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Dynamic Update Scheme of Spectrum Information Based on Spectrum Opportunity Incentive in the Database-Assisted Dynamic Spectrum Management
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作者 Zhang Yu Chen Yong +1 位作者 He Panfeng Cai Yueming 《China Communications》 SCIE CSCD 2024年第3期75-90,共16页
To solve the problem of delayed update of spectrum information(SI) in the database assisted dynamic spectrum management(DB-DSM), this paper studies a novel dynamic update scheme of SI in DB-DSM. Firstly, a dynamic upd... To solve the problem of delayed update of spectrum information(SI) in the database assisted dynamic spectrum management(DB-DSM), this paper studies a novel dynamic update scheme of SI in DB-DSM. Firstly, a dynamic update mechanism of SI based on spectrum opportunity incentive is established, in which spectrum users are encouraged to actively assist the database to update SI in real time. Secondly, the information update contribution(IUC) of spectrum opportunity is defined to describe the cost of accessing spectrum opportunity for heterogeneous spectrum users, and the profit of SI update obtained by the database from spectrum allocation. The process that the database determines the IUC of spectrum opportunity and spectrum user selects spectrum opportunity is mapped to a Hotelling model. Thirdly, the process of determining the IUC of spectrum opportunities is further modelled as a Stackelberg game by establishing multiple virtual spectrum resource providers(VSRPs) in the database. It is proved that there is a Nash Equilibrium in the game of determining the IUC of spectrum opportunities by VSRPs. Finally, an algorithm of determining the IUC based on a genetic algorithm is designed to achieve the optimal IUC. The-oretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed method can quickly find the optimal solution of the IUC, and ensure that the spectrum resource provider can obtain the optimal profit of SI update. 展开更多
关键词 database-assisted dynamic spectrum management HOTELLING information updating contribution spectrum information updating STACKELBERG
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Whole-Process Project Cost Management Based on Building Information Modeling (BIM)
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作者 Liping Yan 《Journal of Architectural Research and Development》 2024年第4期57-62,共6页
The whole-process project cost management based on building information modeling(BIM)is a new management method,aiming to realize the comprehensive optimization and improvement of project cost management through the a... The whole-process project cost management based on building information modeling(BIM)is a new management method,aiming to realize the comprehensive optimization and improvement of project cost management through the application of BIM technology.This paper summarizes and analyzes the whole-process project cost management based on BIM,aiming to explore its application and development prospects in the construction industry.Firstly,this paper introduces the role and advantages of BIM technology in engineering cost management,including information integration,data sharing,and collaborative work.Secondly,the paper analyzes the key technologies and methods of the whole-process project cost management based on BIM,including model construction,data management,and cost control.In addition,the paper also discusses the challenges and limitations of the whole-process BIM project cost management,such as the inconsistency of technical standards,personnel training,and consciousness change.Finally,the paper summarizes the advantages and development prospects of the whole-process project cost management based on BIM and puts forward the direction and suggestions for future research.Through the research of this paper,it can provide a reference for construction cost management and promote innovation and development in the construction industry. 展开更多
关键词 Building information Modeling(BIM) Project cost management Data integration information sharing Cost control
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Application of Electronic Information Engineering in Hospital Management
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作者 Jun Xiao Zhilan Yang 《Journal of Electronic Research and Application》 2024年第4期1-6,共6页
To further enhance the overall service quality of China’s hospitals and improve the trust of the majority of patients in hospitals,this paper takes intelligent hospital management as the object of study,analyzes the ... To further enhance the overall service quality of China’s hospitals and improve the trust of the majority of patients in hospitals,this paper takes intelligent hospital management as the object of study,analyzes the importance of electronic information engineering technology applied in hospital management,and discusses the specific application methods of electronic information engineering in hospital management.This aims the existing problems in the current hospital management,such as insufficient degree of informatization,data sharing difficulties,lack of professionals,etc.Corresponding improvement measures are proposed,including strengthening the construction of informatization,promoting data sharing,and cultivating professionals.It is hoped that this study will enable the majority of hospital managers to make better use of electronic information engineering technology to effectively solve the current problems faced by hospitals and to continuously improve the comprehensive competitiveness of China’s hospitals. 展开更多
关键词 Electronic information engineering Hospital management INTELLIGENCE
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Smart City Rail Transit Operation and Management Information Construction Strategy
