Novel MAC Layer Proposal for URLLC in IndustrialWireless Sensor Networks

Ultra-reliable and low-latency communications(URLLC) has become a fundamental focus of future industrial wireless sensor net-works(IWSNs). With the evolution of automation and process control in industrial environments, the need for increased reliabilityand reduced latencies in wireless communications is even pronounced. Furthermore, the 5G systems specifically target the URLLCin selected areas and industrial automation might turn into a suitable venue for future IWSNs, running 5G as a high speed inter-process linking technology. In this paper, a hybrid multi-channel scheme for performance and throughput enhancement of IWSNsis proposed. The scheme utilizes the multiple frequency channels to increase the overall throughput of the system along with theincrease in reliability. A special purpose frequency channel is defined, which facilitates the failed communications by retransmis-sions where the retransmission slots are allocated according to the priority level of failed communications of different nodes. Ascheduler is used to formulate priority based scheduling for retransmission in TDMA based communication slots of this channel.Furthermore, in carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance(CSMA/CA) based slots, a frequency polling is introducedto limit the collisions. Mathematical modelling for performance metrics is also presented. The performance of the proposed schemeis compared with that of IEEE802.15.4e, where the performance is evaluated on the basis of throughput, reliability and the num-ber of nodes accommodated in a cluster. The proposed scheme offers a notable increase in the reliability and throughput over theexisting IEEE802.15.4e Low Latency Deterministic Networks(LLDN) standard.

Comprehensive Analysis of Secure Data Aggregation Scheme for Industrial Wireless Sensor Network

As an Industrial Wireless Sensor Network(IWSN)is usually deployed in a harsh or unattended environment,the privacy security of data aggregation is facing more and more challenges.Currently,the data aggregation protocols mainly focus on improving the efficiency of data transmitting and aggregating,alternately,the aim at enhancing the security of data.The performances of the secure data aggregation protocols are the trade-off of several metrics,which involves the transmission/fusion,the energy efficiency and the security in Wireless Sensor Network(WSN).Unfortunately,there is no paper in systematic analysis about the performance of the secure data aggregation protocols whether in IWSN or in WSN.In consideration of IWSN,we firstly review the security requirements and techniques in WSN data aggregation in this paper.Then,we give a holistic overview of the classical secure data aggregation protocols,which are divided into three categories:hop-by-hop encrypted data aggregation,end-to-end encrypted data aggregation and unencrypted secure data aggregation.Along this way,combining with the characteristics of industrial applications,we analyze the pros and cons of the existing security schemes in each category qualitatively,and realize that the security and the energy efficiency are suitable for IWSN.Finally,we make the conclusion about the techniques and approach in these categories,and highlight the future research directions of privacy preserving data aggregation in IWSN.

Hybrid Power Bank Deployment Model for Energy Supply Coverage Optimization in Industrial Wireless Sensor Network

Energy supply is one of the most critical challenges of wireless sensor networks(WSNs)and industrial wireless sensor networks(IWSNs).While research on coverage optimization problem(COP)centers on the network’s monitoring coverage,this research focuses on the power banks’energy supply coverage.The study of 2-D and 3-D spaces is typical in IWSN,with the realistic environment being more complex with obstacles(i.e.,machines).A 3-D surface is the field of interest(FOI)in this work with the established hybrid power bank deployment model for the energy supply COP optimization of IWSN.The hybrid power bank deployment model is highly adaptive and flexible for new or existing plants already using the IWSN system.The model improves the power supply to a more considerable extent with the least number of power bank deployments.The main innovation in this work is the utilization of a more practical surface model with obstacles and training while improving the convergence speed and quality of the heuristic algorithm.An overall probabilistic coverage rate analysis of every point on the FOI is provided,not limiting the scope to target points or areas.Bresenham’s algorithm is extended from 2-D to 3-D surface to enhance the probabilistic covering model for coverage measurement.A dynamic search strategy(DSS)is proposed to modify the artificial bee colony(ABC)and balance the exploration and exploitation ability for better convergence toward eliminating NP-hard deployment problems.Further,the cellular automata(CA)is utilized to enhance the convergence speed.The case study based on two typical FOI in the IWSN shows that the CA scheme effectively speeds up the optimization process.Comparative experiments are conducted on four benchmark functions to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the ABC and gbest-guided ABC(GABC)algorithms.The results show that the proposed energy coverage optimization method based on the hybrid power bank deployment model generates more accurate results than the results obtained by similar algorithms(i.e.,ABC,GABC).The proposed model is,therefore,effective and efficient for optimization in the IWSN.

