A Semantic-Sensitive Approach to Indoor and Outdoor 3D Data Organization

Building model data organization is often programmed to solve a specific problem,resulting in the inability to organize indoor and outdoor 3D scenes in an integrated manner.In this paper,existing building spatial data models are studied,and the characteristics of building information modeling standards(IFC),city geographic modeling language(CityGML),indoor modeling language(IndoorGML),and other models are compared and analyzed.CityGML and IndoorGML models face challenges in satisfying diverse application scenarios and requirements due to limitations in their expression capabilities.It is proposed to combine the semantic information of the model objects to effectively partition and organize the indoor and outdoor spatial 3D model data and to construct the indoor and outdoor data organization mechanism of“chunk-layer-subobject-entrances-area-detail object.”This method is verified by proposing a 3D data organization method for indoor and outdoor space and constructing a 3D visualization system based on it.

Deep Pyramidal Residual Network for Indoor-Outdoor Activity Recognition Based on Wearable Sensor

Recognition of human activity is one of the most exciting aspects of time-series classification,with substantial practical and theoretical impli-cations.Recent evidence indicates that activity recognition from wearable sensors is an effective technique for tracking elderly adults and children in indoor and outdoor environments.Consequently,researchers have demon-strated considerable passion for developing cutting-edge deep learning sys-tems capable of exploiting unprocessed sensor data from wearable devices and generating practical decision assistance in many contexts.This study provides a deep learning-based approach for recognizing indoor and outdoor movement utilizing an enhanced deep pyramidal residual model called Sen-PyramidNet and motion information from wearable sensors(accelerometer and gyroscope).The suggested technique develops a residual unit based on a deep pyramidal residual network and introduces the concept of a pyramidal residual unit to increase detection capability.The proposed deep learning-based model was assessed using the publicly available 19Nonsens dataset,which gathered motion signals from various indoor and outdoor activities,including practicing various body parts.The experimental findings demon-strate that the proposed approach can efficiently reuse characteristics and has achieved an identification accuracy of 96.37%for indoor and 97.25%for outdoor activity.Moreover,comparison experiments demonstrate that the SenPyramidNet surpasses other cutting-edge deep learning models in terms of accuracy and F1-score.Furthermore,this study explores the influence of several wearable sensors on indoor and outdoor action recognition ability.

Indoor and outdoor BTX levels in Barcelona City metropolitan area and Catalan rural areas

Five aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and three isomeric xylenes) were monitored in indoor and outdoor air of 7 public buildings and 54 private homes, located in Barcelona City metropolitan area and in several rural areas of Catalonia. The sampling was carried out over four periods: spring-summer and winter of 2000, and summer and winter of 2001. Passive ORSA 5 Dra¨ger samplers were used for benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) adsorption. BTX were extracted with carbon disulphide and analysed using ...

A New Approach of Studying Correlation between Outdoor Exposure and Indoor Accelerated Corrosion Test for High Polymer Materials

The correlation between outdoor exposure and indoor accelerated corrosion test for high polymer materials was investigated according to the variation of the functional group of exposure models aged. Environment aging intensities at different zones （ Wuhan and Lasa with the same latitude ） and the influences of indoor accelerating factors including water and ultraviolet on weathering performant.e of high polymer materials were also studied by comparing different indoor accelerated corrosion testing results. The experimental results show that ： by testing variations of carbonyl exponent of polythene （ which represented the degradation behavior of high polymer materials due to ultraviolet oxidation of douIole bond） and ultraviolet absorbance of polycarbonate （which represented the degradation behavior of high polymer materials due to abevacuation of branched chain ）, the degradation behavior of high polymer materials could be studied. Carbonyl exponent of polythene exposed in Wuhan and Lasa for 1 year was equal to that exposed in indoor cycle ultraviolet for 128 h anti 170 It, respectively, the ultraviolet absorbance of polycarbonate exposed in Wuhan for 1 year was equal to that exposed in indoor cycle ultraviolet for 240 h. The ratio of environment aging intensity of Lasa to Wuhan was around 1.2. With the prolongation of cycle accelerated ultraviolet exposure time, the variations of carbonyl exponent of polythene and the ultraviolet absorbance of polycarbonate were in the same shape of first order exponential decay curiae. Accompanied with ultraviolet, the effect of water condensated on the sample on weathering performance of polythene was more .significant than that of polycarbonate.

