Review of 10 years of research on breast cancer patients:Focus on indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase

Therapeutic manipulation of the immune system in cancer has been an extensive area of research in the field of oncoimmunology.Immunosuppression regulates antitumour immune responses.An immunosuppressive enzyme,indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase(IDO)mediates tumour immune escape in various malignancies including breast cancer.IDO upregulation in breast cancer cells may lead to the recruitment of regulatory T(T-regs)cells into the tumour microenvironment,thus inhibiting local immune responses and promoting metastasis.Immunosuppression induced by myeloid derived suppressor cells activated in an IDOdependent manner may enhance the possibility of immune evasion in breast cancer.IDO overexpression has independent prognostic significance in a subtype of breast cancer of emerging interest,basal-like breast carcinoma.IDO inhibitors as adjuvant therapeutic agents may have clinical implications in breast cancer.This review proposes future prospects of IDO not only as a therapeutic target but also as a valuable prognostic marker for breast cancer.

Myricetin inhibits interferon-γ-induced programmed death ligand-1 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 expression in lung cancer cells

OBJECTIVE Programmed death ligand-1(PD-L1)and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1(IDO1)are immune checkpoints which can be induced by interferon-γ(IFN-γ)in the tumor microenvironment,leading to immune escape of tumors.Myricetin(MY)is a flavonoid distributed in many edible and medicinal plants.The aim of this study is to clarify the effect and the mechanism of MY on inhibiting IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 and IDO1 in lung cancer cells.METHODS Expressions of PD-L1 and major histocompatibility complex-I(MHC-I)were evaluated by flow cytometry and Western blotting,and the expression of IDO1 was measured by Western blotting.qRT-PCR was used to detect their mRNA levels.The function of T cells was evaluated using a co-culture system consist of lung cancer cells and the Jurkat-PD-1 T cell line that overexpressing PD-1.Molecular docking analysis,Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used for mechanism study.RESULTS MY potently inhibited IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 and IDO1 expression in human lung cancer cells,while didn't show obvious effect on the expression of MHC-I.In addition,MY restored the survival,proliferation,CD69 expression and interleukin-2(IL-2)secretion of Jurkat-PD-1 T cells suppressed by IFN-γ-treated lung cancer cells in the co-culture system.Mechanistically,IFN-γup-regulated PD-L1 and IDO1 at the transcriptional level through the JAK-STAT-IRF1 axis,which was targeted and inhibited by MY.CONCLUSION Our research revealed a new insight into the anti-tumor effects of MY which inhibited IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 and IDO1 expression,supporting the potential of MY in anti-tumor immunotherapy.

Inhibition of allogeneic T-cell response by Kupffer cells expressing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase

AIM:To explore the possibility and mechanism of inhibiting allogeneic T-cell responses by Kupffer cells (KC)pretreated with interferon-γ(IFN-γ)in vitro. METHODS:The expressions of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase(IDO)mRNA and FasL mRNA in KC pretreated with IFN-γwere studied with real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR).The catabolism of tryptophan by IDO from KC was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography.Allogeneic T-cell response was used to confirm the inhibition of KC in vitro.The proliferation of lymphocytes was detected using[ 3 H]thymidine incorporation.Cell cycle and lymphocyte apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometric assay. RESULTS:Real-time PCR revealed IDO mRNA and FasL mRNA expressions in KC pretreated with IFN-γ,and IDO catabolic effect was confirmed by a decrease in tryptophan and increase in kynurenine concentration. KC expressing IDO and FasL in BABL/c mice acquired the ability to suppress the proliferation of T-cells from C57BL/6,which could be blocked by addition of 1-methyl-tryptophan and anti-FasL antibody.KC expressing IDO could induce allogeneic T-cell apoptosisCONCLUSION:In addition to Fas/FasL pathway,IDO may be another mechanism for KC to induce immune tolerance.

