A Comparison between Late Preterm and Term Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Early-Onset Sepsis, and Neonatal Jaundice in Ecuadorian Newborns

Background: To examine the differences in prevalence of respiratory distress syndrome, early-onset sepsis and jaundice, between late preterm infants versus term infants in Ecuadorian newborns. Methods: Study design: Epidemiological, observational, and cross-sectional, with two cohorts of patients. Settings: IESS Quito Sur Hospital at Quito, Ecuador, from February to April of 2020. Participants: This study included 204 newborns, 102 preterm infants, 102 term infants. Results: There are significant differences between late preterm infants and term infants, with a p-value of 0.000 in the prevalence of early sepsis, 70.59% vs. 35.29%. In respiratory distress syndrome between late and term premature infants, significant differences were observed with a p-value of 0.000, the proportion being 55.58% vs. 24.51% respectively. The prevalence of jaundice is higher in term infants with a p value of 0.002, 72.55%, versus 51.96% in late preterm infants, and the mean value of bilirubins in mg/dL was higher in term infants 14.32 versus 12.33 in late preterm infants;this difference is statistically significant with a p value of 0.004. Admission to the NICU is more frequent in late preterm infants with a p-value of 0.000, being 42.16% for late preterm infants vs. 7.84% in term infants;the mean of the hospital days with p-value 0.005, was higher in late preterm infants 4.97 days vs. 3.55 days for term newborns. Conclusion: Due to the conditions of their immaturity, late preterm infants are 2.86 times more likely to present early sepsis than full-term newborns. It is shown that late preterm infants are 2.69 times more likely to have respiratory distress syndrome compared to term infants, therefore, late preterm infants have a longer hospital stay of 4.97 days versus 3.55 days in term infants. Jaundice and mean bilirubin levels are higher in term infants due to blood group incompatibility and insufficient breastfeeding.

Early Intratracheal Administration of Corticosteroid and Pulmonary Surfactant for Preventing Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants with Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Meta-analysis

There is uncertain result with regard to the use of inhalation or instillation steroids to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants. This meta-analysis was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of early airway administration (within 2 days after birth) of corticosteroids and pulmonary surfactant (PS) for preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in premature infants with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS). The related studies were retrieved in PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Clinical Trial, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP Database from inception to August 2018. Two reviewers independently screened the studies to ensure that all patients with diagnosis of NRDS were enrolled to studies within 1 day after birth, assessed the quality of included studies by GRADEpro system and extracted the data for review. The meta-analysis was performed by RevMan 5.2 software. A subgroup analysis about inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) delivery method was made between ICS inhalation subgroup [inhalation of ICS by nebulizer or metered dose inhaler (MDI)] and ICS intratracheal instillation subgroup (PS used as a vehicle). Eight randomized controlled trials were enrolled in the meta-analysis, 5 trials of which stated the randomized method, grouping and blinded method, and the follow-up procedures were reported. GRADEpro system showed high quality of 4 trials (5 articles), and the rest 4 trials had moderate quality. Meta-analysis showed that the incidence of BPD was decreased in ICS group, the relative risk (RR) was 0.56 (95% CI: 0.42-0.76), and similar trends were found in ICS inhalation subgroup and ICS intratracheal instillation subgroup, with the corresponding RR being 0.58 (95% CI: 0.41-0.82) and 0.47 (95% CI: 0.24-0.95) respectively. ICS could also significantly reduce the mortality risk as compared with placebo control group (RR: 0.67;95% CI: 0.45-0.99), with RR of ICS inhalation subgroup and ICS intratracheal instillation subgroup being 0.81 (95% CI: 0.34-1.94) and 0.64 (95% CI: 0.41-0.99) respectively. Moreover, the percentage of infants using PS more than one time was lower in ICS group than in the placebo control group, with the RR and 95% CI being 0.55 (95% CI: 0.45-0.67), and that in ICS intratracheal instillation subgroup lower than in ICS inhalation subgroup (RR: 0.56;95% CI: 0.45-0.69, and RR: 0.35;95% CI:0.08-1.52 respectively). There was no significant difference in the incidence of infection or retinopathy of prematurity and neuro-motor system impairment between ICS group and placebo control group, with the corresponding RR being 0.95 (95% CI:0.59-1.52), 0.92 (95% CI: 0.62-1.38) and 1.13 (95% CI: 0.92-1.39), respectively. It was concluded that early administration of ICS and PS is an effective and safe option for preterm infants with NRDS in preventing BPD and reducing mortality, decreasing the additional PS usage, especially for the ICS intratracheal instillation subgroup. Furthermore, the appropriate dose and duration of ICS, combined use of inhalation or instillation of ICS with PS and the long-term safety of airway administration of corticosteroids need to be assessed in large trials.

