现的同时并未影响税收公平分配功能的发挥。由于税款缴纳依其性质可代为履行,第三人代缴税款可以借鉴《民法典》第524条第三人代为清偿的制度和理论,舍去“合法利益”这一构成要件,将大量的代缴税款行为纳入第三人代缴税款规制中。以“目的合适说”构建第三人代缴税款制度,代缴税款后第三人享有“求偿权”而不是“代位权”;代缴税款前后的债权性质从公法性质转为私法性质,从社会功能型转为非社会功能型债权,第三人不享有专属于税务机关的税收优先权。第三人代缴税款制度具有回应税费承担条款争议和衡平纳税人权利之功能。其应在“以纳税人为主、第三人为辅”的纳税人主体意识基础上采用“设定技术”进行税法建构。同时其在民事领域的运用应限制在一定的范围内。

债权人撤销权行使的法律效果

《民法典》第542条关于债权人撤销权行使效果的规定近年来争议颇大。根据《合同编通则解释》的最新规定,撤销权行使既可致使债务人的行为自始绝对无效,也可发挥债权人得请求相对人向债务人承担返还财产等法律后果的效力。根据我国现行强制执行规则,要使撤销权的请求力发挥一种不可替代的作用,应允许行使撤销权的债权人代位受领相对人向债务人提出的给付。为与代位权制度保持适度的规范体系平衡,行使撤销权的债权人可以通过《民法典》有关抵销的规定,代为受领相对人的给付而直接实现债权。当债务人为企业法人时,债权人撤销权的行使效果应注意与《企业破产法》规定的破产管理人撤销权的衔接适用。

我国家庭法上遗产酌给请求权人规则之构造--以法定继承制度与遗产酌给制度之严格区分为法理基础

在我国家庭法视阈内,为妥当区分法定继承制度与遗产酌给请求权制度,根据遗产酌给请求权的规范目的,遗产酌给请求权人应当被认定为“法定继承人以外的主体”。未实际继承遗产的法定继承人并非遗产酌给请求权人。不过,倘若没有实际继承遗产的法定继承人契合“依靠被继承人扶养”或者“对被继承人扶养较多”要件之规定,则其仍可借由遗产酌给请求权条款之类推适用,而取得“准寄养人遗产酌给请求权”或“准扶养人遗产酌给请求权”,继而根据具体情况分得适当遗产。此外,就未实际继承遗产的法定继承人类推适用遗产酌给请求权条款而言,应当根据不同类型的遗产酌给请求权之规范旨趣,结合未实际继承遗产的法定继承人与被继承人之间的法定扶养关系、亲属关系等因素,酌定其可以分得的遗产份额。

论生态环境损害赔偿制度的法理基础与规范构造

理解生态环境损害赔偿制度,须从环境治理体系和治理能力现代化的整体视域展开,同时,还要厘清生态环境与自然资源、生态环境损害与损害赔偿、赔偿请求权与赔偿诉权等核心概念。既有理论将自然资源国家所有权作为生态环境损害赔偿中的实体权利基础,然而,不论是公权说、私权说,还是二阶结构说、三层结构说,都不周延。因为生态环境损害赔偿制度存在二元构造,即赔偿请求权区别于赔偿诉权,赔偿请求权中基于自然资源所有权的物上请求权区别于侵害生态环境的侵权之债请求权,赔偿诉权中程序意义上的提起生态环境损害赔偿诉讼区别于实体意义上的救济自然资源所有权。这种二元构造客观上源于生态环境中单体自然资源的结构面向与整体生态功能的功能面向存在区分,其学理基础在于承继和发展了传统所有权的解释范式,其核心内容是对生态环境类的损害进行类型化。为此,该制度可从两个方面予以展开。长期而言,须仰仗制定中的生态环境法典规定生态环境损害赔偿的系列内容;当务之急,则是借助司法解释促进这些内容的适度法制化。

论合同履行请求权普通诉讼时效期间的起算时点

与对诉讼时效制度的程序法理解和实体法理解相应,普通诉讼时效期间起算客观时点的确定方法有权利被侵害与请求权可行使之别,但在各自的理论脉络下两种确定方法的实质均为权利可行使。权利被侵害的确定方法无法适用于合同履行请求权,《中华人民共和国民法典》第一百八十九条、第六百九十四条第一款和《最高人民法院关于审理民事案件适用诉讼时效制度若干问题的规定》第四条第一分句采纳了请求权可行使的确定方法。《最高人民法院关于审理民事案件适用诉讼时效制度若干问题的规定》第四条第二分句与《中华人民共和国民法典》第一百八十九条的规定相悖,属于司法解释的败笔。具有行为请求权性质的履行请求权普通诉讼时效期间自权利人主张权利时起算,但代偿请求权具有不当得利的性质,应适用不当得利债权的起算规则。继续履行请求权属于履行请求权的延续,不存在独立的诉讼时效期间。作为次请求权的损害赔偿请求权不受履行请求权诉讼时效期间的规制,存在自己独立的普通诉讼时效期间起算时点。我国民事立法关于普通诉讼时效期间起算时点的规定呈现出二元结构,体系化不足。

