Harmonics in the Squirrel Cage Induction Motor,Analytic Calculation Part Ⅱ:Synchronous Parasitic Torques,Radial Magnetic Forces

The magnetic field generated in the air gap of the cage asynchronous machine and the harmonics of the magnetomotive forces creating that magnetic field,as well as the synchronous parasitic torques,radial magnetic forces have been discussed in great detail in the literature,but always separately,for a long time.However,systematization of the phenomenon still awaits.Therefore,it is worth summarizing the completeness of the phenomena in a single study–with a new approach at the same time-in order to reveal the relationships between them.The role of rotor slot number is emphasized much more than before.New formulas derived for both synchronous torques and radial magnetic forces are used for further investigation.It will be shown that both phenomena in subject must be treated together.Formulas will be provided to take into account attenuation.Design guide will be provided to avoid dangerous rotor slot numbers.It will be shown that the generation of synchronous torques and radial magnetic forces do not depend–in this new approach-on the slot combination,but on the rotor slot number itself.

Induction of Forces at Distance Performed by Piezoelectric Materials

We describe the phenomenon of generation of an external field of forces from piezoelectric materials subjected to the application of electric fields or mechanical stress. We show that piezoelectric materials are capable of producing nonlocal forces of induction in external objects and we conclude that the nature of the forces generated is not originated from traditional interactions. Further we specifically assert that the generation of forces by the piezoelectric materials is ruled by the hypothesis of preexisting condition of generalized quantum entanglement between the molecular structure of the material bulk and the surrounding environment. In addition, the widely spread coupling of the molecules with the environment can be manifested from the so-called direct effect or the converse effect in piezoelectric materials and this coupling is not intermediated by acoustic waves or electromagnetic fields. We show that the novel effect has a theoretical explanation consistent with the generalized quantum entanglement framework and the direction of the induced forces depends on either the direction of the mechanical force or the electric field applied in these materials.

The time and space characteristics of magnetomotive force in the cascaded linear induction motor

To choose a reasonable mode of three-phase winding for the improvement of the operating efficiency of cascaded linear induction motor, the time and space characteristics of magnetomotive force were investigated. The ideal model of the cascaded linear induction motor was built, in which the B and C-phase windings are respectively separated from the A-phase winding by a distance of d and e slots pitch and not overlapped. By changing the values of d and e from 1 to 5, we can obtain 20 different modes of three-phase winding with the different combinations of d and e. Then, the air-gap magnetomotive forces of A-, B-, and C-phase windings were calculated by the magnetomotive force theory. According to the transient superposition of magnetomotive forces of A-, B-, and C-phase windings, the theoretical and simulated synthetic fundamental magnetomotive forces under 20 different arrangement modes were obtained. The results show that the synthetic magnetomotive force with d = 2 and e = 4 is close to forward sinusoidal traveling wave and the synthetic magnetomotive force with d = 4 and e = 2 is close to backward sinusoidal traveling wave, and their amplitudes and wave velocities are approximately constant and equal. In both cases, the motor could work normally with ahigh efficiency, but under other 18 arrangement modes （d= 1, e=2; d= 1, e=3; d= 1, e=4;...）, the synthetic magnetomotive force presents obvious pulse vibration and moves with variable velocity, which means that the motor did not work normally and had high energy loss.

Electromotive Force Calculation of Fifteen-phase Induction Motors With Non-sinusoidal Supply

非正弦供电十五相感应电机基波磁动势正幅值与3次谐波磁动势负幅值不在同一位置时的叠加磁动势波形称为常规磁动势波形,此种情况下感应电动势的计算是该种电机电磁性能分析与优化设计的前提。与正弦磁动势或理想叠加磁动势不同,常规磁动势下电机的感应电动势与激磁电流相位因磁路饱和不再相差/2,为此提出把感应电动势作为激磁电流流控电压源的处理方法。鉴于电机每半个极下气隙磁密波形不再相同的情况,提出基于电机1个极距区域的拓展分布磁路法计算气隙磁密,进而求出基波感应电动势与3次谐波感应电动势。非正弦供电十五相感应电机样机的感应电动势计算值与实测值相互吻合,说明了拓展分布磁路法计算感应电动势有效且具有较高的准确度。

Characteristics of and Control over Resonance in the Electromotive Force of Electromagnetic Induction

The principles of electromagnetic induction are applied in many devices and systems, including induction cookers, transformers and wireless energy transfer;however, few data are available on resonance in the electromotive force (EMF) of electromagnetic induction. We studied electromagnetic induction between two circular coils of wire: one is the source coil and the other is the pickup (or induction) coil. The measured EMF versus frequency graphs reveals the existence of a resonance/anti-resonance in the EMF of electromagnetic induction through free space. We found that it is possible to control the system’s resonance and anti-resonance frequencies. In some devices, a desired resonance or antiresonance frequency is achieved by varying the size of the resonator. Here, by contrast, our experimental results show that the system’s resonance and anti-resonance frequencies can be adjusted by varying the distance between the two coils or the number of turns of the induction coil.