Effects of Different Surfactant Administrations on Cerebral Autoregulation in Preterm Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome

To treat respiratory distress syndrome,surfactant is currently delivered via less invasive surfactant administration（LISA） or INtubation SURfactant Extubation（INSURE）.The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the two delivery methods of surfactant on cerebral autoregulation.Near infrared spectroscopy monitoring was carried out to detect cerebral oxygen saturation（Sc O2）,and the mean arterial blood pressure（MABP） was simultaneously recorded.Of 44 preterm infants included,the surfactant was administrated to 22 via LISA and 22 via INSURE.The clinical characteristics,treatments and outcomes of the infants showed no significant differences between the two groups.The correlation coefficient of Sc O2 and MABP（rSc O2-MABP） 5 min before administration was similar in the two groups.During surfactant administration,rSc O2-MABP increased in both groups（0.44±0.10 to 0.54±0.12 in LISA,0.45±0.11 to 0.69±0.09 in INSURE）.In the first and second 5 min after instillation,rSc O2-MABP was not significantly different from baseline in the LISA group,but increased in the first 5 min after instillation（0.59±0.13,P=0.000 compared with the baseline in the same group） and recovered in the second 5 min after instillation（0.48±0.10,P=0.321） in the INSURE group.There were significant differences in the change rates of rSc O2-MABP between the two groups during and after surfactant administration.Our results suggest that cerebral autoregulation may be affected transiently by surfactant administration.The effect duration of LISA is shorter than that of INSURE（〈5 min in LISA vs.5–10 min in INSURE）.

The Incidence of Respiratory Distress Syndrome among Preterm Infants Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective Study

Background: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or hyaline membrane disease (HMD) is the most common cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. We aimed to determine the frequency of RDS among 3 groups of preterm infants and the value of some related factors. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive analytical investigation was carried out in the NICU ward of Akbarabadi Hospital (Tehran-Iran) during spring 2011. Newborns’ data were collected and assessed by using their hospital medical records. Seventy-three preterm infants with gestational age < 34 weeks were hospitalized in the NICU. All participants were divided into 3 groups: extremely preterm (<28 weeks), very preterm (28 to <32 weeks) and moderate preterm (32 to 34 weeks). Frequency of RDS and some related factors were compared among 3 groups. Results: RDS was observed in 65.6% of all participants;however frequency of RDS was not different between three groups. An inversely correlation was found between gestational age and mortality rate (p = 0.05). In regard to Betamethasone administration prior to birth, this interval was significantly longer in alive neonates in comparison to infants who died (p < 0.05). Conclusion: RDS was frequent in preterm neonates with gestational age < 32 weeks. Time of Betamethasone administration prior to birth can significantly influence on neonatal mortality rate.

Surfactant Protein D for Pathological Evaluation of Infant Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Pediatric respiratory syncytial viral infection (RS) usually shows relatively good outcome;however, when it accompanies acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), this becomes fatal. We experienced three pediatric patients with RS + ARDS, with all showing good outcome with steroid pulse therapy. We wish to emphasize;1) steroid pulse therapy may become an option for this condition, and 2) plasma KL-6 and surfactant protein D levels may become a biomarker reflecting the disease progression/condition. Patients were, aged 1 month, 1 year 5 months, and 1 year 11 months. In all three, the respiratory condition deteriorated rapidly, requiring invasive ventilator management. Although the effectiveness of steroid treatment for ARDS is controversial, very severe condition prompted us to employ steroid pulse therapy, after which, oxygenation rapidly improved without adverse events. Plasma KL-6 and surfactant protein D levels were measured during exacerbations of ARDS, steroid pulse therapy, and recovery. Surfactant protein D levels were closely associated with oxygenation, suggesting this substance level might be a biomarker of ARDS caused by the disruption of the alveolar epithelial lining and to understand oxygenation without time lag.