Dynamic Time Division Multiple Access Algorithm for Industrial Wireless Hierarchical Sensor Networks

Industrial wireless sensor networks adopt a hierarchical structure with large numbers of sensors and routers. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is regarded as an efficient method to reduce the probability of confliction. In the intra-cluster part, the random color selection method is effective in reducing the retry times in an application. In the inter-cluster part, a quick assign algorithm and a dynamic maximum link algorithm are proposed to meet the quick networking or minimum frame size requirements. In the simulation, the dynamic maximum link algorithm produces higher reductions in the frame length than the quick assign algorithm. When the number of routers is 140, the total number of time slots is reduced by 25%. However, the first algorithm needs more control messages, and the average difference in the number of control messages is 3 410. Consequently, the dynamic maximum link algorithm is utilized for adjusting the link schedule to the minimum delay with a relatively high throughput rate, and the quick assign algorithm is utilized for speeding up the networking process.

Time Delay Characteristic of Industrial Wireless Networks Based on IEEE 802.15.4a

The IEEE 802.15.4a standard provides a framework for low-data-rate communication systems,typically sensor networks.In this paper,we established a realistic environment for the time delay characteristic of industrial network based on IEEE 802.15.4a.Several sets of practical experiments are conducted to study its various features,including the effects of 1） numeral wireless nodes,2） numeral data packets,3） data transmissions with different upper-layer protocols,4） physical distance between nodes,and 5） adding and reducing the number of the wireless nodes.The results show that IEEE 802.15.4a is suitable for some industrial applications that have more relaxed throughput requirements and time-delay.Some issues that could degrade the network performance are also discussed.

Design of IEEE1451.5 WTIM for Industrial Network Based on Ubiquitous Sensor Network

Recently, the use of ubiquitous sensor network technology has spread vastly. The ubiquitous sensor networks are widely de- ployed in factory auttxnation as they provide effective measuring solution for instruments. The wired/wireless network module, which provides the interface to connect to the u-sensor network, is needed but there is no perfect standardization about the interface. In this situation, the interface compatibility between measuring instrument can be maintained using the IEEEI451 international standard. In this paper, the Wireless Transducer Interface Mcduie （WTIM） based on IEEE1451.5 was designed. It coxnects to the measuring instnmnt, like the muiti-meter, power meter, and etc., to support the RS232 interface. As these devices cannot connect to network without a mod- ule, we use the WTIM to help these devices connect to network sys- ton. Its ftmction was verified through the ubiquitous network connection and data transfer between monitoring PC and measuring instrument. This technology is expected to reduce cost in order to construct the wireless industry automation system using existing devices.

A Methodology for Reliability of WSN Based on Software Defined Network in Adaptive Industrial Environment

As communication technology and smart manufacturing have developed, the industrial internet of things(IIo T)has gained considerable attention from academia and industry.Wireless sensor networks(WSNs) have many advantages with broad applications in many areas including environmental monitoring, which makes it a very important part of IIo T. However,energy depletion and hardware malfunctions can lead to node failures in WSNs. The industrial environment can also impact the wireless channel transmission, leading to network reliability problems, even with tightly coupled control and data planes in traditional networks, which obviously also enhances network management cost and complexity. In this paper, we introduce a new software defined network(SDN), and modify this network to propose a framework called the improved software defined wireless sensor network(improved SD-WSN). This proposed framework can address the following issues. 1) For a large scale heterogeneous network, it solves the problem of network management and smooth merging of a WSN into IIo T. 2) The network coverage problem is solved which improves the network reliability. 3) The framework addresses node failure due to various problems, particularly related to energy consumption.Therefore, it is necessary to improve the reliability of wireless sensor networks, by developing certain schemes to reduce energy consumption and the delay time of network nodes under IIo T conditions. Experiments have shown that the improved approach significantly reduces the energy consumption of nodes and the delay time, thus improving the reliability of WSN.

IWSNs防移动干扰节点的两层协作Stackelberg博弈

针对工业无线传感器网络物理层移动干扰攻击节点的攻击问题,研究sink节点和簇头节点共同抵御攻击的两层协作博弈模型。在簇头节点中选择最佳协作节点,共同抵御移动干扰攻击节点;以网络安全速率为优化目标,将sink节点、最佳协作节点和攻击节点之间的合作竞争关系建模为两层协作Stackelberg博弈模型,采用逆向归纳法求解博弈均衡解。仿真实验结果表明,与未采用协作节点的方案相比,采用的最佳协作节点选择方案对移动攻击节点的抵御效果更佳,且与其他协作博弈功率控制模型相比,两层协作Stackelberg博弈模型可有效提高工业无线传感器网络的安全速率。

Adaptive Power Control for mutual Interference Avoidance in Industrial Internet-of-Things

