Time Delay Characteristic of Industrial Wireless Networks Based on IEEE 802.15.4a

The IEEE 802.15.4a standard provides a framework for low-data-rate communication systems,typically sensor networks.In this paper,we established a realistic environment for the time delay characteristic of industrial network based on IEEE 802.15.4a.Several sets of practical experiments are conducted to study its various features,including the effects of 1） numeral wireless nodes,2） numeral data packets,3） data transmissions with different upper-layer protocols,4） physical distance between nodes,and 5） adding and reducing the number of the wireless nodes.The results show that IEEE 802.15.4a is suitable for some industrial applications that have more relaxed throughput requirements and time-delay.Some issues that could degrade the network performance are also discussed.

Novel MAC Layer Proposal for URLLC in IndustrialWireless Sensor Networks

Ultra-reliable and low-latency communications(URLLC) has become a fundamental focus of future industrial wireless sensor net-works(IWSNs). With the evolution of automation and process control in industrial environments, the need for increased reliabilityand reduced latencies in wireless communications is even pronounced. Furthermore, the 5G systems specifically target the URLLCin selected areas and industrial automation might turn into a suitable venue for future IWSNs, running 5G as a high speed inter-process linking technology. In this paper, a hybrid multi-channel scheme for performance and throughput enhancement of IWSNsis proposed. The scheme utilizes the multiple frequency channels to increase the overall throughput of the system along with theincrease in reliability. A special purpose frequency channel is defined, which facilitates the failed communications by retransmis-sions where the retransmission slots are allocated according to the priority level of failed communications of different nodes. Ascheduler is used to formulate priority based scheduling for retransmission in TDMA based communication slots of this channel.Furthermore, in carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance(CSMA/CA) based slots, a frequency polling is introducedto limit the collisions. Mathematical modelling for performance metrics is also presented. The performance of the proposed schemeis compared with that of IEEE802.15.4e, where the performance is evaluated on the basis of throughput, reliability and the num-ber of nodes accommodated in a cluster. The proposed scheme offers a notable increase in the reliability and throughput over theexisting IEEE802.15.4e Low Latency Deterministic Networks(LLDN) standard.

Comprehensive Analysis of Secure Data Aggregation Scheme for Industrial Wireless Sensor Network

As an Industrial Wireless Sensor Network(IWSN)is usually deployed in a harsh or unattended environment,the privacy security of data aggregation is facing more and more challenges.Currently,the data aggregation protocols mainly focus on improving the efficiency of data transmitting and aggregating,alternately,the aim at enhancing the security of data.The performances of the secure data aggregation protocols are the trade-off of several metrics,which involves the transmission/fusion,the energy efficiency and the security in Wireless Sensor Network(WSN).Unfortunately,there is no paper in systematic analysis about the performance of the secure data aggregation protocols whether in IWSN or in WSN.In consideration of IWSN,we firstly review the security requirements and techniques in WSN data aggregation in this paper.Then,we give a holistic overview of the classical secure data aggregation protocols,which are divided into three categories:hop-by-hop encrypted data aggregation,end-to-end encrypted data aggregation and unencrypted secure data aggregation.Along this way,combining with the characteristics of industrial applications,we analyze the pros and cons of the existing security schemes in each category qualitatively,and realize that the security and the energy efficiency are suitable for IWSN.Finally,we make the conclusion about the techniques and approach in these categories,and highlight the future research directions of privacy preserving data aggregation in IWSN.

A routing algorithm for industrial wireless network based on ISA100.11a

ISA100.11 a industrial wireless network standard is based on a deterministic scheduling mechanism.For the timeslot delay caused by deterministic scheduling,a routing algorithm is presented for industrial environments.According to timeslot,superframe,links,channel and data retransmission of deterministic scheduling mechanisms that affect the design of the routing algorithm,the algorithm selects the link quality,timeslot delay and retransmission delay as the routing criteria and finds the optimum communication path by k shortest paths algorithm.Theoretical analysis and experimental verification show that the optimal paths selected by the algorithm not only have high link quality and low retransmission delay,but also meet the requirements of the deterministic scheduling.The algorithm can effectively solve the problem of packet loss and transmission delay during data transmission,and provide a valuable solution for efficient data transmission based on determinacy.