Epidemiology of respiratory distress and the illness severity in late preterm or term infants： a prospective multi-center study

Background The severity of respiratory distress was associated with neonatal prognosis. This study aimed to explore the clinical characteristics, therapeutic interventions and short-term outcomes of late preterm or term infants who required respiratory support, and compare the usage of different illness severity assessment tools.Methods Seven neonatal intensive care units in tertiary hospitals were recruited. From November 2008 to October 2009, neonates born at ≥34 weeks＇ gestational age, admitted at 〈72 hours of age, requiring continuous positive airway pressure （CPAP） or mechanical ventilation for respiratory support were enrolled. Clinical data including demographic variables, underlying disease, complications, therapeutic interventions and short-term outcomes were collected. All infants were divided into three groups by Acute care of at-risk newborns （ACoRN） Respiratory Score 〈5, 5-8, and 〉8.Results During the study period, 503 newborn late preterm or term infants required respiratory support. The mean gestational age was （36.8±2.2） weeks, mean birth weight was （2734.5±603.5） g. The majority of the neonates were male （69.4%）, late preterm （63.3%）, delivered by cesarean section （74.8%）, admitted in the first day of life （89.3%） and outborn （born at other hospitals, 76.9%）. Of the cesarean section, 51.1% were performed electively. Infants in the severe group were more mature, had the highest rate of elective cesarean section, Apgar score 〈7 at 5 minutes and resuscitated with intubation, the in-hospital mortality increased significantly. In total, 58.1% of the patients were supported with mechanical ventilation and 17.3% received high frequency oscillation. Adjunctive therapies were commonly needed.Higher rate of infants in severe group needed mechanical ventilation or high frequency oscillation, volume expansion,bicarbonate infusion or vasopressors therapy （P 〈0.05）. The incidence of complications was also increased significantly in severe group （P 〈0.05）. The in-hospital mortality in the severe group was significantly higher than other two groups （P〈0.05）. ACoRN Respiratory Score was correlated with Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology-Version Ⅱ （SNAP-Ⅱ） （P〈0.01）. High gestational age, high SNAP-Ⅱ score and oxygenation index （OI）, and Apgar score at 5 minutes 〈5 were independent risks for death.Conclusions Neonatal respiratory distress is still a common cause of hospitalization in China. Illness severity assessment is important for the management. ACoRN Respiratory Score which correlated with SNAP-Ⅱ score is easy to use and may be helpful in facilitating the caregivers in local hospital to identify the early signs and make the transfer decision promptly.

Respiratory management of extremely low birth weight infants: survey of neonatal specialists

Background:To investigate strategies used for the management of respiratory distress syndrome(RDS)and bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD)in extremely low birth weight(ELBW)infants.Methods:A survey of neonatal specialists working in US academic institutions with fellowship training programs.Results:Eighty percent(72/89)of the identifi ed academic institutions had at least one physician who responded to the survey.Among respondents,85%(171/201)agreed or strongly agreed to use continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP)initially for the management of RDS,and the majority agreed or strongly agreed to use a fraction of inspired oxygen(FiO2)≥0.4 and a mean airway pressure(MAP)≥10 cm H2O as a criteria for surfactant therapy;and 73%(146/200)sometimes or always used caffeine to prevent BPD.Only 25%(50/202)sometimes or almost always used steroids to prevent or treat BPD.Identified indications to use steroids were 3 or more extubation failures or inability to extubate beyond 8 weeks of age.Conclusions:Variability in treatment strategies of ELBW is common among neonatal specialists.However,the majority of the respondents agreed or strongly agreed to use early CPAP for the management of RDS,consider a FiO2≥0.4 and a MAP≥10 cm H2O as criteria for surfactant therapy,and sometimes or almost always used caffeine to prevent BPD.Steroids continue to have a role in the management of BPD in infants who are diffi cult to extubate.