With the vigorous development of the Internet of Things and 5G technology, such as machine-to-machine and device-todevice, all kinds of data transmission including environmental monitoring and equipment control strengthens the key role of wireless sensor networks in the large-scale wireless communication system. However, especially in the complex industrial wireless applications, the low utilization efficiency of the limited wireless radio resource enhances the coexistence problem between heterogeneous networks. In this paper, from the severe mutual interference point of view, a mathematical model regarding cumulative interferences in the industrial wireless sensor networks is described. Then, from the perspective of mutual interference avoidance, an adaptive power control scheme is proposed in order to handle the normal communication needs on both the primary link and the secondary link. At last, nonlinear programming is taken to solve the corresponding optimization problem. Some typical analyses are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme on optimizing the tradeoff between the system throughput and energy consumption. Especially, the energy-efficiency of the novel scheme for Industrial Internet of Things is also analysed. Results show that the proposed power control is efficient. The throughput could be enhanced and the energy consumption could be reduced with the guarantee of mutual interference avoidance.

Wireless Sensor Security Issues on Data Link Layer:A Survey

A computer network can be defined as many computing devices connected via a communication medium like the internet.Computer network development has proposed how humans and devices communicate today.These networks have improved,facilitated,and made conventional forms of communication easier.However,it has also led to uptick in-network threats and assaults.In 2022,the global market for information technology is expected to reach$170.4 billion.However,in contrast,95%of cyber security threats globally are caused by human action.These networks may be utilized in several control systems,such as home-automation,chemical and physical assault detection,intrusion detection,and environmental monitoring.The proposed literature review presents a wide range of information on Wireless Social Networks(WSNs)and Internet of Things(IoT)frameworks.The aim is first to be aware of the existing issues(issues with traditional methods)and network attacks on WSN and IoT systems and how to defend them.The second is to review the novel work in the domain and find its limitations.The goal is to identify the area’s primary gray field or current research divide to enable others to address the range.Finally,we concluded that configuration.Message Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol(RSTP)messages have higher efficiency in network performance degradation than alternative Bridge Data Unit Protocol(BPDU)forms.The research divides our future research into solutions and newly developed techniques that can assist in completing the lacking component.In this research,we have selected articles from 2015 to 2021 to provide users with a comprehensive literature overview.

对抗防御的IWSN入侵检测强化模型

针对工业无线传感器网络中基于深度学习的入侵检测易受到对抗样本影响的问题,基于生成对抗网络构建对抗防御的IWSN入侵检测强化模型.首先,受生成对抗网络原理的启发,将分类器与对抗学习结合,通过提高样本训练次数及生成样本攻击性以加大模型训练强度,达到提升模型检测性能的目的.其次,采用多层感知器构建模型的网络结构,以适应IWSN中特征独立的高维数据.同时,引入约束条件、对抗损失与Wasserstein距离改进模型的损失函数,以保证对抗训练的稳定性.在WSN_DS数据集与天然气管道数据集上进行了对比、类比与效率实验,结果表明,模型对各对抗样本的防御效果较现有方法有所提升,且具有较强的入侵攻击检测性能.

Pareto-based multi-objective node placement of industrial wireless sensor networks using binary differential evolution harmony search

The reliability and real time of industrial wireless sensor networks （IWSNs） are the absolute requirements for industrial systems, which are two fore- most obstacles for the large-scale applications of IWSNs. This paper studies the multi-objective node placement problem to guarantee the reliability and real time of IWSNs from the perspective of systems. A novel multi-objective node deployment model is proposed in which the reliabil- ity, real time, costs and scalability of IWSNs are addressed. Considering that the optimal node placement is an NP-hard problem, a new multi-objective binary differential evolu- tion harmony search （MOBDEHS） is developed to tackle it, which is inspired by the mechanism of harmony search and differential evolution. Three large-scale node deploy- ment problems are generated as the benCHmarks to verify the proposed model and algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate that the developed model is valid and can be used to design large-scale IWSNs with guaranteed reliability and real-time performance efficiently. Moreover, the comparison results indicate that the proposed MOB- DEHS is an effective tool for multi-objective node place- ment problems and superior to Pareto-based binary differential evolution algorithms, nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II （NSGA-II） and modified NSGA-II.

