Analysis of Design Directions for Ground Control Station (GCS)

This study is a preparation phase for integrated visualization of battlefield situation. To develop the ground control station for unmanned systems, many factors have to be considered from the design stages, such as layout, information component, representation scheme, and human operation methods. Considering such many factors can be very difficult, hence we conducted an in-depth investigation of design factors from major UAV stations around the world. We analyzed the design characteristics and the specifics. In conclusion, we were able to derive some common aspects of design characteristics, which lead to the successful design approach.

Feasibility evaluation for excavation of Naghshe Jahan Square subway station by underground methods

In recent years, in reaction to the increasing usage of urban areas, the excavation of underground spaces has been developed. One of the most challenging issues encountered by engineers is the construction of subway stations as large underground spaces at shallow depth with soft surrounding soils. In this paper, Naghshe Jahan Square subway station located in Isfahan, Iran, has been simulated by geomechanical fnite difference method(FDM). This station is located under important historical structures. Therefore, the ground displacement and surface settlement induced by the excavation of the subway station should be strictly controlled. Many of such problems are affected by selected excavation method. For these reasons, different underground excavation methods associated with construction have been studied. In this study, sequential excavation method and large-diameter curved pipe roofng method are used and the numerical results of the two methods are compared. The presence of groundwater table obliges us to choose special techniques for the stability of the ground around the subway station during construction; hence compressed air and ground freezing techniques are utilized in the simulations of the subway station. Finally, after choosing appropriate support systems, the large-diameter curved pipe roofng method with 1.5 m spacing between curved pipes is proposed.

Variability and Long-Term Trend of Total Cloud Cover in China Derived from ISCCP, ERA-40, CRU3, and Ground Station Datasets

Total Cloud Cover （TCC） over China deter- mined from four climate datasets including the Interna- tional Satellite Cloud Climatology Project （ISCCP）, the 40-year Re-Analysis Project of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts （ERA-40）, Climate Research Unit Time Series 3.0 （CRU3）, and ground sta- tion datasets are used to show spatial and temporal varia- tion of TCC and their differences. It is demonstrated that the four datasets show similar spatial pattern and seasonal variation. The maximum value is derived from ISCCE TCC value in North China derived from ERA-40 is 50% larger than that from the station dataset; however, the value is 50% less than that in South China. The annual TCC of ISCCP, ERA-40, and ground station datasets shows a decreasing trend during 1984-2002; however, an increasing trend is derived from CRU3. The results of this study imply remarkable differences of TCC derived from surface and satellite observations as well as model simu- lations. The potential effects of these differences on cloud climatology and associated climatic issues should be carefully considered.

Development of ground control station and path planning for autonomous MUAV

For autonomous MUAV,the Ground Control Station(GCS)including hardware and modular software programming such as control modular,navigation modular,display modular and monitor modular becomes important equipment to be developed.This paper emphasizes the global planning and the local replanning arithmetic based on three-dimensional velocity potential field for the moving threats.During the test on the ground and in the sky,GCS show the remote sensing information precisely and send the control command in time.The system can be used to assist in the function of autonomous complex task for MUAV.

Rain Attenuation Impact on Performance of Satellite Ground Stations for Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) Satellites in Europe

Low Earth Orbits (LEO) satellites are used for public communication and for scientific purposes. These satellites provide opportunities for investigations for which alternative techniques are either difficult or impossible to apply. Ground stations have to be established in order to communicate with such satellites. Usually these satellites communicate with ground stations at S-band. The communication quality depends on the performance of the satellite ground station, in addition to that of satellite. The performance of the satellite ground stations is expressed through Figure of Merit. The aim of this paper is to analyze the rain attenuation impact on the performance of the respective ground station. Rain attenuation depends on geographical location where the satellite ground station is implemented. In order to compare this effect on satellite ground station performance, some cities of Europe are considered. Finally, the rain attenuation impact on the satellite ground station Figure of Merit for the hypothetical satellite ground station installed in Prishtina is analyzed.

Design of Ground Control Station for Operation of Multiple Combat Entities

Recently, if you look at the trend of the Unmanned Combat Entities (UCE) on the world that are actually operational, a large number of personnel per one UCE has been operating the GCS. However, UCEs to perform the attack/reconnaissance mission are very expensive assets and require a considerable amount of time to train for UCE operations. Accordingly, the future battlefield environment has become important to develop multiple UCE ground control station. In this study, we developed a multiple UCE GCS that one operator can operate up to four UCEs. The software was built with a total of 6 displays using a Lockheed Martin Corporation’s prepar3D. Scenario of research takes into account the operation of the South Korea-type future multiple UCEs, to take advantage of the simulation system, in this paper, we propose for each of the concepts and technologies.

Catalogs of ground motion parameters for earthquake-prone regions in Kazakhstan

The catalogs of ground motion parameters for earthquake-prone regions of Kazakhstan used for modeling seismic effects in seismic hazard assessment and microzonation are presented.