基于新生儿、孕妇临床特征构建新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的预测模型

目的基于新生儿、孕妇临床特征构建新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)的预测模型。方法选取2020年1月—2023年1月收治的102例NRDS患儿纳入NRDS组,另择同期健康新生儿150例纳入无NRDS组,回顾性收集临床资料。分析2组新生儿情况、孕妇情况,采用多因素Logistic回归分析NRDS发生的危险因素,建立预测模型,并绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析预测模型对NRDS的预测价值。结果与无NRDS组比较,NRDS组胎龄<34周、出生体质量<2 kg、分娩方式为剖宫产、胎儿窘迫、胎膜早破、酸中毒比例高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。与无NRDS组比较,NRDS组孕妇年龄≥35岁、初产、妊娠期高血压疾病、妊娠期糖尿病、合并生殖道感染、产前检查低于9次比例高,血清25-羟基维生素D(25-OH-D)水平低(P<0.05,P<0.01)。胎龄<34周、出生体质量<2 kg、分娩方式为剖宫产、胎儿窘迫,以及孕妇年龄≥35岁、妊娠期糖尿病、产前检查低于9次为NRDS发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05,P<0.01);孕妇血清25-OH-D水平升高为其保护因素(P<0.01)。根据上述结果构建预测模型,并绘制ROC曲线,结果显示,当Logit(P)>18.570时,预测NRDS发生的曲线下面积为0.893,诊断敏感度为81.37%、特异度为82.00%。结论胎龄<34周、出生体质量<2 kg、分娩方式为剖宫产、胎儿窘迫,以及孕妇年龄≥35岁、妊娠期糖尿病、产前检查低于9次为NRDS的独立危险因素,孕妇血清25-OH-D水平升高为其保护因素,据此构建预测模型对NRDS预测价值较高,可为筛选高危患儿、制订临床干预策略提供依据。

LISA技术与INSURE技术治疗早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征的效果比较

目的:探讨微创注入肺表面活性物质(less invasive surfactant administration,LISA)与气管插管-肺表面活性物质-拔管(intubation-surfactant-extubate,INSURE)两种不同给药方法在早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征(respiratory distress syndrome,RDS)中的应用效果。方法:选取2019年1月1日—2022年8月31日江西省儿童医院收治的55例NRDS患儿,运用随机数字表法,分为LISA组(给予LISA技术,n=29)和INSURE组(给予INSURE技术,n=26)。比较两组治疗相关指标、并发症发生情况。结果:两组二次牛肺表面活性剂(CPS)使用率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);LISA组72 h内有创机械通气治疗率低于INSURE组,机械通气时间、总用氧时间及住院时间均短于INSURE组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。LISA组支气管肺发育不良(BPD)和早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)发生率均低于INSUR组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但两组其他并发症发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:与INSURE技术相比,LISA技术治疗早产儿RDS,能有效降低有创机械通气率,缩短用氧时间,并减少BPD及ROP的发生。

经微创肺表面活性物质给药治疗早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征的效果及对动脉血气分析指标的影响

目的 分析经微创肺表面活性物质(LISA)给药治疗早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)的效果及对动脉血气分析指标的影响。方法 选取2022年6月至2023年6月山西省儿童医院新生儿重症医学科收治的早产儿RDS148例,按随机数字表法分为常规给药组和微创给药组,各74例。微创给药组给予LISA治疗,常规给药组按照常规给药方法治疗。观察2组治疗情况、治疗前后动脉血气分析指标、住院期间并发症发生情况。结果 与常规给药组比较,微创给药组72 h内有创机械通气率、再次使用肺表面活性物质率更低(P <0.05),无创通气时间、住院时间更短(P <0.05)。与治疗前相比,治疗后2组动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、酸碱度(pH)升高(P <0.05),微创给药组高于常规给药组(P <0.05);2组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_(2))降低(P <0.05),微创给药组低于常规给药组(P <0.05)。与常规给药组比较,微创给药组支气管肺发育不良发生率更低(P <0.05)。结论 早产儿RDS经LISA治疗可改善治疗情况,改善动脉血气指标,控制并发症的发生风险。

