Breastfeeding and human milk are the normative standards for feeding and nutrition of both term and pre-term infants. Fresh mother’s own milk is recognized as the optimal choice for feeding all newborns, including pr...Breastfeeding and human milk are the normative standards for feeding and nutrition of both term and pre-term infants. Fresh mother’s own milk is recognized as the optimal choice for feeding all newborns, including preterm and very low birth weight infants. Evidence documents short and long-term metabolic, immunologic and neurodevelopmental advantages of breastfeeding when compared to formula. Moreover, benefits of breastfeeding on psychological and relational aspects have to be considered. Currently, human milk supplementation is usually performed to meet the specific nutritional requirements of preterm infants. When mother’s milk is unavailable or in short supply, donor milk represents the best alternative, although some nutritional elements are inactivated by the necessary pasteurization process. Aim of this review is to briefly summarize the main biological and nutritional factors that contribute to the beneficial effects of human milk feeding for preterm infants.展开更多
目的探讨婴幼儿死亡后器官捐献(donation after death,DCD)单侧供肾用于成人移植术后的临床特点,总结术后护理要点。方法 2014年1月至2016年6月对36例婴幼儿用于DCD单侧供肾成人受者进行肾移植手术,术后根据患者早期临床特点,给予针对...目的探讨婴幼儿死亡后器官捐献(donation after death,DCD)单侧供肾用于成人移植术后的临床特点,总结术后护理要点。方法 2014年1月至2016年6月对36例婴幼儿用于DCD单侧供肾成人受者进行肾移植手术,术后根据患者早期临床特点,给予针对性护理对策。结果 36例婴幼儿DCD单侧供肾用于成人肾移植术后发生肺部感染3例,切口感染2例,移植肾血栓2例,移植肾输尿管尿瘘2例,移植肾功能延迟恢复(delayed graft function,DGF)16例。术后随访1~20个月,36例受者均成活,其中34例受者移植肾功能恢复良好,2例因移植肾动静脉血栓形成而切除移植肾。结论婴幼儿DCD单侧供肾用于成人肾移植手术难度大,术后并发症多,护理难度大。在护理方面应加强术中、术后患者血压的监控,严格控制出入量的管理,做好早期并发症的观察及护理,其对提高移植肾的存活率,减少并发症发生,促进患者早期康复具有重要意义。展开更多
The expanded indications of partial grafts in pediatric liver transplantation have reduced waiting list mortality. However, a higher morbidity is observed, including an increased rate of biliary complications(BCs). Fa...The expanded indications of partial grafts in pediatric liver transplantation have reduced waiting list mortality. However, a higher morbidity is observed, including an increased rate of biliary complications(BCs). Factors such as the type of graft, the preservation methods applied, the donor characteristics, the type of biliary reconstruction, and the number of bile ducts in the liver graft influences the occurrence of these complications. Bile leaks and strictures comprise the majority of posttransplant BCs. Biliary strictures require a high grade of suspicion, and because most children have a bileoenteric anastomosis, its diagnosis and management rely on percutaneous hepatic cholangiography and percutaneous biliary interventions(PBI). The success rates with PBI range from 70% to 90%. Surgery is reserved for patients who have failed PBI. BCs in children after liver transplantation have a prolonged treatment and are associated with a longer length of stay and higher hospital costs. However, with early diagnosis and aggressive treatment, patient and graft survival are not significantly compromised.展开更多
文摘Breastfeeding and human milk are the normative standards for feeding and nutrition of both term and pre-term infants. Fresh mother’s own milk is recognized as the optimal choice for feeding all newborns, including preterm and very low birth weight infants. Evidence documents short and long-term metabolic, immunologic and neurodevelopmental advantages of breastfeeding when compared to formula. Moreover, benefits of breastfeeding on psychological and relational aspects have to be considered. Currently, human milk supplementation is usually performed to meet the specific nutritional requirements of preterm infants. When mother’s milk is unavailable or in short supply, donor milk represents the best alternative, although some nutritional elements are inactivated by the necessary pasteurization process. Aim of this review is to briefly summarize the main biological and nutritional factors that contribute to the beneficial effects of human milk feeding for preterm infants.
文摘The expanded indications of partial grafts in pediatric liver transplantation have reduced waiting list mortality. However, a higher morbidity is observed, including an increased rate of biliary complications(BCs). Factors such as the type of graft, the preservation methods applied, the donor characteristics, the type of biliary reconstruction, and the number of bile ducts in the liver graft influences the occurrence of these complications. Bile leaks and strictures comprise the majority of posttransplant BCs. Biliary strictures require a high grade of suspicion, and because most children have a bileoenteric anastomosis, its diagnosis and management rely on percutaneous hepatic cholangiography and percutaneous biliary interventions(PBI). The success rates with PBI range from 70% to 90%. Surgery is reserved for patients who have failed PBI. BCs in children after liver transplantation have a prolonged treatment and are associated with a longer length of stay and higher hospital costs. However, with early diagnosis and aggressive treatment, patient and graft survival are not significantly compromised.