Second harmonic magnetoacoustic responses of magnetic nanoparticles in magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction

Due to the unique magnetic, mechanical and thermal properties, magnetic nanoparticles(MNPs) have comprehensive applications as the contrast and therapeutic agents in biomedical imaging and magnetic hyperthermia. The linear and nonlinear magnetoacoustic responses determined by the magnetic properties of MNPs have attracted more and more attention in biomedical engineering. By considering the relaxation time of MNPs, we derive the formulae of second harmonic magnetoacoustic responses(2H-MARs) for a cylindrical MNP solution model based on the mechanical oscillations of MNPs in magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction(MAT-MI). It is proved that only the second harmonic magnetoacoustic oscillations can be generated by MNPs under an alternating magnetic excitation. The acoustic pressure of the 2H-MAR is proportional to the square of the magnetic field intensity and exhibits a linear increase with the concentration of MNPs. Numerical simulations of the 2H-MAR are confirmed by the experimental measurements for various magnetic field intensities and solution concentrations using a laser vibrometer. The favorable results demonstrate the feasibility of the harmonic measurements without the fundamental interference of the electromagnetic excitation, and suggest a new harmonic imaging strategy of MAT-MI for MNPs with enhanced spatial resolution and improved signal-to-noise ratio in biomedical applications.

A Design Method of the Rotor Auxiliary Slot for the Water-filled Submersible Induction Motors

Aiming at the problem of electromagnetic vibration of the water-filled submersible induction motor(WSIM),a method of opening auxiliary slots on the rotor side is proposed to weaken the air-gap field harmonics caused by the rotor slot permeance harmonics.By analyzing the research status of electromagnetic vibration of the WSIM and the composition of the air-gap magnetic field of the motor,the idea that the auxiliary slots mainly affect the air-gap field harmonics by changing the air-gap permeance of the motor is put forward.The mathematical model of air-gap permeance of WSIM is established to simulate the influence of auxiliary slots on the air-gap permeance.Through the parametric analysis of the mathematical model,the change of auxiliary slot size is simulated.The air-gap permeance waveform is decomposed by the two-dimensional Fourier transform,and then the variation of the air-gap permeance harmonics with the size of the auxiliary slot is analyzed.Finally,the finite element simulation model of the WSIM with the auxiliary slots is established,and the waveform of the air-gap flux density of the motor is analyzed to verify the effectiveness of the mathematical model.Meanwhile,the results show that after opening the auxiliary slot,the radial electromagnetic force of the motor was reduced by 28.4%.

Modeling of velocity field for vacuum induction melting process

The numerical simulation for the recirculating flow of melting of an electromagnetically stirred alloy in a cylindrical induction furnace crucible was presented. Inductive currents and electromagnetic body forces in the alloy under three different solenoid frequencies and three different melting powers were calculated, and then the forces were adopted in the fluid flow equations to simulate the flow of the alloy and the behavior of the free surface. The relationship between the height of the electromagnetic stirring meniscus, melting power, and solenoid frequency was derived based on the law of mass conservation. The results show that the inductive currents and the electromagnetic forces vary with the frequency, melting power, and the physical properties of metal. The velocity and the height of the meniscus increase with the increase of the melting power and the decrease of the solenoid frequency.

The Influence of Radial Area Variation on Wind Turbines to the Axial Induction Factor

Improvements in the aerodynamic design will lead to more efficiency of wind turbines and higher power production. In the present study, a 3D parametric gas turbine blade geometry building code, 3DBGB, has been modified in order to include wind turbine design capabilities. This approach enables greater flexibility of the design along with the ability to design more complex geometries with relative ease. The NREL NASA Phase VI wind turbine was considered as a test case for validation and as a baseline by which modified designs could be compared. The design parameters were translated into 3DBGB input to create a 3D model of the wind turbine which can also be imported into any CAD program. Design modifications included replacing the airfoil section and modifying the thickness to chord ratio as a function of span. These models were imported into a high-fidelity CFD package, Fine/TURBO by NUMECA. Fine/TURBO is a specialized CFD platform for turbo-machinery analysis. A code-geomturbo was used to convert the 3D model of the wind turbine into the native format used to define geometries in the Fine/TURBO meshing tool, AutoGrid. The CFD results were post processed using a 3D force analysis code. The radial force variations were found to play a measurable role in the performance of wind turbine blades. The radial component of the blade surface area as it varies in span is the dominant contributor of the radial forces. Through the radial momentum equation, this radial force variation is responsible for creating the streamline curvature that leads to the expansion of the streamtube (slipstream) that is responsible for slowing the wind velocity ahead of the wind turbine leading edge, which is quantified as the axial induction factor. These same radial forces also play a role in changing the slipstream for propellers. Through the design modifications, simulated with CFD and post-processed appropriately, this connection with the radial component of area to the radial forces to the axial induction factor, and finally the wind turbine power is demonstrated. The results from the CFD analysis and 3D force analysis are presented. For the case presented, the power increases by 5.6% due to changes in airfoil thickness only.