呼吸窘迫综合征早产儿血清NGAL的动态变化及其对支气管肺发育不良的早期预测价值

目的探讨呼吸窘迫综合征早产儿血清中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)的动态变化情况,并分析其对患儿发生支气管肺发育不良(BPD)的早期预测价值。方法前瞻性选取平顶山市第一人民医院儿科2019年8月至2023年1月收治的81例呼吸窘迫综合征早产儿作为研究对象。分别检测出生24 h内及出生后3、7、14 d的血清NGAL水平,并收集基线资料。根据患儿出生后28 d是否发生BPD分为发生组与未发生组,比较两组患儿不同时点的血清NGAL水平及基线资料,使用点二列相关性检验血清NGAL动态变化与呼吸窘迫综合征患儿发生BPD之间的关系,再绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,分析血清NGAL动态变化对呼吸窘迫综合征早产儿发生BPD的早期预测价值。结果共纳入81例呼吸窘迫综合征早产儿,因出现不良结局脱落1例,因家长申请退出研究脱落1例,最终79例患儿完成研究。其中有30例患儿出现BPD,发生率为37.97%(30/79)。发生组肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、血浆Ⅱ型肺泡细胞表面抗原(KL-6)高于未发生组(P<0.05)。出生24 h内两组血清NGAL差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);出生后3、7、14 d发生组血清NGAL水平高于未发生组(P<0.05)。点二列相关性检验显示,出生3、7、14 d的血清NGAL水平、TNF-α、血浆KL-6与呼吸窘迫综合征患儿出现BPD呈正相关关系(r>0,P<0.05)。ROC曲线显示出生后3 d血清NGAL对呼吸窘迫综合征患儿出现BPD的预测价值较低,曲线下面积(AUC)为0.643,而出生后7 d血清NGAL对患儿出现BPD具有中等预测价值,AUC为0.866;出生后14 d的血清NGAL对患儿出现BPD具有较高预测价值,AUC为0.935。结论血清NGAL动态变化对呼吸窘迫综合征患儿出现BPD具有一定的预测价值,且出生后14 d预测价值最高。

晚期早产儿NRDS合并ARDS的围产期高危因素分析

目的:探讨晚期早产儿(胎龄34周至36^(+6)周)新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)合并新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的高危因素。方法:回顾性分析2019年9月至2023年1月某院新生儿重症监护病房住院治疗的晚期早产儿NRDS病例为研究对象。根据是否发生ARDS分为观察组(NRDS合并ARDS组)和对照组(单纯NRDS组),对两组的围产期高危因素进行对比分析。结果:研究对象共92例,其中观察组44例、对照组48例。两组在性别、胎龄、体重、分娩方式的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组妊娠晚期呼吸道感染、妊娠晚期阴道炎、妊娠晚期维生素D缺乏、羊水粪染、窒息发生率高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组妊娠期糖尿病、妊娠期高血压、产前促肺治疗、胎膜早破、脐带缠绕、前置胎盘、胎盘早剥、低体重、宫内窘迫的发生率无统计学意义(P>0.05)。将单因素分析中有统计学意义的变量(妊娠晚期呼吸道感染、妊娠晚期阴道炎、妊娠晚期维生素D缺乏、羊水粪染、窒息)纳入到Logistics回归分析中,经逐步Logistics回归分析妊娠晚期呼吸道感染(OR=9.613,95%CI 1.056-87.489,P<0.05);妊娠晚期阴道炎(OR=11.469,95%CI 1.286-102.294,P<0.05);妊娠晚期维生素D缺乏具有统计学意义(OR=7.499,95%CI 1.887-29.802,P<0.05),与晚期早产儿NRDS合并ARDS的关联均有统计学意义。结论:妊娠晚期呼吸道感染、妊娠晚期阴道炎、妊娠晚期维生素D缺乏是晚期早产儿NRDS合并ARDS的独立危险因素。