Hybrid Power Bank Deployment Model for Energy Supply Coverage Optimization in Industrial Wireless Sensor Network

Energy supply is one of the most critical challenges of wireless sensor networks(WSNs)and industrial wireless sensor networks(IWSNs).While research on coverage optimization problem(COP)centers on the network’s monitoring coverage,this research focuses on the power banks’energy supply coverage.The study of 2-D and 3-D spaces is typical in IWSN,with the realistic environment being more complex with obstacles(i.e.,machines).A 3-D surface is the field of interest(FOI)in this work with the established hybrid power bank deployment model for the energy supply COP optimization of IWSN.The hybrid power bank deployment model is highly adaptive and flexible for new or existing plants already using the IWSN system.The model improves the power supply to a more considerable extent with the least number of power bank deployments.The main innovation in this work is the utilization of a more practical surface model with obstacles and training while improving the convergence speed and quality of the heuristic algorithm.An overall probabilistic coverage rate analysis of every point on the FOI is provided,not limiting the scope to target points or areas.Bresenham’s algorithm is extended from 2-D to 3-D surface to enhance the probabilistic covering model for coverage measurement.A dynamic search strategy(DSS)is proposed to modify the artificial bee colony(ABC)and balance the exploration and exploitation ability for better convergence toward eliminating NP-hard deployment problems.Further,the cellular automata(CA)is utilized to enhance the convergence speed.The case study based on two typical FOI in the IWSN shows that the CA scheme effectively speeds up the optimization process.Comparative experiments are conducted on four benchmark functions to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the ABC and gbest-guided ABC(GABC)algorithms.The results show that the proposed energy coverage optimization method based on the hybrid power bank deployment model generates more accurate results than the results obtained by similar algorithms(i.e.,ABC,GABC).The proposed model is,therefore,effective and efficient for optimization in the IWSN.

Dynamic Time Division Multiple Access Algorithm for Industrial Wireless Hierarchical Sensor Networks

Industrial wireless sensor networks adopt a hierarchical structure with large numbers of sensors and routers. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is regarded as an efficient method to reduce the probability of confliction. In the intra-cluster part, the random color selection method is effective in reducing the retry times in an application. In the inter-cluster part, a quick assign algorithm and a dynamic maximum link algorithm are proposed to meet the quick networking or minimum frame size requirements. In the simulation, the dynamic maximum link algorithm produces higher reductions in the frame length than the quick assign algorithm. When the number of routers is 140, the total number of time slots is reduced by 25%. However, the first algorithm needs more control messages, and the average difference in the number of control messages is 3 410. Consequently, the dynamic maximum link algorithm is utilized for adjusting the link schedule to the minimum delay with a relatively high throughput rate, and the quick assign algorithm is utilized for speeding up the networking process.

Wireless Sensor Security Issues on Data Link Layer:A Survey

A computer network can be defined as many computing devices connected via a communication medium like the internet.Computer network development has proposed how humans and devices communicate today.These networks have improved,facilitated,and made conventional forms of communication easier.However,it has also led to uptick in-network threats and assaults.In 2022,the global market for information technology is expected to reach$170.4 billion.However,in contrast,95%of cyber security threats globally are caused by human action.These networks may be utilized in several control systems,such as home-automation,chemical and physical assault detection,intrusion detection,and environmental monitoring.The proposed literature review presents a wide range of information on Wireless Social Networks(WSNs)and Internet of Things(IoT)frameworks.The aim is first to be aware of the existing issues(issues with traditional methods)and network attacks on WSN and IoT systems and how to defend them.The second is to review the novel work in the domain and find its limitations.The goal is to identify the area’s primary gray field or current research divide to enable others to address the range.Finally,we concluded that configuration.Message Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol(RSTP)messages have higher efficiency in network performance degradation than alternative Bridge Data Unit Protocol(BPDU)forms.The research divides our future research into solutions and newly developed techniques that can assist in completing the lacking component.In this research,we have selected articles from 2015 to 2021 to provide users with a comprehensive literature overview.