An indoor air aerosol model for outdoor contaminant transmission into occupied rooms

The paper presents a simple model for outdoor air contaminant transmission into occupied rooms. In the model, several factors such as filtration, ventilation, deposition, re-emission, outdoor concentration and indoor sources are included. The model results show that the air exchange rate plays an important role in the transmission of outdoor contaminants into the indoor environment. The model shows that increasing the value of the filtration efficiency decreases the mass concentration of indoor particles. In addition, if outdoor aerosol particles have a periodic behaviour, indoor aerosol particles also behave periodically but smoother. Indoor sources are found to be able to increase indoor concentrations greatly and continuously.

Are children safe indoor from outdoor air pollution? A short review

Background: Air pollution is a serious threat to children health. Given that children spend over 80% of their time indoors, understanding transport of pollutants from outdoor to indoor environments is important for assessing the impact of exposure to outdoor pollution on children health. The most common advice given during a smoke pollution episode is to stay indoors. How well this works depends on how clean the indoor air is and how pollutants from outdoor air contribute to pollutants load in indoor air. Objective: To assess the amount of outdoor air pollution coming indoors threatening children health. Methods: A Medline/EMBASE search of scientific articles was performed to evaluate the indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) concentration ratios of two main pollutants: ultrafine particles (UFP) and ozone (O3). Result: Under infiltration condition, the highest I/O ratios (0.6 - 0.9) were usually observed for larger UFP (70 - 100 nm), while the lowest I/O ratios (0.1 - 0.4) occurred typically around 10 - 20 nm. O3 I/O ratios vary according to air exchange and may be 0.6 - 0.8 for interiors having a large volume exchange with outdoor air (i.e. open windows) and 0.3 - 0.4 with conventional air conditioning systems. Conclusions: In the absence of indoor sources or activities, indoor UFP particles originate from outdoors. O3 concentration indoors may reach concentration similar to outdoors. Environmental and energy policies must also explicitly account for all the impacts of fossil fuel combustion on child health and development.

Approaches of Integrating Outdoor and Indoor Spaces of Urban Landscape Buildings

With the economic development and increase of income, urban citizens have attached more importance to the comfort of living environment, and aesthetic property of buildings. Exterior design is the extension and redesign on the basis of interior design, interior and exterior spatial design and architectural design are closely related. This paper explored the approaches of integrating indoor and outdoor spaces of urban landscape buildings by analyzing excellent building cases.

Relationship between Outdoor and Indoor PM10,PM2.5 and PM1 in Apartment and Office Buildings

The indoor air quality is directly affected by particulate matters(PM).In this study the concentration of indoor and outdoor particles of an apartment and an office were measured.The effect of the concentration of outdoor particles on the concentration of indoor particles was analyzed.The results demonstrate that concentration of indoor and outdoor particles has 2-3 peak points during one day.The indoor to outdoor ratio increases as the size of particles decreases,which indicates that the fine particles penetrate through the building envelopes more easily.The concentration of indoor particles is closely correlated with the concentration of outdoor particles,and the correlation increases as the size of particles decreases.

Over-the-Air Performance Evaluation in Indoor and Outdoor Multipath Propagation Channels of Antenna Diversity Systems inside Anechoic Chamber

With the ever-growing requirement for higher data rates, terminals supporting multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technologies are being developed for next-generation. As for wireless device manufacturers, a radio performance evaluation of multi-antenna terminals in desired environments is mandatory before product release. This paper discusses the Over the Air (OTA) performance evaluation of antenna diversity systems in Indoor and Outdoor multi-path propagation channel models inside anechoic chamber, in terms of correlation coefficients and diversity gain (DG). These channel models have been emulated in terms of angles of arrivals (AoA) and cross-polarization ratio (XPR) with Rayleigh fading. For this purpose, SATIMO SG24 measurement system has been used. However, the actual configuration of this system is not able to emulate desired realistic environments. Therefore, an innovative methodology based on the SG24 probes control has been developed. The obtained results in simulations and measurements have shown a good agreement.

TD-SCDMA Networking Strategy with Interference Between Indoor and Outdoor Networks

The High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology is employed for the data service in the Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) mobile communication system.Theoretically,the HSDPA peak data throughput per Time Slot (TS) available in the terminals reaches 560kb/s.Since the data service often occurs indoors,flexible TS allocation between uplink and downlink is applied in TD-SCDMA networking.That is,TS1 and TS2 are uplink time slots and TS3,TS4,TS5 and TS6 are downlink time slots in the indoor cell;and symmetry TS allocation is made for the outdoor cell.In the intra-frequency cell network,it can cause intra-frequency interference between cells.So the research on the intra-frequency crossed time slots interference is done and the suggestions on the intra-frequency crossed time slots networking strategy are proposed in this paper.