肺超声评分对晚期早产儿并发呼吸窘迫综合征应用机械通气及肺表面活性物质的预测价值

目的:探讨使用肺超声评分(LUS)对晚期早产儿并发呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)应用机械通气(MV)和肺表面活性物质(PS)的预测价值。方法:选择并发RDS的晚期早产儿(胎龄34^(0/7)~36^(6/7)周)进行前瞻性分析,共纳入67例并发RDS的晚期早产儿。根据患儿生后48 h内是否需要应用MV和PS,分为MV组(n=36)、非MV组(n=31)、PS组(n=30)和非PS组(n=37)。各组患儿在入院后2 h和应用PS前进行肺超声检查,并分别计算6分区、10分区和12分区LUS。绘制不同分区LUS预测晚期早产儿并发RDS应用MV和PS的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,采用Delong检验比较不同分区方法的预测价值。结果:与非PS组比较,PS组患儿出生体质量、LUS、呼气末正压(PEEP)、平均气道压(MAP)、MAP×吸入氧浓度(FiO_(2))/动脉血分压(PaO_(2))比值、呼吸机使用时间和住院时间均升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),PaO_(2)/FiO_(2)比值降低(P<0.01)。与非MV组比较,MV组患儿出生体质量、LUS、PEEP、MAP、MAP×FiO_(2)/PaO_(2)值、呼吸机使用时间和住院时间均升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),PaO_(2)/FiO_(2)比值降低(P<0.01)。6分区LUS测PS应用时,PEEP、MAP和LUS是晚期早产儿并发RDS应用PS的危险因素[比值比(OR)>1,P<0.05]。10分区和12分区LUS预测PS应用时,MAP×FiO_(2)/PaO_(2)比值和LUS是晚期早产儿并发RDS应用PS的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05)。6分区、10分区和12分区LUS预测MV应用时,MAP和LUS是晚期早产儿并发RDS应用MV的危险因素(OR>1,P<0.05)。6分区、10分区和12分区LUS预测晚期早产儿并发RDS的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.909、 0.904和0.915,均具有较好的预测价值;使用6分区、10分区和12分区LUS预测晚期早产儿并发RDS应用MV的AUC分别为0.868、0.872和0.887,均具有较好的预测价值。结论:LUS可有效预测晚期早产儿并发RDS是否需要应用MV和PS,MAP联合LUS可以提高单独使用LUS预测应用MV的能力。

肺表面活性物质蛋白-B缺陷与足月新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的相关性研究

目的探讨肺表面活性物质蛋白(surfactant protein,SP)-B缺陷与足月儿新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(neonatal respiratory distress syndrome,NRDS)的相关性。方法2019年7月至2023年6月,在解放军总医院第七医学中心等4家医院开展研究。NRDS组纳入因患NRDS死亡的足月新生儿60例;对照组纳入同期因其他原因手术后死亡的足月、非NRDS患儿60例。采集胸部X线片结果。新生儿死亡后30 min内进行支气管肺泡灌洗、肺组织取材,采用蛋白质印迹法检测SP-B表达。统计学方法采用χ^(2)检验。结果NRDS组患儿生后出现严重高碳酸血症和低氧血症,采用外源性肺表面活性物质、有创高频振荡通气呼吸支持、一氧化氮治疗降低肺动脉高压等综合治疗措施,10例接受体外膜肺氧合治疗,均治疗无效死亡。NRDS组的X线胸片均显示白肺。NRDS组患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中SP-B单体(分子质量8 ku)及二聚体(分子质量16~18 ku)表达阳性的比例均明显低于对照组[8 ku:75.0%(45/60)与100.0%(60/60),χ^(2)=17.143;16~18 ku:73.3%(44/60)与100.0%(60/60),χ^(2)=18.462;P值均<0.001];NRDS组肺组织中SP-B分子质量8 ku及16~18 ku表达阳性的比例也明显低于对照组[8 ku:75.0%(45/60)与100.0%(60/60),χ^(2)=17.143;16~18 ku:70.0%(42/60)与100.0%(60/60),χ^(2)=21.176;P值均<0.001]。NRDS组筛出SP-B缺陷个体15例,对照组仅1例,NRDS组SP-B缺陷的比例高于对照组[25.0%(15/60)与1.7%(1/60),χ^(2)=14.135,P<0.001]。结论SP-B缺陷与足月儿NRDS发病存在一定的相关性。