Mesenchymal-epithelial Transition Factor Regulates Monocyte Function during Mycobacterial Infection via Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase

Objective Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb),the causative agent of tuberculosis(TB),causes an estimated 1.6 million human deaths annually,but the pathogenesis of TB remains unclear.Immunity plays a critical role in the onset and outcome of TB.This study aimed to uncover the roles of innate and adaptive immunity in TB.Methods The gene expression profiles generated by RNA sequencing from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)stimulated with or without Mtb strain H37Rv antigens were analyzed.A total of 973 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified.Results The differentially expressed genes were enriched in innate immunity signaling functions.The mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor(MET)gene was significantly upregulated in CD14^(+)monocytes.A MET inhibitor improved the uptake of the BCG strain by monocytes and macrophages as well as inhibited the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase(IDO).The expression of IDO was increased in PBMCs stimulated with Mtb antigens,and the IDO inhibitor promoted the expression of CD40,CD83,and CD86.Conclusion Our results might provide clues regarding the immunomodulatory mechanisms used by Mtb to evade the host defense system.

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Porcine Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Its Expression in Various Tissues

In order to confirm the existence of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase(IDO) gene in swine,and to clone the novel gene followed by the molecule structure properties and expression pattern analysis,the porcine mRNA sequences homologous to human IDO were obtained from GenBank database by bioinformatics method.By using RT-PCR,the IDO gene was cloned from porcine endothelial cell line and the accuracy of the nucleic acid sequence was confirmed,and the expression pattern of the gene was detected.The three-dimensional structure model of porcine IDO was built referring to the tertiary structure of human IDO using biological sequence analysis software and database.The results showed that the porcine IDO was identified by sequencing.The nucleotide sequences were confirmed as a novel gene after submitted to Genbank.Porcine IDO was expressed in the lung,thymus,epididymis and anterior chamber with a basic level,however in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) the IDO gene was highly expressed.The three-dimensional structure model of porcine IDO was similar to that of human IDO.It was suggested that identification of the structure information of porcine IDO is essential to further investigate the immunologic function of the gene.Study of IDO on NK cells-mediated xenograft rejection will be a novel therapeutic target for the development of xenotransplantation.

Forkhead box P3 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase co-expression in Pakistani triple negative breast cancer patients

BACKGROUND Forkhead box P3(FOXP3)is a specific marker for immunosuppressive regulatory T(T-reg)cells.T-regs and an immunosuppressive enzyme,indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase(IDO),are associated with advanced disease in cancer.AIM To evaluate the co-expression of FOXP3 and IDO in triple negative breast cancer(TNBC)with respect to hormone-positive breast cancer patients from Pakistan.METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze the expression of FOXP3,IDO,estrogen receptor,progesterone receptor,and human epidermal growth factor receptor on tissues of breast cancer patients(n=100):Hormone-positive breast cancer(n=51)and TNBC(n=49).A total of 100 patients were characterized as FOXP3 negative vs positive and further categorized based on low,medium,and high IDO expression score.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used.RESULTS Out of 100 breast tumors,25%expressed FOXP3 positive T-regs.A significant coexpression of FOXP3 and IDO was observed among patients with TNBC(P=0.01)compared to those with hormone-positive breast cancer.Two variables were identified as significant independent risk factors for FOXP3 positive:IDO expression high(adjusted odds ratio(AOR)5.90;95%confidence interval(CI):1.22-28.64;P=0.03)and TNBC(AOR 2.80;95%CI:0.96-7.95;P=0.05).CONCLUSION Our data showed that FOXP3 positive cells might be associated with high expression of IDO in TNBC patients.FOXP3 and IDO co-expression may also suggest its involvement in disease,and evaluation of FOXP3 and IDO expression in TNBC patients may offer a new therapeutic option.

Relationship of Abortion and the Expression of Indoleamine 2,3- dioxygenase (IDO) in Villus and Syncytiotrophoblasts

Objective To study the relationship of abortion and the expression of indoleamine 2, 3- dioxygenase （IDO） in villus and syncytiotrophoblast in vitro. Methods RT-PCR was applied to analyze the mRNA transcription of lDO in villus of normal pregnancy and inevitable abortion and JAR cells as well. Immunohistochemistry was applied to analyze the expression of IDO protein in villus. Western blot was applied to determinate the expression of IDO protein on cultured syncytiotrophoblast. Highperformance liquid chromatography was applied to determinate whether there was kynurenine in cell culture medium of syncytiotrophoblast. Results The expression of IDO mRNA and protein in villus of inevitable abortion was lower than that of normal pregnancy; IDO mRNA did not express in JAR cells. IDO protein expressed on cultured syncytiotrophoblast, and there was kynurenine in cell culture medium of syncytiotrophoblast. Conclusion Appropriate expression of IDO in villus is necessary.for maintenance of normal pregnancy and an active IDO protein expresses in syncytiotrophoblast.