Spatial Processing and Coordination Design of Indoor and Outdoor Space

From the review of development history of indoor design in China, we can see that it develops rapidly from sprout to expansion, and has large professional scale. It goes through ignorance, misconception and comprehensive understanding. And it has developed into a perfect and independent composite subject. From the perspective of interior design continuing architectural design in time-space dimension, the paper focuses on observing the application analysis of coordinated interior design, which not only provides reference for interior design in China, but also improves the interior design in China.

幼儿园4+2+2“室内外联动”游戏模式研究

游戏能满足幼儿天性的需要,“室内外联动”游戏模式是由4联动+2原则+2路径构建而成。该模式通过访谈正在探索室内外联动游戏模式的卓越园长,再整合资料、取长补短,形成初步方案,最后通过不断研讨修正确定为最终模式。此游戏模式具有丰富、整合幼儿游戏经验、促进幼儿运动社会艺术等领域技能发展、引导幼儿深度学习的实践意义。

相变沥青混合料融雪效果及评价指标研究

为确定DTC相变材料(phase change material,PCM)在沥青路面中的融雪效果及评价指标,通过设计室内和室外融雪试验,以未掺加相变材料的沥青混合料试件作为对照组,研究并分析低温下相变沥青混合料的融雪效果。结果表明:相变材料在沥青混合料中具有明显的调温作用,掺量越大,融雪效果越明显;相变材料掺量为0.5%、积雪厚度分别为1.5 cm和3.0 cm时,与普通沥青混合料相比,相变沥青混合料融雪速率分别提高19.0%和16.0%。基于室内和室外融雪试验,提出以积雪厚度变化率(Δh)和余雪覆盖率(residual snow coverage,RSC)作为相变沥青混合料融雪效果的综合评价指标。

定向送风对隔离病房开门时段空气泄漏的抑制效果研究

患有高传染性疾病的患者一般被安置在医院的负压隔离病房中来限制这些疾病在医院内部的传播。然而隔离病人员进出时房门开启可能会导致大量携带有病菌的空气通过房门传递到隔离病房外部走廊,从而引起走廊中的人员被感染。为了减少和预防门开启带来的室内空气泄露问题,有必要使得门开启时室内外交换的气流最小化。为了解决这个问题,我们在隔离病房门口安装有定向气流送风口,通过将定向气流引向隔离病房门口,以减少由门的开启过程,人员移动通过过程和室内外温差引起的室内外空气气流交换量。使用烟雾对流场可视化后发现在门开启或者关闭的过程中使用朝向隔离病房的定向气流能够明显减小室内外的空气交换量。示踪气体测试结果显示,定向气流90L/s时室内外等温条件下可将隔离病房内的空气泄漏量减少38%,而室内外温差3℃时,使用定向气流可减小泄漏量31%。若将定向气流风量调节到190L/s时,等温条件下可减小室内外60%的空气交换量。在室内外存在3℃的温差时,空气交换量可减少39%。尽管测试的定向气流并未能够完全防止空气泄漏,但是它们是可以有效的减少由门的开启,人员通过和室内外温差引起的室内外空气交换量。

电子森林罗盘仪的研发与试验

树高和树木位置是森林经营决策中重要的指标,常用于估计森林生长量、树龄、材积、生物量和碳储量等立木参数,其精度对立木质量的评价及森林生长的预测分析影响较大。为解决当前森林调查仪器价格昂贵、移动不便、测量周期长、人力耗损大等问题,基于三维电子罗盘和激光测距雷达研发了一种电子森林罗盘仪。该仪器设计了嵌入式软硬件,开发了与之配套的Android端应用,实现了树高和树木位置数据测量的电子化和数字化。为验证仪器的精准度与效率,选取59株立木进行试验。结果表明:在精准度上,方位角的绝对误差均值为4.5°,树高的相对精度为96.95%;在作业效率上,该仪器约为全站仪的2倍。该仪器携带方便、制造成本低、内外业一体化,能够满足国家森林资源连续清查中的测量精度要求,在森林资源调查中具有广阔的应用前景。