Applications of FBG-based sensors to ground stability monitoring

The four diversion tunnels at Jinping Ⅱ hydropower station represent the deepest underground project yet conducted in China, with an overburden depth of 1500-2000 m and a maximum depth of 2525 m.The tunnel structure was subjected to a maximum external water pressure of 10.22 MPa and the maximum single-point groundwater inflow of 7.3 m^3/s. The success of the project construction was related to numerous challenging issues such as the stability of the rock mass surrounding the deep tunnels, strong rockburst prevention and control, and the treatment of high-pressure, large-volume groundwater infiltration. During the construction period, a series of new technologies was developed for the purpose of risk control in the deep tunnel project. Nondestructive sampling and in-situ measurement technologies were employed to fully characterize the formation and development of excavation damaged zones（EDZs）, and to evaluate the mechanical behaviors of deep rocks. The time effect of marble fracture propagation, the brittleeductileeplastic transition of marble, and the temporal development of rock mass fracture and damage induced by high geostress were characterized. The safe construction of deep tunnels was achieved under a high risk of strong rockburst using active measures, a support system comprised of lining, grouting, and external water pressure reduction techniques that addressed the coupled effect of high geostress, high external water pressure, and a comprehensive early-warning system. A complete set of technologies for the treatment of high-pressure and large-volume groundwater infiltration was developed. Monitoring results indicated that the Jinping II hydropower station has been generally stable since it was put into operation in 2014.

Analysis of Interface and Screen for Ground Control System

This study is a preparation phase for visualization of utilized information using ergonomic user interface and standardization of elements for GCS (Ground Control System). Therefore, we investigated the instances of GCS (such as hawk and patriot missile’s GCS) for defense system. Based on the collected data, we compared and analyzed the GCS screen design. In this paper, we conduct case study for ergonomically development of GCS. It is expected that this research improves the situational awareness and reduces the user’s task load.

Space Research Plan of China's Space Station

China's manned spaceflight missions have been introduced briefly,and the research planning of space sciences for China's Space Station(CSS) has been presented with the topics in the research areas,including:life science and biotechnology,microgravity fluid physics and combustion science,space material science,fundamental physics,space astronomy and astrophysics,earth sciences and application,space physics and space environment,experiments of new space technology.The research facilities,experiment racks,and supporting system planned in CSS have been described,including:multifunctional optical facility,research facility of quantum and optic transmission,and a dozen of research racks for space sciences in pressurized module,etc.In the next decade,significant breakthroughs in space science and utilization will hopefully be achieved,and great contributions will be made to satisfy the need of the social development and people's daily life.

Usability Analysis of Touch Screen for Ground Operators

The importance of the aircraft is increasing gradually;among them it may be called Ground Control Station (GCS) receiving the highest expectations. In aspect of operation, operator’s workload and working speed are one of the most important factors. Thus, we need to compare Touch mode and Non Touch mode in order to improve workload and working speed. In this paper, we analyzed the differences of Touch mode and Non Touch mode about workload, working speed in operation of aircraft. Through NASA-TLX and Measured working time, quantified data were collected and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. According to experimental result, working speed and workload according to input mode showed significant difference. In ground operation, Touch mode is better than Non Touch mode about working speed and workload. In the Touch mode, the optimal value of lower display angle was selected as 60。 angle.

GIS-Approach to Estimate Ground Transport Accessibility of Forest Resources (Case Study: Novosibirsk Region, Siberian Federal District, Russia)

In the big forest countries, there is an actual challenge of accessing the forests for their resources, operational wildfire management, and economic estimations for various purposes. In Russia, there are two ways to access the forests: by air and by ground means. The first way is quite expensive for any country. The second one is less expensive but has the spatial planning challenges to create access routes by existing public roads and forest glades. Regional authorities and firefighting departments are paying attention to the access by ground means, but there is a certain room to improve their management and cooperation methods on a limited budget. These tasks could be solved by GIS-technologies in a more operational manner to automate the routes’ construction especially during the fire season. We used combined geoinformation technology (developed previously) and satellite product, namely vegetation map from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to estimate how accessible any forest area is when moving by public roads and forest glades from a fire station as a starting point. These stations are the main centers to fight the forest fires within the territory of ground protection zones in Russia and we have considered them as the logistic centers to manage the forest resources also. Transport model was created in two variants: no-barriers and barriers-based (forestries). By using these two models we have shown two different scenarios of action. The key area was Novosibirsk Region located in the Siberian Federal District, Russia. We have created a series of maps to show the transport accessibility of forest areas from the fire stations. Estimation of “located” pixels or forest areas accessible from the fire stations for the key area is about 66% - 83%;the most accessible forest type is mixed forests. The number of inaccessible pixels has been increased by more than two times in barriers scenario. Technology can be used for different thematic data sources and domains like ecology or economy.