Up-regulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1(IDO1)expression and catalytic activity is associated with immunosuppression and poor prognosis in penile squamous cell carcinoma patients

Background: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan (Trp)catabolism have been demonstrated to play an important role in tumor immunosuppression. This study examined the expression and catalytic activity of IDO1 in penilesquamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) and explored their clinical significance.Methods: IDO1 expression level, serum concentrations of Trp and kynurenine (Kyn)were examined in 114 PSCC patients by immunohistonchemistry and solid-phaseextraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. Hazard ratio of death was analyzed via univariate and multivariate Cox regression. Immune cell types were definedby principal component analysis. The correlativity was assessed by Pearson’s correlation analysis.Results: The expression level of IDO1 in PSCC cells was positively correlatedwith serum Kyn concentration and Kyn/Trp radio (KTR;both P < 0.001) but negatively correlated with serum Trp concentration (P = 0.001). Additionally, IDO1 upregulation in cancer cells and the increase of serum KTR were significantly associated with advanced N stage (both P < 0.001) and high pathologic grade (P = 0.008and 0.032, respectively). High expression level of IDO1 in cancer cells and serumKTR were associated with short disease-specific survival (both P < 0.001). However, besides N stage (hazard radio [HR], 6.926;95% confidence interval [CI],2.458-19.068;P < 0.001) and pathologic grade (HR, 2.194;95% CI, 1.021-4.529;P = 0.038), only serum KTR (HR, 2.780;95% CI, 1.066-7.215;P = 0.036) was anindependent predictor for PSCC prognosis. IDO1 expression was positively correlated with the expression of interferon-𝛾 (IFN𝛾, P < 0.001) and immunosuppressivemarkers (programmed cell death protein 1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 and programmed death-ligand 1 and 2;all P < 0.05), and the infiltration ofimmune cells (including cytotoxic T lymphocytes, regulatory T lymphocytes, tumorassociated macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells;all P < 0.001) inPSCC tissues. Furthermore, the expression of IDO1 was induced by IFN𝛾 in a dosedependent manner in PSCC cells.Conclusions: IFN𝛾-induced IDO1 plays a crucial role in immunoediting andimmunosuppression in PSCC. Additionally, serum KTR, an indicator of IDO1catabolic activity, can be utilized as an independent prognostic factor for PSCC.

Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1/cyclooxygenase 2 expression prediction for adverse prognosis in colorectal cancer

AIM To evaluate indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1/cyclooxygenase 2(IDO1/COX2) expression as an independent prognostic biomarker for colorectal cancer(CRC) patients.METHODS We retrospectively studied the medical records of 95 patients who received surgical resection from August 2008 to January 2010. All patients were randomly assigned to adjuvant treatment with or without celecoxib groups after surgery. We performed standard immunohistochemistry to assess the expression levels of IDO1/COX2 and evaluated the correlation of IDO1/COX2 with clinicopathological factors and overall survival(OS) outcomes.RESULTS The expression of nuclear IDO1 was significantly correlated with body mass index(P < 0.001), and IDO1 expression displayed no association with sex, age, tumor differentiation, T stage, N stage, carcinoembryonic antigen, cancer antigen 19-9, CD3+ and CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, and COX2. In univariate analysis, we found that nuclear IDO1(P = 0.039), nuclear/cytoplasmic IDO1 [hazard ratio(HR) = 2.044, 95% confidence interval(CI): 0.871-4.798, P = 0.039], nuclear IDO1/COX2(HR = 3.048, 95%CI: 0.868-10.7, P = 0.0049) and cytoplasmic IDO1/COX2(HR = 2.109, 95%CI: 0.976-4.558, P = 0.022) all yielded significantly poor OS outcomes. Nuclear IDO1(P = 0.041), nuclear/cytoplasmic IDO1(HR = 3.023, 95%CI: 0.585-15.61, P = 0.041) and cytoplasmic IDO1/COX2(HR = 2.740, 95%CI: 0.764-9.831, P = 0.038) have significantly poor OS outcomes for the CRC celecoxib subgroup. In our multivariate Cox model, high coexpression of cytoplasmic IDO1/COX2 was found to be an independent predictor of poor outcome in CRC(HR = 2.218, 95%CI: 1.011-4.48, P = 0.047) and celecoxib subgroup patients(HR = 3.210, 95%CI: 1.074-9.590, P = 0.037).CONCLUSION Our results showed that cytoplasmic IDO1/COX2 coexpression could be used as an independent poor predictor for OS in CRC.