一种全局低偏的视觉/惯性/弱定位辅助融合导航系统

以视觉惯性为核心的导航技术在长期运行工况下误差会不断累积,进而产生严重的轨迹偏移。针对该问题,提出一种全局低偏的视觉/惯性/弱定位辅助融合导航系统。该系统以视觉惯性里程计高频率、高局部精度特性为基础,在室内外不同场景中,提供可选的全局信息辅助方案,融合卫星导航原始信息、超声基站测距信息以及视觉靶标定位辅助信息,实现室内外一体化全局低偏导航。搭建数据平台采集现实数据,基于激光点云匹配方法生成轨迹真值,将本文方法与VINS-Mono方法和ORBSLAM3方法进行导航精度评估对比,证明所提出的系统在全天候室内外不同光照环境中鲁棒性最好,在局部和全局都具备最优的导航精度。

陆路交通工程数字化工程地质调绘系统关键技术研究与应用

在工程地质调绘中引入室内外协同作业法,并根据“室内虚拟地调—室外调绘核查—室内资料整理”三步走的标准业务流程,基于GIS平台开发适用于前述方法的网页端、桌面端、移动端与服务器端应用系统,研究多数据融合、区域地质图剖切、数字化产状量测、数字化采集模板配置与多端数据协同技术,革新地质调绘作业模式并提升成果质量。归纳了数字化调绘流程标准、数字化调绘技术要求标准与调绘成果标准,并在宜涪铁路得到了良好的工程验证。总结发现,室内外协同作业模式能适当减少室外工作量,提升工程地质调绘的效率与质量;室内虚拟地质调绘能合理利用丰富的数据,扩展地质调绘的宏观视角与成果的连续性;独立配置的地质调绘模板,保证了室内外地质调绘体验的一致性与数据的传承性,降低了软件系统的维护难度。

不同老化方法对聚乙烯地膜结构和性能的影响

聚乙烯(PE)地膜经过不同方法老化后的结构和性能变化不同,本文按固定配方制备了一种PE地膜,研究了该地膜经过不同方法老化后的拉伸性能和结构变化。结果表明,PE地膜在经过4种方法老化40 d后,化学结构的变化相似,只有热氧老化后在1261 cm-1出现C—O特征吸收峰;老化后地膜的熔融温度都有不同程度的下降,且结晶度有明显提高,未老化时的结晶度仅有1.7%,自然老化后结晶度提升最高为13.9%;地膜经过不同方法老化后,拉伸性能都有不同程度的下降,其中热氧光老化速度最快,在20 d时丧失拉伸性能,且横向PE地膜变化比纵向更为敏感;地膜在经过自然暴晒、热氧光老化后数均分子量都有不同程度的上升,重均分子量都有所下降,且热氧光老化后分子量分布明显变窄。

基于优化紧耦合VIO的四足机器人精准定位研究

针对足式机器人仅依靠自身腿足式结构获取里程信息难于实现其精确定位这一问题,基于优化思想将双目视觉获取的图像特征信息和惯性测量单元(inertial measurement unit,IMU)的惯性数据进行有效融合,提出一种紧耦合的双目视觉惯性里程计技术,实现四足机器人的室内外精准定位。该技术的突出优势在于,它既能有效缓解机器人移动速度过快导致的图像模糊以及动态场景的错误匹配问题,又能有效抑制惯性测量的漂移。利用实验室的四足机器人搭建物理平台进行实验验证,结果表明,无论是在室内还是室外环境下,设计的视觉惯性里程计都可实现四足机器人的高精度、高鲁棒性定位,即实验结果验证了所提方法的可行性与有效性。

淤泥水泥土固化机理及现场加固实例分析

马来西亚东海岸某铁路工程采用水泥搅拌桩加固地基,水泥配合比是影响地基加固效果的关键因素。为此,本研究开展了一系列有机土与水泥的室内配合比试验以及现场试验。试验表明,在一定的水泥掺量范围(15.3%~20%)内,水泥掺量越多,养护龄期越长,试件的无侧限抗压强度越大;在龄期强度百分比方面,淤泥水泥土普遍低于粘土水泥土。另外,现场试桩试验表明,试桩桩芯的无侧限抗压强度与所在岩层密切关系。在实际现场监测中,加固后土体累积沉降量为48.9 mm,侧向最大位移为6.66 mm;除填土加载外,沉降曲线以及侧向位移曲线没有出现突变。这表明本研究配合比制作的水泥搅拌桩对现场软土地基加固效果良好,研究结果可为滨海地区类似工程提供重要的参考依据。