Path Integral Approach to Faraday's Law of Induction

We derive a general form of the induced electromotive force due to a time-varying magnetic field. It is shown that the integral form of Faraday's law of induction is more conveniently written in the covering space. Thus the differential form is shown to relate the induced electric field in the nth winding number to the (n+1)th time-derivative of the magnetic field.

Electromagnetic Self-Force Mechanisms and Origin of <i>R</i>^-1Term

An accelerating charged particle exerts a force upon itself. If we model the particle as a spherical shell of radius R, and calculate the force of one piece of this shell on another and eventually integrate over the whole particle, there will be a net force on the particle due to the breakdown of Newton’s third law. This symmetry breaking mechanism relies on the finite size of the particle;thus, as Feynman has stated, conceptually this mechanism doesn’t make good sense for point particles. Nonetheless, in the point particle limit, two terms survive in the self-force series: R0 and R-1 terms. The R0 term can alternatively be attributed to the well-known radiation reaction but the origin of R-1 term is not clear. In this study, we will show that this new term can be accounted for by an inductive mechanism in which the changing magnetic field induces an inductive force on the particle. Using this inductive mechanism, we derive R-1 term in an extremely easy way.

Magnetic Field Induction and Time Intervals of the Electron Transitions Approached in a Classical and Quantum-Mechanical Way

The motion of electron wave packets of a metal is examined classically in the presence of the magnetic field with the aim to calculate the time intervals between two states lying on the same Fermi surface. A lower limiting value of the transition time equal to about 10–18 sec is estimated as an average for the case when the states are lying on the Fermi surface having a spherical shape. Simultaneously, an upper limit for the electron circular frequency in a metal has been also derived. A formal reference of the classical transition time to the time interval entering the energy-time uncertainty relations known in quantum mechanics is obtained.

感应电动机中三相不对称绕组

对具有三相不对称交流绕组的感应电动机进行研究,对已有的研究成果进行分析与对比。在对称分量变换下建立了采用序阻抗表达的对称绕组相电压方程,得到了相绕组的自漏阻抗和互漏阻抗与等效阻抗和零序阻抗之间的关系。根据不对称绕组的实际情况,将等效阻抗和零序阻抗分别乘上不同的系数,建立了新的电压方程。采用磁动势分量进行了坐标变换,实现了电压方程的解耦,使计算得到简化。最后,通过实验对计算数据进行了验证。

低加速力波动感应线圈型发射器的外电路设计

感应线圈型发射器中每级驱动线圈都会对电枢产生脉冲形式的电磁推力,导致电枢在发射过程中加速力波动较大。过大的加速力峰值以及加速力波动都可能对载荷造成不利影响甚至损坏其内部携带的敏感电子器件,因而限制了感应线圈型发射器在实际工程应用中的价值。针对上述问题,提出一种多电容分时触发的新型驱动电路,并通过分析电容值和电枢触发位置变化对发射器发射效率的影响,说明了该电路的可行性。设计三种模式的驱动电路进行对比,研究结果表明:相比于其他电路触发模式,提出的分时触发模式在初始储能相同和电枢出口速度近似的情况下,电磁加速力峰值降低了2.04 kN,加速力波动降低了2.36 kN。因此,采用分时触发电容的驱动外电路,可以有效降低电枢的加速力峰值和加速力波动,并为携带敏感载荷的感应线圈型发射器的设计提供了参考价值。

基于谐响应的大型异步电机电磁振动分析

大型异步电机的电磁振动是电机振动的主要构成部分,对电机振动等级的评估需要进行准确的电磁振动分析,本文以一台10 kV兆瓦级大型异步电机为对象进行电磁振动分析。首先对完整的电机模型进行模态分析,求解固有频率及对应振型,并实验测量了电机实际运行时的固有频率;然后将电磁场二维有限元计算得到的径向电磁力作为载荷,对该电机进行谐响应分析,最后与实验测得的振动速率对比。结果表明,基于电机整机模型的模态分析和谐响应分析可以较为准确地分析大型异步电机电磁振动,能够为电机的优化设计或电磁振动抑制提供理论依据。

