Thermal Transport in Methane Hydrate by Molecular Dynamics and Phonon Inelastic Scattering

The heat conduction and thermal conductivity for methane hydrate are simulated from equilibrium molecular dynamics. The thermal conductivity and temperature dependence trend agree well with the experimental results. The nonmonotonic temperature dependence is attributed to the phonon inelastic scattering at higher temperature and to the confinement of the optic phonon modes and low frequency phonons at low temperature. The thermal conductivity scales proportionally with the van der Waals interaction strength, The conversion of a crystal-like nature into an amorphous one oecurs at higher strength. Both the temperature dependence and interaction strength dependence are explained by phonon inelastic scattering.

Geometric Scaling Analysis of Deep Inelastic Scattering Data Including Heavy Quarks

An analytic massive total cross section of photon proton scattering is derived, which has geometric scaling. A geometric scaling is used to perform a global analysis of the deep inelastic scattering data on inclusive structure function F2 measured in lepton-hadron scattering experiments at small values of Bjorken x. It is shown that the descriptions of the inclusive structure function F2 and longitudinal structure function FL are improved with the massive analytic structure function, which may imply the gluon saturation effect dominating the parton evolution process at HERA. The inclusion of the heavy quarks prevent the divergence of the lepton-hadron cross section, which plays a significant role in the description of the photoproduction region.

Analysis of the Diffractive Deep Inelastic Scattering Data with Running Coupling and Gluon Number Fluctuations

We study the effects of running coupling and gluon number fluctuations in the latest diffractive deep inelastic scattering data. It is found that the description of the data is improved once the running coupling and gluon number fluctuations are included with x2/d.o.f. = 0.867, x2/d.o.f. = 0.923 and x2/d.o.f. = 0.878 for three different groups of experimental data. The values of diffusive coefficient subtracted from the fit are smaller than the ones obtained by considering only the gluon number fluctuations in our previous studies. The smaller values of the diffusive coefficient are in agreement with the theoretical predictions, where the gluon number fluctuations are suppressed by the running coupling which leads to smaller values of the diffusive coefficient.

Formation of hydrogen atom in 2s state in proton–sodium inelastic scattering

The inelastic collision of protons with sodium atoms are treated for the first time within the framework of the coupledstatic and frozen core approximations. The method is used for calculating partial and total cross-sections with the assumption that only two channels（elastic and hydrogen formation in 2s state） are open. In each case, the calculations are carried out for seven values of the total angular momentum l（0≤ l≤ 6）. The target is described using the Clementi Roetti wave functions within the framework of the one valence electron model. We use Lipmann–Swinger equation to solve the derived equations of the problem, then apply an iterative numerical method to obtain the code of computer to calculate iterative partial cross-sections. This can be done through calculating the reactance matrix at different values of considered energies to obtain the transition matrix that gives partial and total cross sections. The present results for total hydrogen（2s state）formation cross sections are in agreement with results of other available ones in wide range of incident energy.

Analytic expression for the proton structure function in deep inelastic scattering

The analytic expression of proton in deep inelastic scattering is studied by using the color glass condensate model and the dipole picture. We get a better description of the HERA DIS data than the GBW model which was inspired by the Glauber model. We find that our model satisfies the unitarity limit and Froissart Bound which refers to an energy dependence of the total cross-section rising no more rapidly than ln^2 s.

Double folding analysis of ^(3)He elastic and inelastic scattering to low lying states on ^(90)Zr,^(116)Sn and ^(208)Pb at 270 MeV

The experimental data on elastic and inelastic scattering of 270 MeV 3He particles to several low lying states in 90Zr, 116Sn and 208Pb are analyzed within the double folding model （DFM）. Fermi density distribution （FDD） of target nuclei is used to obtain real potentials with different powers. DF results are introduced into a modified DWUCK4 code to calculate tbe elastic and inelastic scattering cross sections. Two cboices of potentials form factors are used; Woods Saxon （WS） and Woods Saxon Squared （WS2） for real potential, while the imaginary part is taken as phenomenological Woods Saxon （PWS） and phenomenological Woods Saxon Squared （PWS2）. This comparison provides information about the similarities and differences of the models used in calculations.