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作者 Jing Sun 《Journal of World Architecture》 2024年第2期7-11,共5页
Rail transit is considered one of the safest and most efficient modes of transportation.Ticketing,vehicle dispatching,and passenger flow control during rail transit operations in China have been improving over the yea... Rail transit is considered one of the safest and most efficient modes of transportation.Ticketing,vehicle dispatching,and passenger flow control during rail transit operations in China have been improving over the years.Smart city construction and intelligent management models has also been increasingly emphasized with the rapid development of information and internet technology.Therefore,it is essential to conduct relevant research and discussions to improve the overall efficiency and quality of urban rail transit operation and management.This article provides an overview of smart city rail transit operation and management informatization,the principles of construction,and the functions of smart city rail transit operation and management informatization.Additionally,it discusses the strategies for the construction of smart city rail transit operation and management information and its development prospects. 展开更多
关键词 Smart city Rail transit operation and management information construction
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Information Management in Disaster and Humanitarian Response: A Case in United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
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作者 Solomon M. Zewde 《Intelligent Information Management》 2023年第2期47-65,共19页
To guarantee a unified response to disasters, humanitarian organizations work together via the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Although the OCHA has made great strides to imp... To guarantee a unified response to disasters, humanitarian organizations work together via the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Although the OCHA has made great strides to improve its information management and increase the availability of accurate, real-time data for disaster and humanitarian response teams, significant gaps persist. There are inefficiencies in the emergency management of data at every stage of its lifecycle: collection, processing, analysis, distribution, storage, and retrieval. Disaster risk reduction and disaster risk management are the two main tenets of the United Nations’ worldwide plan for disaster management. Information systems are crucial because of the crucial roles they play in capturing, processing, and transmitting data. The management of information is seldom discussed in published works. The goal of this study is to employ qualitative research methods to provide insight by facilitating an expanded comprehension of relevant contexts, phenomena, and individual experiences. Humanitarian workers and OCHA staffers will take part in the research. The study subjects will be chosen using a random selection procedure. Online surveys with both closed- and open-ended questions will be used to compile the data. UN OCHA offers a structure for the handling of information via which all humanitarian actors may contribute to the overall response. This research will enable the UN Office for OCHA better gather, process, analyze, disseminate, store, and retrieve data in the event of a catastrophe or humanitarian crisis. 展开更多
关键词 information Systems management information management UNOCHA (United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) Humanitarian Emergency Actors DISASTER Risk Reduction RESPONSE Emer-gency management
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Cross-Domain Authentication Scheme Based on Blockchain and Consistent Hash Algorithm for System-Wide Information Management 被引量:1
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作者 Lizhe Zhang Yongqiang Huang +1 位作者 Jia Nie Kenian Wang 《Computers, Materials & Continua》 SCIE EI 2023年第11期1467-1488,共22页
System-wide information management(SWIM)is a complex distributed information transfer and sharing system for the next generation of Air Transportation System(ATS).In response to the growing volume of civil aviation ai... System-wide information management(SWIM)is a complex distributed information transfer and sharing system for the next generation of Air Transportation System(ATS).In response to the growing volume of civil aviation air operations,users accessing different authentication domains in the SWIM system have problems with the validity,security,and privacy of SWIM-shared data.In order to solve these problems,this paper proposes a SWIM crossdomain authentication scheme based on a consistent hashing algorithm on consortium blockchain and designs a blockchain certificate format for SWIM cross-domain authentication.The scheme uses a consistent hash algorithm with virtual nodes in combination with a cluster of authentication centers in the SWIM consortium blockchain architecture to synchronize the user’s authentication mapping relationships between authentication domains.The virtual authentication nodes are mapped separately using different services provided by SWIM to guarantee the partitioning of the consistent hash ring on the consortium blockchain.According to the dynamic change of user’s authentication requests,the nodes of virtual service authentication can be added and deleted to realize the dynamic load balancing of cross-domain authentication of different services.Security analysis shows that this protocol can resist network attacks such as man-in-the-middle attacks,replay attacks,and Sybil attacks.Experiments show that this scheme can reduce the redundant authentication operations of identity information and solve the problems of traditional cross-domain authentication with single-point collapse,difficulty in expansion,and uneven load.At the same time,it has better security of information storage and can realize the cross-domain authentication requirements of SWIM users with low communication costs and system overhead.KEYWORDS System-wide information management(SWIM);consortium blockchain;consistent hash;cross-domain authentication;load balancing. 展开更多