一种新颖的IWSN节点构架设计方案

文章分析了室内环境对传统无线传感器网络技术的挑战:室内环境中无线信道的复杂性、传感器网络拓扑的多变性以及如何使来自不同家电厂商的各种家电产品方便地互联等,提出了一种新颖的室内无线传感器网络节点的构架设计方案,即将整个节点分为实现节点本身逻辑功能的传感与执行器子平台和实现无线多跳网络通信功能的无线通信子平台,并对平台间的硬件接口设计、平台间的软件接口设计和完整的平台间通信接口定义作了详尽的介绍。

基于信任评估模型的IWSN安全路由研究

针对工业无线传感器网络对网络传输安全的要求,研究了一种基于改进的信任评估模型的节点可信安全路由协议。采用惩罚因子和直接信任值交互次数更新,防止恶意节点的暴力攻击以及伪装攻击;采用基于推荐节点的推荐信任可靠度,阻止恶意节点对其他节点的群体诽谤。仿真结果显示,与IASR中典型的信任评估模型相比,采用的模型在恶意行为防御性能上优于IASR信任评估模型;与实时可靠的THTR路由相比,采用的路由方法在丢包率、平均端到端时延、吞吐量以及路由开销上有着显著改善。

IWSNs中的混合式共享链路调度

针对工业无线传感器网络中的链路调度问题,提出一种混合式共享链路调度方案。通过对现有典型集中式调度方案存在的不足进行分析,将属于同一路径或多跳路由的节点间的共享链路集中分配给属于同一路径的节点,采用分布式决策决定哪些节点应当在每个时间点使用共享链路;推导出描述调度方案的可靠性和延迟性能指标的解析表达式,表明提出方案能灵活分配和利用链路,具有更好的防止传输差错和减小延迟的能力。仿真结果表明,与现有IWSNs链路调度方案相比,提出方案可以提高可靠性和延迟性能,更有效地利用链路资源。

异构IWSN下对Sybil攻击源的定位

针对工业无线传感器网络中女巫攻击源定位问题,采用一种基于RSSD的定位估计算法。首先,利用DV-Hop算法估计出未知参考节点的坐标并对RSSI值预处理。其次,将攻击节点位置估计问题转化为对非线性方程组的解算问题,分别利用最小二乘法和泰勒级数展开法对攻击节点进行定位。MATLAB仿真结果表明该定位算法可以有效地减少噪声的干扰,解决攻击源不配合定位和信标节点数量少的问题,显著提高节点定位精度。

基于功率调节的IWSN实时可靠路由研究

针对工业无线传感器网络对延迟、可靠传输以及成本的特殊要求,研究了一种基于功率调节的实时可靠路由协议,将两跳速度策略引入到路由算法中,提高工业无线传感器网络的实时性;将节点剩余能量以及能耗同时考虑,以平衡网络能量并提高网络寿命;引入功率调节机制以绕开路由空洞,提高节点可靠性。仿真结果显示,与已有方法相比,采用的方法在总可靠度、截止期错失率以及包平均延迟上有着显著改善。

多跳IWSN物理层安全的Stackelberg博弈

针对多跳工业无线传感器网络中物理层安全窃听攻击问题,研究了一种反馈Stackelberg博弈功率控制(Feedback Stackelberg Game Power Control, FSPC)方案。基于提高一跳内安全速率,通过付费方式激励目的节点提供协同干扰服务,利用Stackelberg博弈模拟发送节点和目的节点的交互行为。基于提高多跳主干网安全速率,发送节点效用引入反馈代价函数,以减小跳间安全速率的波动性。仿真结果表明,相比于其他未引入反馈代价函数的博弈功率控制算法,本文方案能更有效地保证数据在主干网中的传输安全性。

IWSN中基于属性变化率的全局信任入侵检测

为提高工业无线传感器网络的入侵检测的精度和降低检测能耗,设计了基于属性变化率的全局信任入侵检测算法。通过属性变化率获取节点的全局信任值以检测攻击;通过人工蜂群算法选择最优簇头集以确保簇头的高可信度和降低网络整体的能耗;通过信任恢复机制恢复临时故障节点的信任,以降低虚警率。实验证明本方案具有较高的检测率和较低的虚警率,并能延长网络的生命周期。

工业无线可充电传感网的数据收集及充电优化

随着工业的快速发展,其对工业无线可充电传感网的运行提出了更高要求,如海量传感器需要保持长时间的高强度工作状态;数据的传输需要更高的可靠性和实时性.然而,在利用多跳数据传输的工业传感网络中,传感器的转发负载极不均衡.这进一步加快了部分传感器的耗电速度,使得它们较其他传感器更快耗尽电量,并导致数据丢失和网络运行中断.针对这些问题,本文提出一种结合强化学习和边际效益近似算法的方案,以优化工业无线可充电传感网中移动充电车的移动数据收集及充电调度策略,使得每个传感器有足够的电量工作和提高数据传输的可靠性和实时性,并最大化系统效益.实验结果表明,本文所提出的方案在系统效益、移动充电车收集的数据总质量方面的性能明显优于其他对比算法.