Simulation of neutron-tagged deep inelastic scattering at EicC

Measuring the pionic structure function is of high interest, as it provides a new area for understanding the strong interaction among quarks and testing QCD predictions. To this end, we investigate the feasibility and expected impact of a possible experiment at EicC(Electron-ion collider in China). We show the simulation results on the statistical precision of an EicC measurement, based on the model of leading neutron tagged DIS process and the parton distribution functions of the pion from JAM18 global analysis. The simulation shows that at EicC, the kinematics cover the x π range from 0.01 to 1, and the Q2 range from 1 to 50 GeV2, within the acceptable statistical uncertainty. Assuming an integrated luminosity of 50 fb-1, in the low-Q2 region(< 10 GeV2), the Monte Carlo data show that the suggested measurement in the whole x π range reaches very high precision(< 3%). To perform such an experiment, only the addition of a far-forward neutron calorimeter is needed.

Deuteron inelastic scattering on ^(6)Li and ^(7)Li nuclei within the three-body cluster model

The problem of the deuteron interaction with lithium nuclei,treated as a system of two coupled pointlike clusters,is formulated to calculate the cross sections of the d+Li reaction.The d+Li reaction mechanism is described using the Faddeev theory for the three-body problem of deuteron-nucleus interaction.This theory is slightly extended for calculation of the stripping processes ^6Li(d,p)^7Li,^7Li(d,p)^8 ,^6Li(d,n)^7 Be,and ^7Li(d,n)^8 Be,as well as fragmentation reactions yielding tritium,a-particles,and continuous neutrons and protons in the initial deuteron kineticenergy region Ed=0.5-20 MeV.The phase shifts found for d+^6Li and d+^7Li elastic scattering,as part of the simple optic model with a complex central potential,were used to find the cross sections for the 6^Li(d,yM)^8 and ^7Li(d,yE1)^9 Be radiation captures.The three-body dynamics role is also summarized to demonstrate its significant influence within the d+^7Li system.

Investigation of negative-parity states in ^(16)C via deuteron inelastic scattering

Two low-lying unbound states in ^(16)C are investigated by deuteron inelastic scattering in inverse kinematics.Besides the 2^(-) state at 5.45 MeV previously measured in a 1n knockout reaction,a new resonant state at 6.89 MeV is observed for the first time.The inelastic scattering angular distributions of these two states are well reproduced by the distorted-wave Born approximation(DWBA)calculation with an l=1 excitation.In addition,the spinparities of the unbound states are discussed and tentatively assigned based on shell model calculations using the modified YSOX interaction.

Study of ~3He inelastic scattering on ^(13)C and ^(14)C at 37.9 MeV

The differential cross sections of elastic and inelastic scattering of ~3He ions on ^（13）C and ^（14）C have been studied at an energy of 37.9 MeV with a double folding model based on M3Y-Reid effective nucleon-nucleon interaction.The resulted parameters have been used for the standard Distorted Wave Born Approximation calculations of angular distributions corresponding to different excitations levels of ^（13）C and ^（14）C and deformation parameters have been deduced.

Oscillator strength study of the excitations of valence-shell of C2H2 by high-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering

The oscillator strengths of the valence-shell excitations of C_(2)H_(2) are extremely important for testing theoretical models and studying interstellar gases.In this study,the high-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering(IXS)method is adopted to determine the generalized oscillator strengths(GOSs)of the valence-shell excitations of C_(2)H_(2) at a photon energy of10 ke V.The GOSs are extrapolated to their zero limit to obtain the corresponding optical oscillator strengths(OOSs).Through taking a completely different experimental method of the IXS,the present results offer the high energy limit for electron collision to satisfy the first Born approximation(FBA)and cross-check the previous experimental and theoretical results independently.The comparisons indicate that an electron collision energy of 1500 e V is not enough for C_(2)H_(2) to satisfy the FBA for the large squared momentum transfer,and the line saturation effect limits the accuracy of the OOSs measured by the photoabsorption method.