关键词 System-wide information management(SWIM) consortium blockchain consistent hash cross-domain authentication load balancing
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An Application of a Multi-Tier Data Warehouse in Oil and Gas Drilling Information Management 被引量:2
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作者 张宁生 王志伟 《Petroleum Science》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2004年第4期1-5,共5页
Expenditure on wells constitute a significant part of the operational costs for a petroleum enterprise, where most of the cost results from drilling. This has prompted drilling departments to continuously look for wa... Expenditure on wells constitute a significant part of the operational costs for a petroleum enterprise, where most of the cost results from drilling. This has prompted drilling departments to continuously look for ways to reduce their drilling costs and be as efficient as possible. A system called the Drilling Comprehensive Information Management and Application System (DCIMAS) is developed and presented here, with an aim at collecting, storing and making full use of the valuable well data and information relating to all drilling activities and operations. The DCIMAS comprises three main parts, including a data collection and transmission system, a data warehouse (DW) management system, and an integrated platform of core applications. With the support of the application platform, the DW management system is introduced, whereby the operation data are captured at well sites and transmitted electronically to a data warehouse via transmission equipment and ETL (extract, transformation and load) tools. With the high quality of the data guaranteed, our central task is to make the best use of the operation data and information for drilling analysis and to provide further information to guide later production stages. Applications have been developed and integrated on a uniform platform to interface directly with different layers of the multi-tier DW. Now, engineers in every department spend less time on data handling and more time on applying technology in their real work with the system. 展开更多
关键词 drilling information management multi-tier data warehouse information processing application system
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Analysis of the Standardization of Administrative Management in Colleges and Universities Under the Background of Information Technology
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作者 Wei Wang 《Journal of Contemporary Educational Research》 2023年第4期72-77,共6页
In the development of the information age,universities should recognize the significant impact of information technology on their own development.In practice,it is possible to effectively improve the efficiency and qu... In the development of the information age,universities should recognize the significant impact of information technology on their own development.In practice,it is possible to effectively improve the efficiency and quality of work by dealing with and constructing information-based methods,innovating administrative management models,and adopting more efficient and scientific methods to address various problems and shortcomings encountered in work.As an important part of university management,administrative management is a complex task.Establishing a standardized management model through information technology can further improve the comprehensive efficiency of administrative management.In this regard,the administrative standardization in universities under the background of information technology is analyzed and studied in this paper. 展开更多
关键词 information background UNIVERSITIES Administrative management Standardization Online publication:April 27 2023
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The Role of Ethics in Library and Information Practice
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作者 Emanuel Orban 《Cultural and Religious Studies》 2024年第10期616-623,共8页
Applied ethics finds application in all spheres of social life,one of which is the field of library and information science.Ethics is an important pillar contributing to the systematic order of the library and its col... Applied ethics finds application in all spheres of social life,one of which is the field of library and information science.Ethics is an important pillar contributing to the systematic order of the library and its collection.Ethical principles are contained in key documents such as the Librarian’s Code of Ethics,partly in the Library(Lending)Regulations,and should therefore be adopted by every member of staff.The library profession consists not only of working with information,namely making it available,but also of setting up effective communication towards users(readers)in the form of defining optimal solutions eliminating the problems that arise.The aim of our efforts is to capture the most common problems that arise from misunderstandings between librarian and user(reader)and to make clear what specific role ethical values play in library and information practice. 展开更多
关键词 ETHICS LIBRARIANSHIP COMMUNICATION information management
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IAM Excellence: Exploring Saviynt’s Role in Modern Information Technology
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作者 Sampath Talluri 《Journal of Information Security》 2024年第1期40-52,共13页