Dragonfly Interaction Algorithm for Optimization of Queuing Delay in Industrial Wireless Networks

In industrial wireless networks,data transmitted from source to destination are highly repetitive.This often leads to the queuing of the data,and poor management of the queued data results in excessive delays,increased energy consumption,and packet loss.Therefore,a nature-inspired-based Dragonfly Interaction Optimization Algorithm(DMOA)is proposed for optimization of the queue delay in industrial wireless networks.The term“interaction”herein used is the characterization of the“flying movement”of the dragonfly towards damselflies(female dragonflies)for mating.As a result,interaction is represented as the flow of transmitted data packets,or traffic,from the source to the base station.This includes each and every feature of dragonfly movement as well as awareness of the rival dragonflies,predators,and damselflies for the desired optimization of the queue delay.These features are juxtaposed as noise and interference,which are further used in the calculation of industrial wireless metrics:latency,error rate(reliability),throughput,energy efficiency,and fairness for the optimization of the queue delay.Statistical analysis,convergence analysis,the Wilcoxon test,the Friedman test,and the classical as well as the 2014 IEEE Congress of Evolutionary Computation(CEC)on the benchmark functions are also used for the evaluation of DMOA in terms of its robustness and efficiency.The results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed algorithm for both classical and benchmarking functions of the IEEE CEC 2014.Furthermore,the accuracy and efficacy of DMOA were demonstrated by means of the convergence rate,Wilcoxon testing,and ANOVA.Moreover,fairness using Jain’s index in queue delay optimization in terms of throughput and latency,along with computational complexity,is also evaluated and compared with other algorithms.Simulation results show that DMOA exceeds other bio-inspired optimization algorithms in terms of fairness in queue delay management and average packet loss.The proposed algorithm is also evaluated for the conflicting objectives at Pareto Front,and its analysis reveals that DMOA finds a compromising solution between the objectives,thereby optimizing queue delay.In addition,DMOA on the Pareto front delivers much greater performance when it comes to optimizing the queuing delay for industry wireless networks.

A Methodology for Reliability of WSN Based on Software Defined Network in Adaptive Industrial Environment

As communication technology and smart manufacturing have developed, the industrial internet of things(IIo T)has gained considerable attention from academia and industry.Wireless sensor networks(WSNs) have many advantages with broad applications in many areas including environmental monitoring, which makes it a very important part of IIo T. However,energy depletion and hardware malfunctions can lead to node failures in WSNs. The industrial environment can also impact the wireless channel transmission, leading to network reliability problems, even with tightly coupled control and data planes in traditional networks, which obviously also enhances network management cost and complexity. In this paper, we introduce a new software defined network(SDN), and modify this network to propose a framework called the improved software defined wireless sensor network(improved SD-WSN). This proposed framework can address the following issues. 1) For a large scale heterogeneous network, it solves the problem of network management and smooth merging of a WSN into IIo T. 2) The network coverage problem is solved which improves the network reliability. 3) The framework addresses node failure due to various problems, particularly related to energy consumption.Therefore, it is necessary to improve the reliability of wireless sensor networks, by developing certain schemes to reduce energy consumption and the delay time of network nodes under IIo T conditions. Experiments have shown that the improved approach significantly reduces the energy consumption of nodes and the delay time, thus improving the reliability of WSN.

Design of IEEE1451.5 WTIM for Industrial Network Based on Ubiquitous Sensor Network

Recently, the use of ubiquitous sensor network technology has spread vastly. The ubiquitous sensor networks are widely de- ployed in factory auttxnation as they provide effective measuring solution for instruments. The wired/wireless network module, which provides the interface to connect to the u-sensor network, is needed but there is no perfect standardization about the interface. In this situation, the interface compatibility between measuring instrument can be maintained using the IEEEI451 international standard. In this paper, the Wireless Transducer Interface Mcduie （WTIM） based on IEEE1451.5 was designed. It coxnects to the measuring instnmnt, like the muiti-meter, power meter, and etc., to support the RS232 interface. As these devices cannot connect to network without a mod- ule, we use the WTIM to help these devices connect to network sys- ton. Its ftmction was verified through the ubiquitous network connection and data transfer between monitoring PC and measuring instrument. This technology is expected to reduce cost in order to construct the wireless industry automation system using existing devices.