Mechanisms of Proton-Proton Inelastic Cross-Section Growth in Multi-Peripheral Model within the Framework of Perturbation Theory.Part 3

We develop a new method for taking into account the interference contributions to proton-proton inelastic cross-section within the framework of the simplest multi-peripheral model based on the self-interacting scalar φ3 field theory, using Laplace’s method for calculation of each interference contribution. We do not know any works that adopted the inter- ference contributions for inelastic processes. This is due to the generally adopted assumption that the main contribution to the integrals expressing the cross section makes multi-Regge domains with its characteristic strong ordering of secon- dary particles by rapidity. However, in this work, we find what kind of space domains makes a major contribution to the integral and these space domains are not multi-Regge. We demonstrated that because these interference contributions are significant, so they cannot be limited by a small part of them. With the help of the approximate replacement the sum of a huge number of these contributions by the integral were calculated partial cross sections for such numbers of secondary particles for which direct calculation would be impossible. The offered model qualitative agrees with experimental dependence of total scattering cross-section on energy with a characteristic minimum in the range ≈ 10 GeV. However, quantitative agreement was not achieved;we assume that due to the fact that we have examined the simplest diagrams of theory.

Electron inelastic mean free paths in solids:A theoretical approach

In the present paper, the inelastic mean free path （IMFP） of incident electrons is calculated as a function of energy for silicon （Si）, oxides of silicon （SiO2）, SiO, and A1203 in bulk form by employing atomic/molecular inelastic cross sections derived by using a semi-empirical quantum mechanical method developed earlier. A general agreement of the present results is found with most of the available data. It is of great importance that we have been able to estimate the minimum IMFP, which corresponds to the peak of inelastic interactions of incident electrons in each solid investigated. New results are presented for SiO, for which no comparison is available. The present work is important in view of the lack of experimental data on the IMFP in solids.

Hadron formation in semi-inclusive deep inelastic lepton-nucleus scattering

Hadron production in lepton-nucleus deep inelastic scattering is studied in a model including quark energy loss and nuclear absorption. The leading-order computations for hadron multiplicity ratios are presented and compared with the selected HERMES experimental data with the quark hadronization occurring inside the nucleus by means of the hadron formation time. It is shown that with increase of the energy fraction carried by the hadron, the nuclear suppression on hadron multiplicity ratio from nuclear absorption gets bigger. It is found that when hadronization occurs inside the nucleus, the nuclear absorption is the dominant mechanism causing a reduction of the hadron yield. The atomic mass dependence of hadron attenuation for quark hadronization starting inside the nucleus is confirmed theoretically and experimentally to be proportional to A1/3.

Atomic mass dependence of hadron production in semi-inclusive deep inelastic lepton-nucleus scattering

Hadron production in lepton-nucleus deep inelastic scattering is studied in a quark energy loss model. The leading-order computations for hadron multiplicity ratios are presented and compared with the selected HERMES pions production data with the quark hadronization occurring outside the nucleus by means of the hadron formation time. It is found that the obtained energy loss per unit length is 0.440±0.013 GeV/fm for an outgoing quark by the global fit. It is confirmed that the atomic mass number dependence of hadron attenuation is theoretically and experimentally in good agreement with the A2/3 power law for quark hadronization occurring outside the nucleus,

Motion and acceleration of electrons in high-intensity laser standing waves

The motion and the energy of electrons driven by the ponderomotive force in linearly polarized high-intensity laser standing wave fields are considered. The results show that there exists a threshold laser intensity, above which the motion of electrons incident parallel to the electric field of the laser standing waves undergoes a transition from regulation to chaos. We propose that the huge energy exchange between the electrons and the strong laser standing waves is triggered by inelastic scattering, which is related to the chaos patterns. It is shown that an electron＇s energy gain of tens of MeV can be realized for a laser intensity of 10^20 W/cm^2.