Organizations may increase data security and operational efficiency by connecting Salesforce with Identity and Access Management (IAM) systems like Saviynt. This study delves deeply into the details of this revolution... Organizations may increase data security and operational efficiency by connecting Salesforce with Identity and Access Management (IAM) systems like Saviynt. This study delves deeply into the details of this revolution that is being encouraged to shift towards IAM software and potential drawbacks such as excessive provisioning and implementation issues. The study illuminated excellent practices and emphasized the importance of constant monitoring by using secondary theme analysis and qualitative research as proof. The findings indicate Saviynt as a viable solution and provide detailed information for firms seeking a smooth and secure integration path. 展开更多
关键词 information Technology (IT) Identity and Access management (IAM) Saviynt User Identities Access Privileges Authentication Processes Risk management
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Establishment of management information system for SARS surveillance and control in Shaanxi province of China
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作者 姜建辉 屈景辉 +4 位作者 徐德忠 闫永平 张治英 张恒 温亮 《Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA(China)》 CAS 2005年第3期182-185,共4页
Objective: To develop the management information system for SARS surveillance and control in Shaanxi province of China responding to the urgent needs for preventing and curing SARS disease. Methods: Based on geographi... Objective: To develop the management information system for SARS surveillance and control in Shaanxi province of China responding to the urgent needs for preventing and curing SARS disease. Methods: Based on geographic information system technology, the management information system for SARS disease in Shaanxi province of China was established using "SuperMap Objects 3.0" GIS development platform and Delphi 7.0.Results: The following functions were implemented in the system: the real-time collection and monitoring, management and analysis, dissemination of SARS disease information, and assistant decision-making support for prevention against SARS disease. Conclusion: The system that integrates epidemiology theories and GIS techniques together can provide a scientific, efficient means for monitoring, prevention of SARS disease in the future. 展开更多
关键词 SARS EPIDEMIOLOGY geographic information system management information system
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Cyber Resilience through Real-Time Threat Analysis in Information Security
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作者 Aparna Gadhi Ragha Madhavi Gondu +1 位作者 Hitendra Chaudhary Olatunde Abiona 《International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences》 2024年第4期51-67,共17页
This paper examines how cybersecurity is developing and how it relates to more conventional information security. Although information security and cyber security are sometimes used synonymously, this study contends t... This paper examines how cybersecurity is developing and how it relates to more conventional information security. Although information security and cyber security are sometimes used synonymously, this study contends that they are not the same. The concept of cyber security is explored, which goes beyond protecting information resources to include a wider variety of assets, including people [1]. Protecting information assets is the main goal of traditional information security, with consideration to the human element and how people fit into the security process. On the other hand, cyber security adds a new level of complexity, as people might unintentionally contribute to or become targets of cyberattacks. This aspect presents moral questions since it is becoming more widely accepted that society has a duty to protect weaker members of society, including children [1]. The study emphasizes how important cyber security is on a larger scale, with many countries creating plans and laws to counteract cyberattacks. Nevertheless, a lot of these sources frequently neglect to define the differences or the relationship between information security and cyber security [1]. The paper focus on differentiating between cybersecurity and information security on a larger scale. The study also highlights other areas of cybersecurity which includes defending people, social norms, and vital infrastructure from threats that arise from online in addition to information and technology protection. It contends that ethical issues and the human factor are becoming more and more important in protecting assets in the digital age, and that cyber security is a paradigm shift in this regard [1]. 展开更多
关键词 Cybersecurity information Security Network Security Cyber Resilience Real-Time Threat Analysis Cyber Threats Cyberattacks Threat Intelligence Machine Learning Artificial Intelligence Threat Detection Threat Mitigation Risk Assessment Vulnerability management Incident Response Security Orchestration Automation Threat Landscape Cyber-Physical Systems Critical Infrastructure Data Protection Privacy Compliance Regulations Policy Ethics CYBERCRIME Threat Actors Threat Modeling Security Architecture
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The Role of Information Security Development (ISD) in Effective Information Security Management (ISM) Implementation in the Banks: A Nigerian Case
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作者 Dorcas Adebola Babatunde Mohamad Hisyam Selamat Ramat Titilayo Salman 《Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing》 2014年第5期614-619,共6页