内蒙古地区强震动台站背景噪声与数据质量分析

计算了内蒙古地区193个强震动台站2022年连续观测数据的加速度功率谱密度,通过绘制不同时空、不同加速度计、不同频段的功率谱密度和功率谱概率密度函数图及背景噪声速度均方根值分布图,评估了该区强震动台站的背景噪声变化特征,对出现的功率谱密度异常进行了具体分析,并针对强震动台站数据异常检测及处理提出了相应的建议。研究结果显示:不同加速度计、不同时空强震动台站的背景噪声功率谱密度昼夜差异主要体现在1 Hz以上频段,且不同区域的昼夜差异变化较大;QA-2g型、JS-A2型和TDA-33M型三种加速度计在2 s频点的背景噪声功率谱密度随区域和三分向变化较小;从强震动台站2 s频点背景噪声的监控能得到可靠的观测数据异常,数据异常主要由加速度计零点漂移大、加速度计故障、脉冲干扰、系统参数有误造成,建议优化站点观测环境,进一步规范仪器安装、调试及JOPENS系统的参数配置和审核。

Drone Management in Underground Mine Workings

Mine workings inspection is a specific activity,which could be accomplished with a drone.Despite the disadvantages of the method-expensive,financial and by time,limiting size of used sensors,the system boring one single hole saves time and cost.The management of Ground Station,introducing DM(Deployment Mechanism)and Drone is necessary for underground process monitoring on the ground.The author has surveyed till now the basic topics about design of encased drone for security from harsh environment.The article is a part of project investigation and management of microclimate sensors for underground mining.Drones and their management as an eventual bearer system for sensors are studied.Management of Ground Station is proposed at this first stage.Three aspects are considered:Installation,Configuration and Power Supply as Management services.Main classes MO(Managed Objects)and inheriting classes MO are described.The models are designed for user interface developers,university lecturers and students.

基于静力推覆分析的穿越地裂缝浅埋地铁车站地震破坏模式研究

以处于西安f4地裂缝场地的浅埋地铁车站为研究对象,通过开展振动台试验,探讨了地裂缝场地和结构的震害特征。同时,考虑场地地震响应的非一致性,采用静力推覆分析方法,分析了穿越地裂缝浅埋地铁车站的地震破坏模式。结果表明:针对地裂缝场地地下结构的Pushover分析方法能够较真实地反应地震作用下地裂缝场地的活动特征和地下结构的破坏特点。在水平地震作用下,趋于稳定状态的地裂缝上、下盘土体主要进行张合活动(相互挤压与分离)。其中,相互挤压会对结构中柱施加明显附加压弯作用。地裂缝场地土体的水平剪切变形是结构破坏的主要外在因素,而地裂缝活动造成的附加压弯作用会进一步增大中柱轴压比,降低中柱的变形能力,加速结构的地震破坏。在地裂缝场地特征变形作用下,结构底层中柱水平剪切变形能力相对较弱,且结构剪力表现出明显的空间分布规律,上盘结构底层中柱是结构的抗震关键构件。研究结果对该类结构的抗震设计具有重要参考价值。

广东地震预警网三类站环境地噪声水平评估

对广东地震预警网71个基准站、201个基本站、900个一般站进行环境地噪声计算,整体评估结果良好,符合国家规范观测要求,具体为:基准站测震通道噪声水平位于NHNM和NLNM之间,远低于M1.5振幅谱模型,RMS值集中于10^(-9)至10^(-8) m/s数量级,65个I级基准站评定为优质台站;基准站强震通道噪声水平普遍都低于M1.5,接近NHNM,RMS值集中于10^(-7)~10^(-6) m/s^(2)数量级;基本站噪声水平普遍都低于M2.5,RMS值集中于10^(-6)~10^(-5) m/s^(2)数量级;一般站噪声水平低于M3.5,RMS值集中于10^(-4) m/s^(2)数量级。大部分一般站、部分基准站强震通道和少量基本站,其噪声主要体现出来的是仪器固有自噪声,如应用于背景噪声互相关分析研究是无意义的。此外,一般站普遍存在垂直分量噪声显著高于水平分量(大约高出0.5倍),这是烈度仪性能引起的。

地面自动气象站数据流式处理设计与实现

针对观测密度和频次日益增加的海量地面自动气象站数据,在气象大数据云平台(天擎)中设计了基于Storm的实时流式处理,利用大规模并行处理的优势提高地面自动气象站数据的处理时效。在流式处理中,设计处理拓扑直接解码标准格式的数据消息;消息确认采用手工确认的方式,将数据解码组件锚定数据接入组件,实现每条数据的可靠处理;数据解码时进行字节校验和时间检查等,过滤异常数据;应用批量加定时的发送策略,解决海量监控信息发送气象综合业务实时监控系统(天镜)的问题;集群部署时保留部分剩余资源,有效应对单节点异常。应用效果表明:国家气象站小时数据的服务时效由全国综合气象信息共享系统(CIMISS)的175 s提高至天擎的78 s,约6×10^(4)个区域气象站小时数据的服务时效由CIMISS的5 min提高至天警的2 min,实况分析系统将数据源切换至天擎后,相同时间检索可获取的站点数量较CIMISS增加1倍。2021年12月基于Storm的流式处理与天擎一同在国省业务化运行,实现了长期稳定运行,为MICAPS4、SWAN2.0、实况分析系统等用户提供高效稳定的地面自动气象站数据。