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in tumor induced tolerance

Objective To review the recent studies about the role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase （IDO） in tumor induced tolerance. Data sources Published articles （1978-2009） on IDO and tumor induced tolerance were selected from Medline. Study selection Articles selected were relevant to development of IDO in tumor induced tolerance. Of all originally identified articles, 50 specially addressed the stated purpose. Results Recent work has revealed IDO at high levels in tumors and in tumor-draining lymph nodes and a close relationship between IDO activity and the regulatory T cells. Conclusion Up-regulation of IDO is proven to be a mechanism of acquired tolerance in tumors, in which the closely coupled positive feedback system between IDO and reclulatorv T cells may be considered to play an important role.

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and regulatory dendritic cells contribute to the allograft protection induced by infusion of donor-specific splenic stromal cells

It has been reported that splenic stromal cells(SSCs)are capable of directly supporting the development of CD11c ^(lo)CD45RB^(+) IL-10-producing dendritic cells(DCs)from lineage-negative c-kit^(+) progenitor cells in the absence of exogenous cytokines.In vitro,DCs that differentiate on stromal cells suppress mixed leukocyte reaction responses and induce primary alloreactive CD4^(+) T cells to differentiate into IL-10-producing Tr1 cells.However,the precise mechanisms by which these SSCs exert their regulatory functions in vivo remain undefined.Furthermore,their possible contribution to the development of allograft transplantation tolerance has yet to be examined.Here,we have used both murine skin and cardiac allograft transplantation models to explore whether in vivo alloresponses can be regulated by infusion with donor-derived SSCs and to investigate the possible mechanisms by which SSCs exert regulatory effects to prevent allograft rejection.We show that intravenous SSC infusion prolonged murine skin allograft survival.The prolonged graft survival is associated with augmentation of the generation of regulatory DC subsets and CD4^(+) CD25^(+) Foxp3^(+) regulatory T cells(Tregs),as well as upregulation of the production of suppressive cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor(TGF)-b.Moreover,we found that indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and SSC-derived regulatory DCs contribute to allograft protection by infusion of donor-specific SSCs.Our data suggest that donor-derived SSCs could be used as a therapeutic target to promote transplantation tolerance.

Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Endometriosis

Endometriosis(EMS)is a chronic inflammatory and estrogen-dependent gynecological disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity.Although it is a benign disease,EMS is tumor-like in several aspects,which include unrestrained growth,decreased apoptosis,and aggressive invasion.EMS involves endocrine disorders and immunological factors.Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase(IDO)is an intracellular enzyme that catalyzes the initial and rate-limiting step of the metabolism of tryptophan.IDO is a potential candidate facilitating EMS development.Increased IDO expression in both eutopic and ectopic endometria of women with EMS is biologically important in aspects,which include regulation of endometrial stromal cell function and modulation of adjacent local immunocytes to generate a supportive microenvironment.In turn,the expression of IDO can be regulated by the complex endocrine-immune microenvironment networks in endometrial lesions.Here,we systematically review the roles of IDO in EMS to explore its pathological implications and treatment potential.

吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1在胃癌中的研究进展

胃癌(Gastric Cancer,GC)是全球第五大最常见的恶性肿瘤,也是第四大癌症死亡相关原因。胃癌异质性明显,肿瘤微环境复杂,免疫检查点抑制剂虽然在晚期胃癌中展现出一定抗肿瘤疗效,但获益人群仍在少数。吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1(Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1,IDO1)是色氨酸沿犬尿氨酸途径代谢中的关键酶,对肿瘤免疫逃逸起到了关键作用。目前已有多项研究表明IDO1在胃癌发生发展及幽门螺杆菌感染和EB病毒感染中发挥重要作用,所以靶向IDO1有望成为胃癌免疫治疗的新策略。本文就IDO1作用机制、IDO1在胃癌及相关疾病中的研究进展及IDO1抑制剂在胃癌中的应用前景进行综述。

吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1对急性放射性肠道损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1(IDO1)对急性放射性肠道损伤的作用。方法:使用TCGA和GTEX数据集中结肠癌、直肠癌组织和正常对照组织的测序结果,分析IDO1基因在肠癌组织及正常肠道组织中的表达情况。使用CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除鼠正常肠上皮IEC-6细胞中IDO1基因的部分第2、3外显子序列,建立鼠IEC-6的IDO1 KO(IDO1^(-/-))细胞系,并给予两个细胞系(野生型和IDO1^(-/-))放射处理。C57BL/6野生型小鼠和IDO1基因敲除(IDO1^(-/-))小鼠也给予腹部X射线照射以建立细胞和动物急性放射性肠道损伤模型。使用蛋白质印记法(Western blot)检测野生型和IDO1^(-/-)的IEC-6细胞及小鼠肠道组织中上皮紧密连接蛋白在放射前、后的蛋白表达水平。结果:Western blot证实IDO1在鼠IEC-6细胞、肠道组织中均有表达。对TCGA和GTEX数据集分析后也同样看到IDO1基因在结肠癌、直肠癌、正常肠道组织中均有表达,但癌组织中IDO1水平较正常肠道组织高(P<0.05)。体内外的放射照射后,IDO1、Claudin 1、Occludin、ZO-1等出现明显变化:与放射前比,放射后的细胞和小鼠组织中的IDO1的表达水平升高(P<0.05),而紧密连接蛋白Claudin 1、Occludin、ZO-1则下降(P<0.05);与野生型IEC-6细胞和小鼠相比,在IDO1^(-/-)IEC-6细胞和小鼠肠组织中,Claudin 1、Occludin、ZO-1下降更显著(P<0.05)。结论:IDO1在急性放射性肠道损伤中起保护作用,其保护作用可能是通过保护肠上皮细胞间紧密连接功能而实现的。

丁酸钠通过下调细胞干扰素调节因子-1抑制鼻咽癌细胞CNE2吲哚胺-吡咯2,3-双加氧酶的表达

目的研究丁酸钠(NaB)抑制鼻咽癌细胞CNE2吲哚胺-吡咯2,3-双加氧酶(IDO)表达从而解除肿瘤免疫耐受的分子机制。方法体外培养人鼻咽癌上皮细胞CNE2,采用NaB和(或)IFN-γ处理CNE2细胞;免疫印迹检测CNE2细胞IDO的表达情况;RT-PCR检测JAK/STAT的细胞因子信号抑制因子1(SOCS1)和SOCS3的转录水平;Real time PCR检测CNE2细胞干扰素调节因子-1(IRF-1)的转录情况。结果在NaB作用下,CNE2细胞内IDO的表达减少,并且IFN-γ诱导的IDO表达也被显著抑制;SOCS1和SOCS3的转录水平未见改变;而IFN-γ诱导的IRF1转录受到NaB的显著抑制。结论 NaB抑制IFN-γ诱导的IDO表达,不是通过增加SOCS1和SOCS3的转录,而可能是通过下调IRF-1,抑制IFN-γ诱导的IDO表达。

吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1抑制剂的研究进展

吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1(indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1,IDO1)是介导色氨酸沿犬尿氨酸途径分解代谢的限速酶。IDO1在肿瘤细胞和抗原呈递细胞(antigen presenting cells,APC)中存在过度表达现象,通过色氨酸的消耗及其代谢产物的聚积抑制局部免疫应答,使肿瘤细胞逃避免疫系统的监测,这与多数肿瘤治疗的不良预后有关。因此,IDO1是肿瘤免疫疗法的重要靶点。目前有多种骨架的IDO1抑制剂正在研究当中,其中3个已经进入了临床研究阶段。本文介绍了IDO1在肿瘤免疫耐受中的作用,并按结构分类,综述了IDO1抑制剂的研究进展。