IWSNs防移动干扰节点的两层协作Stackelberg博弈

针对工业无线传感器网络物理层移动干扰攻击节点的攻击问题,研究sink节点和簇头节点共同抵御攻击的两层协作博弈模型。在簇头节点中选择最佳协作节点,共同抵御移动干扰攻击节点;以网络安全速率为优化目标,将sink节点、最佳协作节点和攻击节点之间的合作竞争关系建模为两层协作Stackelberg博弈模型,采用逆向归纳法求解博弈均衡解。仿真实验结果表明,与未采用协作节点的方案相比,采用的最佳协作节点选择方案对移动攻击节点的抵御效果更佳,且与其他协作博弈功率控制模型相比,两层协作Stackelberg博弈模型可有效提高工业无线传感器网络的安全速率。

工业无线网络实时传输调度算法研究综述

无线网络是工业物联网中一种具有良好前景的网络互联技术.它的应用为工业现场设备部署提供了极大便利,使设备摆脱了线缆的束缚,从而在空间上选点更为灵活,同时能够节省线材和人力等方面的成本.然而,无线通信易受环境噪声影响,尤其是在复杂电磁干扰的工业环境中,易导致无线传输的时延增大和数据丢失.这些问题对于传输实时性要求较高的工业控制系统是非常不利的因素.为了提高无线网络在工业环境中数据传输的实时性,学者们设计了多种传输调度算法,以提高无线通信的实时性和可靠性,从而满足工业应用的需求.综述了工业无线网络传输调度算法的研究现状,对其发展历程、问题定义、评价指标、分类方法和现有标准等方面进行了全面总结,详细阐述了具有代表性的调度算法的工作原理,并指出了未来的研究方向.

对抗防御的IWSN入侵检测强化模型

针对工业无线传感器网络中基于深度学习的入侵检测易受到对抗样本影响的问题,基于生成对抗网络构建对抗防御的IWSN入侵检测强化模型.首先,受生成对抗网络原理的启发,将分类器与对抗学习结合,通过提高样本训练次数及生成样本攻击性以加大模型训练强度,达到提升模型检测性能的目的.其次,采用多层感知器构建模型的网络结构,以适应IWSN中特征独立的高维数据.同时,引入约束条件、对抗损失与Wasserstein距离改进模型的损失函数,以保证对抗训练的稳定性.在WSN_DS数据集与天然气管道数据集上进行了对比、类比与效率实验,结果表明,模型对各对抗样本的防御效果较现有方法有所提升,且具有较强的入侵攻击检测性能.

工业无线可充电传感网的数据收集及充电优化

随着工业的快速发展,其对工业无线可充电传感网的运行提出了更高要求,如海量传感器需要保持长时间的高强度工作状态;数据的传输需要更高的可靠性和实时性.然而,在利用多跳数据传输的工业传感网络中,传感器的转发负载极不均衡.这进一步加快了部分传感器的耗电速度,使得它们较其他传感器更快耗尽电量,并导致数据丢失和网络运行中断.针对这些问题,本文提出一种结合强化学习和边际效益近似算法的方案,以优化工业无线可充电传感网中移动充电车的移动数据收集及充电调度策略,使得每个传感器有足够的电量工作和提高数据传输的可靠性和实时性,并最大化系统效益.实验结果表明,本文所提出的方案在系统效益、移动充电车收集的数据总质量方面的性能明显优于其他对比算法.

基于IPv6-IOT技术的地震专网无线传输组网研究

文章以山东地震行业无线传输网建设为目标,基于山东地震行业专网的现状,利用IPv6-IOT技术规划和建设山东地震行业无线传输网。研究成果不仅可以为山东地震行业实现下一代IPv6组网的平滑演进和升级奠定坚实基础,还可以为基于IPv6-IOT无线传输的组网提供模型依据和技术支撑。

Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning for end—edge orchestrated resource allocation in industrial wireless networks

Edge artificial intelligence will empower the ever simple industrial wireless networks(IWNs)supporting complex and dynamic tasks by collaboratively exploiting the computation and communication resources of both machine-type devices(MTDs)and edge servers.In this paper,we propose a multi-agent deep reinforcement learning based resource allocation(MADRL-RA)algorithm for end-edge orchestrated IWNs to support computation-intensive and delay-sensitive applications.First,we present the system model of IWNs,wherein each MTD is regarded as a self-learning agent.Then,we apply the Markov decision process to formulate a minimum system overhead problem with joint optimization of delay and energy consumption.Next,we employ MADRL to defeat the explosive state space and learn an effective resource allocation policy with respect to computing decision,computation capacity,and transmission power.To break the time correlation of training data while accelerating the learning process of MADRL-RA,we design a weighted experience replay to store and sample experiences categorically.Furthermore,we propose a step-by-stepε-greedy method to balance exploitation and exploration.Finally,we verify the effectiveness of MADRL-RA by comparing it with some benchmark algorithms in many experiments,showing that MADRL-RA converges quickly and learns an effective resource allocation policy achieving the minimum system overhead.