This research discusses the role of information security development (ISD) using organizational factors such as information security plans, information security awareness, perceived quality training programs, inform... This research discusses the role of information security development (ISD) using organizational factors such as information security plans, information security awareness, perceived quality training programs, information security policies and procedures, and organizational culture in effective information security management (ISM) implementation in the banks (a Nigerian case). This paper explores the existing literature and a proposed framework that consists of ISD such as information security plans, information security awareness, perceived quality training programs, information security policies and procedures, and organizational culture in ISM implementation. ISD factors are found to be statistically significant, because it motivates an organization to implement effective ISM in the banks. Hence, it could be said that the role of ISD practices in an effective implementation of ISM among banks in Nigeria will be of great value. 展开更多
关键词 information security management (ISM) information security plans perceived quality training programs organizational culture Nigeria
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CONSTRUCTION OF INTEGRATIVE INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR RADIATION ONCOLOGY BASED ON IHE-RO FRAMEWORK 被引量:2
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作者 邱学军 戴建荣 +2 位作者 符贵山 黄金带 冒苏 《Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics》 EI 2010年第1期107-111,共5页
How to construct integrative information management system for radiation oncology is a new practice in China based on new technical framework and the profile of integrating the healthcare enterprise in radiation oncol... How to construct integrative information management system for radiation oncology is a new practice in China based on new technical framework and the profile of integrating the healthcare enterprise in radiation oncology (IHE-RO). This paper presents the research progress for constructing the system in the department of the radiation oncology at Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and its system diagram based on IHE-RO technical framework, digital imaging and communication in medicine with radiotherapy (DICOM RT) data flow standard, and emphasizes the importance of DICOM RT in constructing the system and describes the generation process of DICOM RT objects. Finally, the related international standards are suggested on RT devices adopted by China State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) when the system is constructed. 展开更多
关键词 IHE-RO framework RADIOTHERAPY information management
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Analysis and Design of College Student Information Management System
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作者 Yu HE 《International Journal of Technology Management》 2015年第6期110-112,共3页
This paper uses oriented process method to analysis and design the system, using SQL Server 2000 database as the backend database support platform system, using three layer B/S architecture to support, the system prov... This paper uses oriented process method to analysis and design the system, using SQL Server 2000 database as the backend database support platform system, using three layer B/S architecture to support, the system provides a good interface and function feature, data have high safety performance, high reliability and low cost, the system can improve the work efficiency of college personnel, improve the efficiency of management, and has a certain practical significance. 展开更多
关键词 information Tcchnology Student information management DATABASE
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Transformation of Operations Management through Information Technology and Information System in Suning
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作者 SHEN Houcai, YAN Xiaojun (Department of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China) 《Journal of Electronic Science and Technology of China》 2004年第3期194-199,共6页
Information technology and information system today play major roles in companies who are competitive in the global market. In this paper, we will study how Suning Appliance Chain changes her operations by using infor... Information technology and information system today play major roles in companies who are competitive in the global market. In this paper, we will study how Suning Appliance Chain changes her operations by using information technology and information system. Suning's Strategy, operations structure, especially her logistics system are discussed firstly; how information technology and information system support her operation and logistics to gain competitive capabilities are further discussed. Finally, the operation system transformation through IT/IS in Suning is studied by the use of a stochastic inventory model. 展开更多
关键词 operations management LOGISTICS distribution system reenginnering information technology information system
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Management of Address Information to Improve Quality of Customer Contact
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作者 CHANG Taiwoo PARK Jinwoo +2 位作者 PARK Chankwon JEONG Hanil NAM Yunseok 《Journal of Electronic Science and Technology of China》 2004年第3期122-127,共6页
Customer relationship management systems are gaining importance in today's business environment since customer satisfaction is crucial to the success of an enterprise, and especially so in e-business environment w... Customer relationship management systems are gaining importance in today's business environment since customer satisfaction is crucial to the success of an enterprise, and especially so in e-business environment where customers can find substitute suppliers quite easily. In CRM, the quality of customer information is very important, and the address information even more so. It is because the address information plays a major role for customer contact channel and for timely and effective marketing service. Furthermore, it gives the basic source of geographic information for the offline delivery, the terminal activity of the e-commerce. In this study, we analyze various standards and proposals for the address information, and propose data models for the management of the information focusing on address components, and proto-type systems for management and service. 展开更多