Many-Body Correlation Effects on the <i>x</i>_Bjorken-Dependence of Cross Section Ratios off Nuclei for 1 <<i>x</i>_Bjorken<2

Many-body correlations in nuclei determine the behavior of Deep-Inelastic-Scattering (DIS) and Quasi-Elastic Scattering (QES) cross section ratios off heavy over light nuclei especially for xBjorken > 1, obtained at Jefferson Lab. They can be described in terms of quark-cluster formation in nuclei due to wave-function overlapping, manifesting itself when the momentum transfer is high so that the partonic degrees of freedom are resolved. In clusters (correlated nucleons) the quark and gluon momentum distributions are softer than in single nucleons and extend to xBjorken > 1. The cluster formation probabilities are computed using a network-defining algorithm in which the initial nucleon density is either standard Woods-Saxon or is input from lower energy data while the critical radius for nucleon merging is an adjustable parameter. The exact choice of critical radius depends on the specific nucleus and it is anti-correlated to the rescaling of the xBjorken needed for bound nucleons. The calculations show that there is a strong dependence of the cross section ratios on the xBjorken in agreement with the data and that four-body correlations are needed to explain the experimental results even in the range 1 < xBjorken < 2. The dependence on the specific exponents of parton distributions in high-order clusters is weak.

Carbon decorated Li_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3) for high-rate lithium-ion batteries:Electrochemical performance and charge compensation mechanism

Fast charging and high-power delivering batteries are highly demanded in mobile electronics,electric vehicles and grid energy storage,but there are full of challenges.The star-material Li_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3) is demonstrated as a promising high-rate cathode material meeting the above requirements.Herein,we report the carbon decorated Li_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3) (LVP/C) cathode prepared via a facile method,which displays a remarkable high-rate capability and long-term cycling performance.Briefly,the prepared LVP/C delivers a high discharge capacity of 122 mAh g^(-1)(-93% of the theoretical capacity) at a high rate up to 20 C and a superior capacity retention of 87.1% after 1000 cycles.Importantly,by applying a combination of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and full-range mapping of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering,we clearly elucidate the structural and chemical evolutions of LVP upon various potentials and cycle numbers.We show unambiguous spectroscopic evidences that the evolution of the hybridization strength between V and O in LVP/C as a consequence of lithiation/delithiation is highly reversible both in the bulk and on the surface during the discharge-charge processes even over extended cycles,which should be responsible for the remarkable electrochemical performance of LVP/C.Our present study provides not only an effective synthesis strategy but also deeper insights into the surface and bulk electrochemical reaction mechanism of LVP,which should be beneficial for the further design of high-performance LVP electrode materials.

Precisely quantifying bulk transition metal valence evolution in conventional battery electrode by inverse partial fluorescence yield

Precisely quantifying transition metal(TM) redox in bulk is a key to understand the fundamental of optimizing cathode materials in secondary batteries. At present, the commonly used methods to probe TM redox are hard X-ray absorption spectroscopy(hXAS) and soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy(sXAS).However, they are both facing challenges to precisely quantify the valence states of some transition metals such as Mn. In this paper, Mn-L iPFY(inverse partial fluorescence yield) spectra extracted from Mn-L m RIXS(mapping of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering) is adopted to quantify Mn valence states. Mn-L i PFY spectra has been considered as a bulk-sensitive, non-distorted probe of TM valence states.However, the exact precision of this method is still unclear in quantifying practical battery electrodes.Herein, a series of LiMn_(2)O_(4) electrodes with different charge and discharge states are prepared. Based on their electrochemical capacity(generally considered to be very precise), the precision of Mn iPFY in quantifying bulk Mn valence state is confirmed, and the error range is unraveled. Mn-L mRIXS iPFY thus is identified as one of the best methods to quantify the bulk Mn valence state comparing with hXAS and sXAS.

Evolution of Shower Parton Distributions in a Jet from Quark Recombination Model

The evolution of shower parton distributions in a jet is investigated in the framework of a quark recombination model. The distributions are parameterized and the Q^2 dependence of the parameters is given by polynomials of In Q^2 for a wide range of Q^2