The Anjing Hitam Pb-Zn deposit in northern Sumatra(Indonesia) is one of the largest Pb-Zn deposits in the region. The stratiform orebodies are mainly hosted in the middle member of the Carboniferous–Permian Kluet For...The Anjing Hitam Pb-Zn deposit in northern Sumatra(Indonesia) is one of the largest Pb-Zn deposits in the region. The stratiform orebodies are mainly hosted in the middle member of the Carboniferous–Permian Kluet Formation of the Tapanuli Group. Mineral paragenesis and crosscutting relationships suggest a two-stage Pb-Zn mineralization:(I) sedimentary and(Ⅱ) hydrothermal mineralization. Ore-related calcite from both stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ contains mainly liquid-and gas-liquid two-phase-type fluid inclusions(FI). For stage I ore-forming fluids, FI homogenization temperatures(T_h) are 105 to 199 oC, and the salinities are 9.6 wt.% to 16.6 wt.% NaCleqiv, reflecting low temperature and medium-low salinity; whereas in stage Ⅱ, the T_h(206 to 267 oC) and salinity(19.0 wt.% to 22.5 wt.% NaCleqiv) are considerably higher. Fluid inclusion and C-O isotope characteristics suggest that the stage I ore-forming fluids were mainly derived from a mixture of seawater and magmatic fluids(probably from deep-lying plutons), whereas the stage Ⅱ ore-forming fluids were likely magmatic-derived with wall rock input. We propose that the Anjing Hitam deposit was a Carboniferous exhalative sedimentary(SEDEX) deposit overprinted by the Pleistocene vein-style magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization.展开更多
为提升气制油合成基钻井液高温流变稳定性和降滤失性能,研制了在气制油中具有良好凝胶性能的有机土和天然腐植酸改性的环保型降滤失剂,并使用前期研制的主辅乳化剂,形成了气制油合成基钻井液体系。性能评价结果表明：利用双十六烷基二...为提升气制油合成基钻井液高温流变稳定性和降滤失性能,研制了在气制油中具有良好凝胶性能的有机土和天然腐植酸改性的环保型降滤失剂,并使用前期研制的主辅乳化剂,形成了气制油合成基钻井液体系。性能评价结果表明：利用双十六烷基二甲基氯化铵和具有功能化极性基团的高分子对提纯钠基膨润土进行复合插层制得了有机土DR-GEL,该有机土在气制油中凝胶性强（胶体率达98%）、黏度、切力大（切力达3 Pa）,高温性能稳定、抗温达220℃。利用二乙烯三胺和双十六烷基二甲基氯化铵对提纯黑腐植酸进行有机化改性反应制得了降滤失剂DR-FLCA,该降滤失剂具有高温高压滤失量低、辅助乳化和改善流变性等性能,抗温达230℃。利用研制的处理剂配制的密度为1.6～2.3 g/cm3的气制油合成基钻井液体系,在温度120～200℃范围内流变性好（表观黏度27～61 m Pa s,动切力6～9 Pa）,电稳定性强（破乳电压在800 V以上）,高温高压滤失量小于2.5 m L。该套气制油合成基钻井液体系,在印尼苏门答腊岛JABUNG区块NEB Basement-1井成功地进行了应用,在高温（井底温度大于180℃）下40 d的使用过程中性能一直稳定,较好地解决了大斜度定向井钻井液悬浮性与携屑能力差等难题。展开更多
The habitat of Riau pale-thighed surili (Presbytis siamensis cana) located in Riau province of Sumatra island between Siak in the north and Indragiri rivers in the south, has been seriously degraded in the last a few ...The habitat of Riau pale-thighed surili (Presbytis siamensis cana) located in Riau province of Sumatra island between Siak in the north and Indragiri rivers in the south, has been seriously degraded in the last a few decades. This swampy peat land forest has been degraded by frequent burning during the dry season. These problems originated because of poor governance on the forest management, and the construction of two access roads by the owners of logging concessions and wood pulp plantations. This forest block consists of Tesso Nilo National Park, Kerumutan protected area, Production Forest areas belong to two companies, and a small recreation Park. It also contains one of the most important mixed peat swamp forests. Here, we tracked changes in forest cover before and after road construction using GIS and remote sensing imagery. Deforestation rates have increased from 1.5% per year before road construction to 9.28% per year after road construction, which means that the area of forest has decreased by an annual average of 8156 ha in Tesso Nillo alone. The habitat of Riau pale-thighed surili decreased almost up to 60% in the last decade after companies started their converting forest for oil palm and acacia and roads were built crisscrossed. If the trend of deforestation continues, further decline of population of habitat of this species is unavoided. Researches should be carried out in more details to understand the status of population of this subspecies before this subspecies disappears in the wild.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2014CB440901)