灾害救助中的集体利益与给付请求权

在灾害救助中,介于公共利益和个体利益之间的集体利益存在着如何界定与代表的难题。对灾害救助义务进行类型化分析,可识别出不同类型的集体利益,从而明确救助的授益指向。由此可进一步探讨补偿的四类给付请求权,即因灾害应对所作特别牺牲的补偿请求权、复建社会基础设施请求权、复建经济基础设施请求权,以及必要的程序性集体给付请求权。灾害救助与重建的公共基础设施具有极强的“属人性”特征,集体成员可将“个人权利及其实现的必要条件”作为其代表主张实体请求权的基础,并参与到救济程序中。集体给付请求权的实现未必需要“增量”的救助资源,只需要优化“存量”资源的配置。

定牌加工出口下的商标侵权请求权基础探析

定牌加工出口为我国十分重要的产业发展方向,海关系统也对知识产权提供边境执法保护。然而,假使境外委托方并未在我国境内进行商标注册,并且在我国境内却由第三人拥有该商标专用权,则我国境内受托方定牌加工的行为将可能产生侵权疑虑。在平衡境内商标权利人的权利保护及促进定牌加工制造业发展间,应找出一个平衡点,但长期以来,司法裁判观点历经数次变动与海关执法存在一定的逻辑矛盾,使得相关争议一直存在,因此,明确请求权基础才能把问题从根本上解决,也才能平衡我国加工出口产业的发展及商标权保护。

公益性私权诉讼的程序构造与法理基础

我国实证法上的公益诉讼仅仅指《民事诉讼法》第58条和《行政诉讼法》第25条以及单行法规定的民事公益诉讼和行政公益诉讼,公民个人不享有公益诉讼的诉权。实质意义上的公益诉讼泛指保护社会公共利益和公众权益的诉讼,包括追求公共利益保护的私权诉讼。公益性私权诉讼存在机构原告型和个人原告型两种类型,通过对案件事由、诉讼请求、被告身份、处理方式进行设计和选择,追求涉诉问题的全面性解决。公益性私权诉讼的波及效及其对所诉纠纷所涉制度规则的影响,使得公益性私权诉讼具有了超越个案的溢出效应。公益性私权诉讼综合了纯粹私权诉讼的法理和法定公益诉讼的法理,法院也存在基于司法能动主义而放宽诉讼实施权限制以及策应原告公益保护目标的情况。在立法上向公民个人开放公益诉讼诉权仍然应该慎重,但解释论上法院可以适当放宽具有公益性的私权诉讼的诉讼请求的范围,以此缓和法定公益诉讼因范围限制和诉权主体限定所导致的迟滞性。

表决权滥用的法律规制——以决议效力为中心

表决权滥用规制的理论基础为股东间利益调整、禁止权利滥用法理以及股东平等原则,主要的规制模式包括表决权限制与禁止表决权滥用。表决权限制由于对股东权利限制过大、适用范围狭窄以及实际作用不明等,不宜作为规制表决权滥用的一般规范。而对于违反禁止表决权滥用的公司决议而言,决议有效说不足以全面保护少数股东;无效说存在不符合资本多数决原则、决议无效的理论基础不明、适用对象不清晰等问题;表决权滥用决议的可撤销说能够兼顾少数股东保护及多数决原则,并符合保护交易安全的要求。在具有利益关系的多数股东或控制股东滥用表决权、故意损害少数股东或公司利益且其表决权行使与决议结果之间存在因果关系时,少数股东得主张撤销决议,由此规制表决权滥用。

环境行政公益诉讼请求权基础研究

环境公益诉讼的请求权基础,有环境法原则说、公益诉讼条款说和环境权说等,但这些请求权基础不够明确,尤其不符合我国环境行政公益诉讼的实践样态。环境行政公益诉讼,无法从作为原告的检察机关的权力角度来确定请求权基础,需要实现从原告权利(力)向被告义务的转向,以行政机关法定义务作为请求权基础。以行政机关法定义务作为请求权基础,符合行政公益诉讼的诉讼结构,体现行政法律关系内容的义务性,也有利于统一审查行政机关的义务与职责。行政机关环境义务主要来源于行政法律一般性规范和环境法律规范,作为请求权基础的法律规范类型多样,需要对之进行体系化构造,这样才能准确判断行政机关的义务,确定环境行政公益诉讼的请求权基础并对之进行审查。

专利停止侵权责任例外中的公共利益规则

在专利侵权案件中,根据专利法的规定,法院可基于公共利益考量判令不停止侵权。但是由于法律未对公共利益作出明确规定,司法实践中,法院对公共利益规则的适用存在同案不同判、以公共利益之名不当侵害私人利益、说理不充分等问题,阻碍司法功能的实现,不利于专利权人的权益保护。对此,可通过利益衡量、比例原则、不确定法律概念价值补充等方法进一步完善公共利益规则的法律规定和司法解释方法。建议通过立法明确公共利益的范围和类型,通过司法解释明确公共利益的判断方法,通过指导性案例完善司法推理。