新生儿肺部超声应用现状及展望

肺部生理及病理状态的准确判断对于新生儿的健康评估至关重要。超声作为一种安全无创、实时且便捷的影像检查技术,近年在新生儿肺部应用中取得了显著进展。本文从发现肺部超声伪像到疾病确立,对定性诊断新生儿肺疾病的过程进行回顾,分析新生儿肺部超声标准化的建立,以及半定量肺部超声评分对改善肺通气治疗的应用价值,探讨人工智能辅助诊断、弹性成像和造影在新生儿肺部疾病的研究前景,并对其局限性和潜在的安全问题进行分析,展望便携式超声在床旁重症监护及非医疗场景对新生儿肺部的应用前景,旨在为新生儿肺超声(Lung Ultrasound,LUS)进一步研究和技术改进提供思路,提高新生儿LUS的整体诊断水平,使更多新生儿从中受益。

LISA技术治疗超低出生体质量儿呼吸窘迫综合征28例

目的探讨经鼻持续气道正压通气(nasal continuous positive airway pressure,nCPAP)下经微管气管内注入肺表面活性物质(less invasive surfactant administration,LISA)技术在超低出生体质量儿呼吸窘迫综合征(respiratory distress syndrome,RDS)治疗中的应用与疗效。方法采取前瞻性研究方法,选取潍坊市妇幼保健院新生儿科重症监护病房(neonatalintensive careunit,NICU)2019年7月至2021年4月收治的超低出生体质量儿(58例)为研究对象。应用随机数字表法分为LISA组(28例)和气管插管-注入PS-拔管给予经鼻持续气道正压通气(intubation-surfactant-extubation,INSURE)组(30例)。LISA组采用LISA技术,在nCPAP下,气管内置入微管并注入肺表面活性物质(pulmonarysurfactant,PS);INSURE组采用INSURE技术,拔管后给予nCPAP辅助通气。观察并比较两组病儿给药过程、给药前后呼吸机参数、动脉血气、用氧时间及并发症的发生率。结果LISA组病儿72 h内机械通气率低于INSURE组,差异有统计学意义(21.4%比46.7%,P=0.043);LISA组病儿住院期间无创正压通气时间(404.50 h比483.50 h,P=0.033)及总用氧时间(520.00 h比612.50 h,P=0.040)低于INSURE组;LISA组给药1 h后动脉血氧分压(arterial partialpressureof O_(2),PaO_(2))变化高于INSURE组[(54.29±5.69)mmHg比(52.87±3.27)mmHg,P=0.038],差异有统计学意义;LISA组支气管肺发育不良(25.0%比53.3%,P=0.028)及有血流动力学意义的动脉导管未闭发生率(28.6%比56.7%,P=0.031)低于INSURE组,均差异有统计学意义。结论在超低出生体质量儿RDS治疗中,LISA技术在减少72 h内机械通气率、住院期间用氧时间、近期并发症等方面具有优势,是一种安全有效的治疗超低出生体质量儿RDS的方法。

经鼻无创高频振荡通气联合TcPCO_(2)和TcPO_(2)监测在早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用

目的分析经鼻无创高频震荡通气联合经皮二氧化碳分压(TcPCO_(2))和经皮氧分压(TcPO_(2))监测在早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用。方法选择2019年10月至2021年10月收治的新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征无创呼吸支持治疗的早产儿80例,采用随机数字法分为改良组(经鼻无创高频震荡通气)和对照组(经鼻持续正压通气)。每组40例。2组均联合TcPCO_(2)和TcPO_(2)监测。观察2组通气0、6、12、24 h后的pH值、TcPCO_(2)/TcPO_(2)指标、无创通气时间、治疗失败转为气管插管机械通气率、并发症发生率及病死率。结果通气0 h,2组血液pH值、TcPCO_(2)、TcPO_(2)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与对照组比较,改良组通气6、12、24 h血液pH值、TcPO_(2)均明显升高,TcPCO_(2)均明显降低(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,无创通气时间和治疗失败转为气管插管机械通气率均明显降低(P<0.05)。2组气漏、腹胀、鼻部损伤、肺出血、感染性肺炎等并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组病死率为5.00%(2/40),改良组病死率为2.50%(1/40),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论经鼻无创高频震荡通气联合TcPCO_(2)和TcPO_(2)监测在早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征中应用价值较高,可改善患儿呼吸功能,降低气管插管机械通气率,且不会增加并发症的发生。