瑞香素及噁唑类小分子抑制吲哚胺-2,3-双加氧酶1(IDO1)的研究

吲哚胺-2,3-双加氧酶1(indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1,IDO1)在肿瘤免疫中发挥了重要作用,为了获得新型的IDO1小分子抑制剂,本研究利用He La细胞系建立了IDO1抑制剂筛选模型,筛选抑制IDO1活性的天然小分子化合物。将He La细胞接种于48孔板中,加入干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)诱导He La细胞中IDO1的表达,检测HeLa细胞分泌IDO1的酶代谢活性。对化合物库筛选后发现瑞香素(Daphnetin)和一个噁唑类小分子ZH-26能够抑制IDO1酶活性,采用Graph Pad Prism计算瑞香素和ZH-26的IC50值,结果显示瑞香素的IC50为16. 50±0. 33μM,ZH-26的IC50为4. 68±0. 21μM。进一步在HEK-293A细胞中过表达IDO1,不同浓度瑞香素和ZH-26处理细胞后也表现出对IDO1活性的抑制作用。采用Western blot方法发现瑞香素显著下调IFN-γ诱导的IDO1蛋白表达,而ZH-26则对IFN-γ诱导的IDO1的表达没有影响。综上,瑞香素和ZH-26在He La细胞内没有发现明显的细胞毒作用。本实验首次发现了瑞香素和ZH-26具有抑制IDO1的活性,不但为了解瑞香素这一天然来源临床药物的抗肿瘤机制提供新的视角,也为开发新的靶向IDO1的肿瘤免疫治疗候选药物奠定了基础。

基于CRISPR/Cas9技术构建IDO1基因敲除的THP-1细胞株及其表型研究

目的 采用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建吲哚胺-2,3-双加氧酶1(IDO1)基因敲除的THP-1细胞株,为研究IDO1在巨噬细胞中的作用提供细胞模型。方法 设计靶向IDO1基因的3条向导RNA(guide RNA,gRNA),分别构建IDO1-gRNA重组质粒,酶切及测序鉴定后,包装成Lenti-IDO1-gRNA慢病毒。利用Cas9慢病毒感染THP-1细胞获得稳定表达Cas9蛋白的细胞株,再经Lenti-IDO1-gRNA慢病毒感染敲除IDO1基因,有限稀释法获得单克隆细胞株。T7E1酶切检测gRNA打靶效率,PCR产物测序和Western blot鉴定IDO1基因敲除效果。CCK8法检测IDO1基因敲除对THP-1细胞增殖活性的影响,流式细胞术检测对巨噬细胞标志物CD11b、CD68和CD14表达的影响,中性红法检测巨噬细胞吞噬功能。结果 成功构建了3种IDO1-gRNA重组质粒,3条gRNA均能有效编辑IDO1基因,以gRNA2编辑效率最高。经PCR产物测序和Western blot验证获得了3株THP-1 IDO1-KO单克隆细胞株,并发现IDO1基因敲除可抑制THP-1细胞增殖,下调THP-1巨噬细胞CD11b、CD68表达,上调CD14表达,增强THP-1巨噬细胞吞噬功能。结论 成功构建IDO1基因敲除的THP-1细胞株;IDO1对THP-1细胞增殖活性、分化调节以及THP-1巨噬细胞吞噬功能调节有重要作用,为后续进一步探讨IDO1基因在巨噬细胞中的功能及机制研究奠定基础。

口腔鳞状细胞癌组织中IDO1、KYNU表达情况与临床病理特征及预后的关系

目的探讨口腔鳞状细胞癌(OSCC)组织中吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶1(IDO1)、犬尿氨酸酶(KYNU)表达情况与病理特征、预后的关系。方法将2018年1月至2020年6月该院收治的98例OSCC患者纳入研究。收集患者OSCC组织标本及对应的癌旁组织标本。采用免疫组化法检测组织中IDO1、KYNU的表达情况,分析IDO1、KYNU表达情况与OSCC患者临床病理特征的关系。采用多因素Cox回归分析OSCC患者预后的影响因素。结果OSCC组织IDO1、KYNU阳性表达率高于癌旁组织(P<0.05)。OSCC分化程度低分化、浸润深度(DOI)>5 mm、淋巴结转移、临床分期Ⅲ~Ⅳ期的患者IDO1、KYNU阳性表达率分别高于OSCC分化程度中高分化、DOI≤5 mm、淋巴结无转移、临床分期Ⅰ~Ⅱ期的患者(P<0.05)。OSCC分化程度中高分化、DOI≤5 mm、淋巴结无转移、临床分期Ⅰ~Ⅱ期、IDO1阴性、KYNU阴性患者的3年总生存率分别高于OSCC分化程度低分化、DOI>5 mm、淋巴结转移、临床分期为Ⅲ~Ⅳ期、IDO1阳性、KYNU阳性患者(P<0.05)。多因素Cox回归分析显示,DOI>5 mm(HR=3.225,95%CI:1.496~6.954),IDO1阳性(HR=3.714,95%CI:1.941~7.105),KYNU阳性(HR=4.150,95%CI:1.887~9.124)是OSCC患者预后的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论IDO1、KYNU在OSCC患者癌组织中呈高表达,与OSCC的DOI、临床分期、分化程度等特征密切相关,有望作为辅助评估患者预后的标志物。