In-Depth Study of Potential-Based Routing and New Exploration of Its Scheduling Integration

Industrial wireless mesh networks(WMNs)have been widely deployed in various industrial sectors,providing services such as manufacturing process monitoring,equipment control,and sensor data collection.A notable characteristic of industrial WMNs is their distinct traffic pattern,where the majority of traffic flows originate from mesh nodes and are directed towards mesh gateways.In this context,this paper adopts and revisits a routing algorithm known as ALFA(autonomous load-balancing field-based anycast routing),tailored specifically for anycast(one-to-one-of-many)networking in WMNs,where traffic flows can be served through any one of multiple gateways.In essence,the scheme is a hybrid-type routing strategy that leverages the advantages of both back-pressure routing and geographic routing.Notably,its novelty lies in being developed by drawing inspiration from another field,specifically from the movement of charges in an electrostatic potential field.Expanding on the previous work,this paper explores further in-depth discussions that were not previously described,including a detailed description of the analogy between an electrostatic system and a WMN system based on precise mapping perspectives derived from intensive analysis,as well as discussions on anycast,numerical methods employed in devising the ALFA scheme,its characteristics,and complexity.It is worth noting that this paper addresses these previously unexplored aspects,representing significant contributions compared to previous works.As a completely new exploration,a new scheduling strategy is proposed that is compatible with the routing approach by utilizing the potential-based metric not only in routing but also in scheduling.This assigns higher medium access priority to links with a larger potential difference.Extensive simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed potential-based joint routing and scheduling scheme across various aspects within industrial WMN scenarios.

基于LoRa技术的工业无线通信网络多重覆盖节点调度研究

远距离无线电(Long Range Radio,LoRa)技术以其低功耗、长距离传输以及抗干扰性强等优势,在工业无线通信网络中得到广泛应用。为进一步提升LoRa网络性能和资源利用率,多重覆盖节点调度策略成为关键。文章分析了LoRa技术原理,深入研究工业无线通信网络多重覆盖节点调度,包括多重覆盖冗余度判别和数学模型构建。经过仿真实验,验证了所提算法的有效性,其在覆盖率、能耗以及网络寿命等方面均优于传统方法,具备较高的应用价值。

工业无线网络技术在工业互联网中的应用研究

工业互联网体系融合了新一代信息通信技术与工业经济,推动了工业数字化、网络化、智能化转型,其中网络体系是基础。工业无线网络作为其重要组成部分,具有灵活部署的特性,能适应复杂的工业环境,为工业互联网的构建提供基础。深入探讨了工业无线网络技术在工业互联网中的应用,分析了工业无线网络技术的现状、优势、挑战,阐述了其在工业互联网生态中的重要地位,并探讨了其在提升生产效率、降低成本、增强安全性等方面的潜力及未来发展方向。

一种挂轨巡检车在城市调蓄池中的应用与研究

近几年,城市调蓄池的建设发展迅速,为了解决地下调蓄池环境检测难题,需要设计一种可在调蓄池内自动巡检的设备,检测污水和周围空气状态。文章设计了一种挂轨行驶的巡检车,其方法在调蓄池顶部预铺无源巡检轨道,调蓄池内搭建无线局域网络,通过工业相机和传感器检测技术自动检测、识别并记录池水和空气的状态数据及对应的坐标位置,并在上位机操作平台上实时显示。该文设计的巡检车实现了实时采集甲烷、乙炔、氨气、氧气浓度、温度、湿度、液位高度、污水状态判断、位置坐标、以及驱动参数,实现自动巡检功能,巡检速度0~1.5m/s,视频流采集帧率25fps,图像分辨率最大可达1920×1080dpi,方便快捷检测城市调蓄池内环境,警示用户是否存在安全隐患,保障城市调蓄池安全稳定运行。