文摘The Anjing Hitam Pb-Zn deposit in northern Sumatra(Indonesia) is one of the largest Pb-Zn deposits in the region. The stratiform orebodies are mainly hosted in the middle member of the Carboniferous–Permian Kluet Formation of the Tapanuli Group. Mineral paragenesis and crosscutting relationships suggest a two-stage Pb-Zn mineralization:(I) sedimentary and(Ⅱ) hydrothermal mineralization. Ore-related calcite from both stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ contains mainly liquid-and gas-liquid two-phase-type fluid inclusions(FI). For stage I ore-forming fluids, FI homogenization temperatures(T_h) are 105 to 199 oC, and the salinities are 9.6 wt.% to 16.6 wt.% NaCleqiv, reflecting low temperature and medium-low salinity; whereas in stage Ⅱ, the T_h(206 to 267 oC) and salinity(19.0 wt.% to 22.5 wt.% NaCleqiv) are considerably higher. Fluid inclusion and C-O isotope characteristics suggest that the stage I ore-forming fluids were mainly derived from a mixture of seawater and magmatic fluids(probably from deep-lying plutons), whereas the stage Ⅱ ore-forming fluids were likely magmatic-derived with wall rock input. We propose that the Anjing Hitam deposit was a Carboniferous exhalative sedimentary(SEDEX) deposit overprinted by the Pleistocene vein-style magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization.
文摘为提升气制油合成基钻井液高温流变稳定性和降滤失性能,研制了在气制油中具有良好凝胶性能的有机土和天然腐植酸改性的环保型降滤失剂,并使用前期研制的主辅乳化剂,形成了气制油合成基钻井液体系。性能评价结果表明：利用双十六烷基二甲基氯化铵和具有功能化极性基团的高分子对提纯钠基膨润土进行复合插层制得了有机土DR-GEL,该有机土在气制油中凝胶性强（胶体率达98%）、黏度、切力大（切力达3 Pa）,高温性能稳定、抗温达220℃。利用二乙烯三胺和双十六烷基二甲基氯化铵对提纯黑腐植酸进行有机化改性反应制得了降滤失剂DR-FLCA,该降滤失剂具有高温高压滤失量低、辅助乳化和改善流变性等性能,抗温达230℃。利用研制的处理剂配制的密度为1.6～2.3 g/cm3的气制油合成基钻井液体系,在温度120～200℃范围内流变性好（表观黏度27～61 m Pa s,动切力6～9 Pa）,电稳定性强（破乳电压在800 V以上）,高温高压滤失量小于2.5 m L。该套气制油合成基钻井液体系,在印尼苏门答腊岛JABUNG区块NEB Basement-1井成功地进行了应用,在高温（井底温度大于180℃）下40 d的使用过程中性能一直稳定,较好地解决了大斜度定向井钻井液悬浮性与携屑能力差等难题。
文摘The habitat of Riau pale-thighed surili (Presbytis siamensis cana) located in Riau province of Sumatra island between Siak in the north and Indragiri rivers in the south, has been seriously degraded in the last a few decades. This swampy peat land forest has been degraded by frequent burning during the dry season. These problems originated because of poor governance on the forest management, and the construction of two access roads by the owners of logging concessions and wood pulp plantations. This forest block consists of Tesso Nilo National Park, Kerumutan protected area, Production Forest areas belong to two companies, and a small recreation Park. It also contains one of the most important mixed peat swamp forests. Here, we tracked changes in forest cover before and after road construction using GIS and remote sensing imagery. Deforestation rates have increased from 1.5% per year before road construction to 9.28% per year after road construction, which means that the area of forest has decreased by an annual average of 8156 ha in Tesso Nillo alone. The habitat of Riau pale-thighed surili decreased almost up to 60% in the last decade after companies started their converting forest for oil palm and acacia and roads were built crisscrossed. If the trend of deforestation continues, further decline of population of habitat of this species is unavoided. Researches should be carried out in more details to understand the status of population of this subspecies before this subspecies disappears in the wild.