PS改良给药与流量CPAP呼吸机治疗新生儿ARDS

目的:探讨肺表面活性物质(PS)改良给药与流量持续气道正压通气(CPAP)呼吸机治疗新生儿急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的应用效果。方法:选取2020年1月至2022年8月本院收治的72例ARDS新生儿为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组36例。对照组为常规治疗+流量CPAP呼吸机治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上联合PS改良给药。比较两组血气分析结果、治疗效果及并发症情况。结果:相较于对照组,观察组肺通气和氧合功能均改善,住院时间、通气时间更短,治疗总有效率更高,并发症发生率更低(P<0.05)。结论:PS改良给药与流量CPAP呼吸机能够改善ARDS患儿的肺通气和氧合功能,促进恢复,减少并发症发生,临床疗效显著。

早产儿NRDS不良结局的危险因素及列线图模型构建

目的通过对早产儿发生新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(neonatal respiratory distress syndrome,NRDS)的不良结局进行危险因素的识别并构建列线图模型,为减少早产儿NRDS发生不良结局提供理论依据。方法对453例早产儿NRDS患儿进行分析,分为结局不良组和结局良好组,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析并构建列线图模型。结果单因素分析中早产类别、出生体重、胎龄与体重关系、肺动脉高压、NEC/消化道出血、败血症、肺出血、乳酸脱氢酶、pH、剖宫产、瘢痕子宫、通气方式、用肺表面活性物质(PS)次数、无创通气天数、有创通气天数、白蛋白使用差异性具有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示早产类别、胎龄与体重关系、肺动脉高压、NEC/消化道出血、肺出血、乳酸脱氢酶和无创通气天数为患儿发生不良结局的影响因素,建立患儿发生结局不良的风险预测列线图模型;采用ROC曲线和校准曲线评估列线图模型对患儿发生不良结局的预测价值和效能。结论极早/早期早产儿、小于胎龄儿、肺动脉高压、NEC/消化道出血、肺出血、乳酸脱氢酶增高是早产儿NRDS预后不良的危险因素,根据风险列线图可以预测早产儿NRDS发生不良结局的风险,提前进行干预,减少不良结局的发生率。

高频振荡通气联合容量保证通气在超早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征的应用价值

背景超早产儿早期低碳酸血症与脑室内出血(IVH)和支气管肺发育不良(BPD)有关。国外研究结果显示高频振荡通气联合容量保证通气(HFOV+VG)可以减少早产儿的低碳酸血症,但胎龄<28周出生的超早产儿使用HFOV+VG的研究甚少。目的探讨HFOV+VG治疗超早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征的临床疗效。方法选择2020年3月—2023年3月新乡市中心医院(新乡医学院第四临床学院)NICU收治的胎龄<28周且出生体质量<1000 g,需要有创机械通气的呼吸窘迫综合征超早产儿作为研究对象,根据随机数字表法分为HFOV+VG组和同步间歇指令通气(SIMV)组。试验开始后48 h检查动脉血气分析,观察2组的有创通气时间、总呼吸支持时间、病死率以及低碳酸血症、脑室周围白质软化(PVL)、早产儿视网膜病变(ROP)、晚发型败血症(LOS)、气胸、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)、BPD、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)及3~4级脑室周围-脑室内出血(IVH)发生率。结果HFOV+VG组有创通气时间、总呼吸支持时间较SIMV组短,低碳酸血症、PVL的发生率均低于SIMV组(P<0.05);两组ROP、LOS、气胸、VAP、BPD、NEC及3~4级IVH发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论与SIMV通气相比,HFOV+VG通气应用于胎龄<28周的超早产儿RDS临床效果更好,且不增加不良反应。