关键词 customer relationship management customer information address information address component
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THE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR SMALL TOWN (TOWNMIS)——A CASE STUDY AT XIAOLAN TOWN, SOUTH CHINA 被引量:5
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作者 Chen Shunqing State Key Lab. of Resources & Environment Information System Institute of Geography, CAS, Beijing 100101, P. R. ChinaHuang Ling Ge Wenlan Urban Planning Automation Center Guangzhou Urban Planning Bureau, Guangzhou 510030, P. R. China 《Journal of Geographical Sciences》 SCIE CSCD 1997年第1期11-20,共10页
Now, GISs are popular at most major cities along the coast in China. The lack of available digital geographic data is a serious bottleneck problem. This article first analyses the development characteristics of urban ... Now, GISs are popular at most major cities along the coast in China. The lack of available digital geographic data is a serious bottleneck problem. This article first analyses the development characteristics of urban planning and management information system in China, and proposes a method for establishing a planning and management information system for small town. By using GIS as core and integrating with microcomputer network, office automation (OA), computer aided design (CAD), and multimedia technology, a microcomputer information system (TownMIS) is implemented after 3 year design and development. It may be a first comprehensive system for the planning and management of small towns. Since the January of 1996, TownMIS has been actually used in Xiaolan Town, a coastal rich town in South China. This has provided perfect technical, managerial, operational and institutional references for resolving the contradiction of the fast growing installation of GIS sites and fewer actually running system. 展开更多
关键词 small town management information system Pearl River Delta.
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STUDY OF SETTING UP THE FOREST RESOURCES MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM BASED ON WEBGIS 被引量:7
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作者 WU Su-li, LOU Quan-sheng, QUAN Zhi-jie, LI Xiao-jun (Northwest Sci-tech University of Agriculture and Forestry, Xi’an 712100, P. R. China) 《Chinese Geographical Science》 SCIE CSCD 2003年第1期56-61,共6页
Based on an analysis of the characteristics of the Forest Resources Management Information System of each development phase, and consideration of the technical trend in Geographic Information System (GIS) in the Inter... Based on an analysis of the characteristics of the Forest Resources Management Information System of each development phase, and consideration of the technical trend in Geographic Information System (GIS) in the Internet Age, this paper explores the importance and the feasibility of setting up Forest Resources Management Information System based on the WEBGIS. At the same time, based on the experience of our study, the paper explores the function, structure and method of developing the Forest Resources Management Information System based on WEBGIS. With the technology of WEBGIS, the Forest Resources Management Information System with data from Huoditang Farm was set up, which makes a great impact on forest resources management. So setting up the Forest Resources Management Information System based on WEBGIS is a trend of forest resources management. In the course of setting up this system, we must pay attention to following questions: 1) unify data standard and information encoding; 2) change mind. 展开更多
关键词 WEBGIS forest resources management information system
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Sensor management based on fisher information gain 被引量:2
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作者 Tian Kangsheng Zhu Guangxi 《Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics》 SCIE EI CSCD 2006年第3期531-534,共4页
Multi-sensor system is becoming increasingly important in a variety of military and civilian applications. In general, single sensor system can only provide partial information about environment while multi-sensor sys... Multi-sensor system is becoming increasingly important in a variety of military and civilian applications. In general, single sensor system can only provide partial information about environment while multi-sensor system provides a synergistic effect, which improves the quality and availability of information. Data fusion techniques can effectively combine this environmental information from similar and/or dissimilar sensors. Sensor management, aiming at improving data fusion performance by controlling sensor behavior, plays an important role in a data fusion process. This paper presents a method using fisher information gain based sensor effectiveness metric for sensor assignment in multi-sensor and multi-target tracking applications. The fisher information gain is computed for every sensor-target pairing on each scan. The advantage for this metric over other ones is that the fisher information gain for the target obtained by multi-sensors is equal to the sum of ones obtained by the individual sensor, so standard transportation problem formulation can be used to solve this problem without importing the concept of pseudo sensor. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the method. 展开更多
关键词 data fusion sensor management fisher information gain linear programming.
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