气泡-颗粒间相互作用行为在矿物浮选中的应用研究进展

气泡-颗粒间相互作用行为是浮选过程中的重要环节,气泡-颗粒相互作用受到多种因素影响,例如气泡尺寸、接近速度、表面活性剂类型、矿物润湿性、润湿膜的稳定性和诱导时间等。本文综述了浮选中气泡-颗粒间三种典型的相互作用力及现代测量技术与应用,介绍了几种传统的和新型的测力技术及作用行为可视化手段,及其在矿物浮选中的应用。气泡与颗粒间的相互作用力主要包括范德华力、静电力和疏水力,这些力决定着矿物颗粒能否顺利黏附于气泡表面。亲水颗粒与气泡相互作用由经典的DLVO理论描述,疏水颗粒与气泡相互作用由扩展的DLVO理论解释。原子力显微镜(AFM)、表面力仪(SFA)和诱导时间仪已被广泛用于测量相互作用力的大小及诱导时间,为气泡与颗粒的黏附提供重要数据信息。集成薄膜排水装置(ITFDA)可看作诱导时间仪与AFM的结合体,动态相互作用力仪(DIFA)由诱导时间仪与改进的表面力仪组合形成。如今,集成薄膜力仪(ITLFFA)能在液体中测量气泡和颗粒之间的动态相互作用力、变形及时空薄膜厚度,实现在较高接近速度下模拟动态排水过程,这种表征更符合实际的浮选过程。气泡-颗粒的相互作用行为的研究从过去的静态已逐渐转变为更符合实际的动态研究,在复杂液体环境中测试气泡与颗粒相互作用是未来发展的必然趋势,这为矿物浮选提供理论支撑。

基于在线运行条件下的直线感应电机电磁力特性分析

文章对中低速磁浮列车用直线感应电机电磁力特性相关磁路计算原理进行了分析,建立了电磁计算模型,推导了综合考虑电机横向、纵向边端效应时电机推力和法向力的计算表达式,并结合在线运行条件,分析了气隙、转差频率和电压等对电机推力和法向力的影响。最终,通过试验验证了模型的准确性。

注入谐波电流的长初级双边直线感应电机推力波动优化研究

长初级双边直线感应电机(DLIM)的端部效应会引起推力波动,影响电机稳定运行。为降低电机推力波动,采用注入谐波电流方法抑制纵向端部效应引起的两倍滑差频率的推力波动,推导出注入谐波电流后电机气隙磁密和电磁推力的解析表达式。求解出使推力波动分量的合成结果为0时,应注入谐波电流频率、相位、幅值的表达式,并分析注入谐波电流对气隙磁密、推力特性的影响。最后建立长初级双边直线感应电机的有限元模型,仿真计算注入谐波电流的相关参数,分析比较注入谐波电流前后气隙磁密和推力特性,并将仿真结果与解析计算结果对比,二者具有很高的一致性。结果表明注入谐波电流可大幅降低推力波动,为长初级双边直线感应电机推力波动的优化研究提供理论依据。

变频驱动下双斜槽转子感应电机径向电磁力特性分析

针对变频驱动下双斜槽转子感应电机振动性能研究的不足,对变频驱动下双斜槽转子感应电机的径向电磁力展开研究。首先从变频器的输出谐波特性出发,采用解析法分析了气隙磁通密度成分,并通过分析各个磁通密度谐波的相互作用得到了径向电磁力的幅值、阶次、频率的表达式。然后采用分层有限元法结合二维快速傅里叶分解,得到了平均径向电磁力的时空分布频谱。通过不同供电方式与不同转子结构下气隙径向电磁力的对比,发现双斜槽转子结构能够有效地削弱由变频供电引入的部分高频附加径向电磁力。最后通过实验对比不同供电方式下电动叉车用双斜槽转子感应电机机壳表面的振动频谱,进而验证分析的正确性。

电机模型中牵连运动及其动生电动势的数理表达

引入恰当的运动参考系可以简化交流电机模型推导和分析。一般地,运动参考系下空间矢量电压方程的推导分两步:(1)在“线圈固结坐标系”中运用法拉第电磁感应定律建立电压平衡式;(2)通过坐标变换的方式推导运动坐标系下的电压方程。该过程数学推导严谨,但是,对于记忆和理解运动坐标系下的电压方程的物理意义有难度。参考力学系统中“惯性参考系”的概念,根据法拉第电磁感应定律是否直接适用,引入所谓的“法拉第参考系”概念,对运动坐标系和线圈固结坐标系加以区分。对“非法拉第参考系”,借鉴“非惯性参考系”中引入“惯性力”的做法,引入附加“牵连运动电动势”,以此表征运动参考系引入的牵连运动效果。