逍遥散对胃癌荷瘤共病抑郁小鼠程序性死亡受体1抑制剂治疗的增敏作用及机制探讨

目的 观察逍遥散对胃癌荷瘤共病抑郁小鼠程序性死亡受体1(programmed cell death protein 1,PD-1)抑制剂治疗的增敏作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法 采用皮下移植胃癌细胞系——MCF细胞构建荷瘤小鼠共60只,随机分为荷瘤对照组、荷瘤共病抑郁组、PD-1抑制剂组、逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组,每组15只。荷瘤对照组不做任何干预,共饲养56天;荷瘤共病抑郁组是在荷瘤对照组的基础上每天以慢性不可预知温和应激干预,每天行适量生理盐水灌胃,分别在第1天、15天、29天、43天小鼠尾静脉注射适量生理盐水;PD-1抑制剂组是在荷瘤共病抑郁组的基础上,将小鼠尾静脉注射生理盐水改为PD-1抑制剂;逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组是在PD-1抑制剂组的基础上,将生理盐水灌胃改为逍遥散水提物灌胃。分组后第57天,荷瘤对照组、荷瘤共病抑郁组进行糖水偏好测试、陌生环境摄食实验,分析两组小鼠的行为学变化。计算荷瘤共病抑郁组、PD-1抑制剂组、逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组小鼠的生存率并绘制生存曲线;获取小鼠瘤体,并测量瘤体体积及重量,计算抑瘤率;采用ELISA法检测小鼠肿瘤组织吲哚胺-2,3-双加氧酶(indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, IDO)、犬尿氨酸(kynurenine, Kyn)、芳香烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor, AhR)的数值;对肿瘤组织通过免疫组化法检测小鼠肿瘤组织叉头样转录因子3(forkhead box P3,Foxp3)表达情况。结果 (1)行为学改变:与荷瘤对照组比较,荷瘤共病抑郁组的糖水偏好率显著降低(P<0.01),摄食潜伏时间显著延长(P<0.01)。(2)生存率差异:荷瘤共病抑郁组小鼠生存率为20%,PD-1抑制剂组小鼠生存率为26.7%,逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组小鼠生存率为40%。(3)肿瘤增值差异:逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组瘤体体积小于PD-1抑制剂组(P<0.05),PD-1抑制剂组小于荷瘤共病抑郁组(P<0.05);逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组瘤体重量显著小于PD-1抑制剂组(P<0.01),PD-1抑制剂组显著小于荷瘤共病抑郁组(P<0.01);逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组的抑瘤率为35.4%优于PD-1抑制剂组的22.1%。(4)相关蛋白表达差异:逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组肿瘤组织中IDO的表达显著低于PD-1抑制剂组及荷瘤共病抑郁组(P<0.01);逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组肿瘤组织中Kyn的表达显著低于PD-1抑制剂组(P<0.01),PD-1抑制剂组小于荷瘤共病抑郁组(P<0.05);逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组肿瘤组织中AhR的表达显著低于PD-1抑制剂组及荷瘤共病抑郁组(P<0.01);(5)各组小鼠肿瘤组织Foxp3表达情况:与荷瘤共病抑郁组比较,PD-1抑制剂组、逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组肿瘤组织中Foxp3蛋白表达均显著降低(P<0.01);与PD-1抑制剂组比较,逍遥散联合PD-1抑制剂组肿瘤组织中Foxp3蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.01)。结论 逍遥散对PD-1抑制剂的增敏作用可能与通过下调IDO、Kyn、AhR水平,进而有效降低调节性T淋巴细胞的增值与分化而实现的。