In writings on relativity time, the various relations are only changed by the transverse shift. This paper proves that the axial Doppler shift does that as well and gives some impacts of that on common differential re...In writings on relativity time, the various relations are only changed by the transverse shift. This paper proves that the axial Doppler shift does that as well and gives some impacts of that on common differential relations in physics. When a modulated signal lasting a time = T is subjected to an optical Doppler shift K (either axial or transverse or both), where K is shifted frequency/original frequency, the Doppler shifted signal will last T/K. This because all shifted harmonics of its Fourier series (with a fundamental period of T) will last 1/K times the period of the original harmonic. The reader can graph any Fourier series and then graph its shifted series. The reader will see the shifted period is T/K. The Fourier series of the original repeats when time is greater than T and the shifted one when time is greater than T/K, which means the original series only represents the signal from time = 0 to T and the shifted series represents the shifted signal from time = 0 to T/K. Hence, the shifted one has all of the information in T/K as the original has in T. Therefore everything in the series including information is T/K long in the shifted series. Therefore, both the axial and the transverse Doppler shift change time periods in a vacuum, independent of material involved. That has not been obvious for over 100 years the axial shift changes time from the definition of frequency = 1/time.展开更多
For Brain-Computer Interface(BCI) systems, improving the Information Transfer Rate(ITR) is a very critical issue. This study focuses on a Steady-State Visually Evoked Potential(SSVEP)-based BCI because of its advantag...For Brain-Computer Interface(BCI) systems, improving the Information Transfer Rate(ITR) is a very critical issue. This study focuses on a Steady-State Visually Evoked Potential(SSVEP)-based BCI because of its advantage of high ITR. Unsupervised Canonical Correlation Analysis(CCA)-based method has been widely employed because of its high efficiency and easy implementation. In a recent study, an ensemble-CCA method based on individual training data was proposed and achieved an excellent performance with ITR of 267 bit/min.A 40-target SSVEP-BCI speller was investigated in this study, using an integration of Minimal-Distance(MD) and Maximal-Phase-locking value(MP) approaches. In the MD approach, a spatial filter is developed to minimize the distance between the training data and the reference sine signal, and in this study, two different types of distance were compared. In the MP approach, a spatial filter is developed to maximize the Phase-Locking Value(PLV)between the training calibration data and the reference sine signal. In addition to the fundamental frequency of stimulation, the harmonics were used to train MD and MP spatial filters, which formed spatial filter banks. The test data epoch was multiplied by the MP and MD spatial filter banks, and the distances and PLVs were extracted as features for recognition. Across 12 subjects with a 0.4 s-data length, the proposed method realized an average classification accuracy and ITR of 93% and 307 bit/min, respectively, which is significantly higher than the current state-of-the-art method. To the best of our knowledge, these results suggest that the proposed method has achieved the highest ITR in SSVEP-BCI studies.展开更多
能量捕获无线传感器网络是解决传统无线传感器网络能量问题的有效途径之一,无线携能通信网络SWIPT(Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer)是其中的一个重要研究方向。研究了一种SWIPT场景,在源节点总功率的约束条件下...能量捕获无线传感器网络是解决传统无线传感器网络能量问题的有效途径之一,无线携能通信网络SWIPT(Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer)是其中的一个重要研究方向。研究了一种SWIPT场景,在源节点总功率的约束条件下,最大化总传输速率。源节点通过在不同的频谱上分配不同的功率发送携能信号给多个中继节点,中继节点对于接收到的携能信号通过功率分配将一部分信号转化为能量,一部分信号解码为信息;中继节点利用捕获的能量将信息转发给目的节点。建立数学模型求解最优的功率分配因子,运用拉格朗日乘数法求得源节点在每个频谱上分配功率的表达式,按照注水算法求得最终分配的功率和最大化的总传输速率,最后通过数值模拟进行了有效性验证。展开更多
文摘In writings on relativity time, the various relations are only changed by the transverse shift. This paper proves that the axial Doppler shift does that as well and gives some impacts of that on common differential relations in physics. When a modulated signal lasting a time = T is subjected to an optical Doppler shift K (either axial or transverse or both), where K is shifted frequency/original frequency, the Doppler shifted signal will last T/K. This because all shifted harmonics of its Fourier series (with a fundamental period of T) will last 1/K times the period of the original harmonic. The reader can graph any Fourier series and then graph its shifted series. The reader will see the shifted period is T/K. The Fourier series of the original repeats when time is greater than T and the shifted one when time is greater than T/K, which means the original series only represents the signal from time = 0 to T and the shifted series represents the shifted signal from time = 0 to T/K. Hence, the shifted one has all of the information in T/K as the original has in T. Therefore everything in the series including information is T/K long in the shifted series. Therefore, both the axial and the transverse Doppler shift change time periods in a vacuum, independent of material involved. That has not been obvious for over 100 years the axial shift changes time from the definition of frequency = 1/time.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61431007 and 91320202)
文摘For Brain-Computer Interface(BCI) systems, improving the Information Transfer Rate(ITR) is a very critical issue. This study focuses on a Steady-State Visually Evoked Potential(SSVEP)-based BCI because of its advantage of high ITR. Unsupervised Canonical Correlation Analysis(CCA)-based method has been widely employed because of its high efficiency and easy implementation. In a recent study, an ensemble-CCA method based on individual training data was proposed and achieved an excellent performance with ITR of 267 bit/min.A 40-target SSVEP-BCI speller was investigated in this study, using an integration of Minimal-Distance(MD) and Maximal-Phase-locking value(MP) approaches. In the MD approach, a spatial filter is developed to minimize the distance between the training data and the reference sine signal, and in this study, two different types of distance were compared. In the MP approach, a spatial filter is developed to maximize the Phase-Locking Value(PLV)between the training calibration data and the reference sine signal. In addition to the fundamental frequency of stimulation, the harmonics were used to train MD and MP spatial filters, which formed spatial filter banks. The test data epoch was multiplied by the MP and MD spatial filter banks, and the distances and PLVs were extracted as features for recognition. Across 12 subjects with a 0.4 s-data length, the proposed method realized an average classification accuracy and ITR of 93% and 307 bit/min, respectively, which is significantly higher than the current state-of-the-art method. To the best of our knowledge, these results suggest that the proposed method has achieved the highest ITR in SSVEP-BCI studies.
文摘能量捕获无线传感器网络是解决传统无线传感器网络能量问题的有效途径之一,无线携能通信网络SWIPT(Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer)是其中的一个重要研究方向。研究了一种SWIPT场景,在源节点总功率的约束条件下,最大化总传输速率。源节点通过在不同的频谱上分配不同的功率发送携能信号给多个中继节点,中继节点对于接收到的携能信号通过功率分配将一部分信号转化为能量,一部分信号解码为信息;中继节点利用捕获的能量将信息转发给目的节点。建立数学模型求解最优的功率分配因子,运用拉格朗日乘数法求得源节点在每个频谱上分配功率的表达式,按照注水算法求得最终分配的功率和最大化的总传输速率,最后通过数值模拟进行了有效性验证。
