BACKGROUND We report a patient who was diagnosed with toxic myopericarditis secondary to hydrocarbon abuse using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging(CMR).CASE SUMMARY A 25-year-old male presented to emergency departmen...BACKGROUND We report a patient who was diagnosed with toxic myopericarditis secondary to hydrocarbon abuse using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging(CMR).CASE SUMMARY A 25-year-old male presented to emergency department with chest pain for 3 d.Patient also reported sniffing hydrocarbon containing inhalant for the last 1 year.Labs showed elevated troponin and electrocardiography was suggestive of acute pericarditis.Echocardiogram showed left ventricular(LV)ejection fraction(EF)of 40%.Given patient’s troponin elevation and reduced EF,cardiac catheterization was performed which showed normal coronaries.CMR was performed for myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries evaluation.CMR showed borderline LV function with edema in mid and apical LV suggestive of myocarditis.CONCLUSION CMR can be used to diagnose toxic myopericarditis secondary to hydrocarbon abuse.展开更多
In the paper, the in vitro dissolution of borneol in 12 hours from 6 batches of optimized inhalant samples were investigated. As a new dosage form, the in vitro release apparatus of nasal inhalant was invented and a p...In the paper, the in vitro dissolution of borneol in 12 hours from 6 batches of optimized inhalant samples were investigated. As a new dosage form, the in vitro release apparatus of nasal inhalant was invented and a pushing bump was used according to the simulation of the nose expiration and inspiration. Based on the data of r2 in the profile and similar factor f2 from 6 linear release tendencies, a good controlled release and a zero order tendency were observed. It can be suggested that there is a good correlation between the in vitro controlled release and the nose steady self-controllable expiration and inspiration, which will contribute to the trend of insoluble volatile drug controlled release and the effect of quick absorption in nasal pulmonary delivery to cure severe or acute cardiovascular or lung diseases at patients' sleeping, such as angina or breathing obstruction. Also, it was concluded that the prescription composed of insoluble volatile drugs can be prepared to be nasal inhalant from which drugs can be absorbed through nose steady self-controllable inspiration to the lung then into the blood and have a great effectiveness improvement of bioavailability at night timing drug delivery system.展开更多
Background:Emerging evidence indicates nitrite inhalants have become increasingly prevalent among men who have sex with men(MSM).The present study aimed to describe the prevalence and correlates of nitrite inhalants u...Background:Emerging evidence indicates nitrite inhalants have become increasingly prevalent among men who have sex with men(MSM).The present study aimed to describe the prevalence and correlates of nitrite inhalants use and its association with risky sexual behaviors and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)/syphilis infection among MSM in Chongqing,a city in China where MSM were burdened with the highest pooled HIV prevalence in the country.Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted in Chongqing between March 2019 and February 2020.Information of demographics,drug use,sexual behaviors and HIV testing was collected through an anonymous survey.Blood samples were drawn from each participant for the diagnoses of HIV and syphilis.Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors correlated with nitrite inhalants use and its relationship with risky sexual behaviors and HIV/syphilis infection.Results:Of the 1151 eligible participants,18.9%(218)reported use of at least one type of recreational drugs in the past 6 months,and nitrite inhalants were the most commonly used substance(17.7,95%confidence interval[CI]:15.6-20.2%).The proportions of participants reported engaging in group sex and practicing condomless internal ejaculation during anal sex in the past six months were 5.8%(95%CI:4.4-7.2%)and 41.7%(95%CI:38.7-44.7%),respectively.The general prevalence of HIV and syphilis infection among the enrolled MSM were 16.8%(95%CI:14.7-19.0%)and 12.6%(95%CI:10.7-14.4%),respectively.Factors positively associated with nitrite inhalants use included:age<25(adjusted odds ratio[aOR]=2.08,95%CI:1.10-3.94),monthly individual income≥CNY 3000(Chinese Yuan)(aOR=1.95,95%CI:1.18-3.22),preferring receptive anal intercourse(aOR=2.27,95%CI:1.34-3.84)and versatile anal intercourse(aOR=2.60,95%CI:1.64-4.13),age at first anal intercourse<18(aOR=1.79,95%CI:1.21-2.67),engaging in group sex in the past six months(aOR=9.34,95%CI:4.95-17.63),having multiple male sex partners in the past 6 months(aOR=2.32,95%CI:1.50-3.58),practicing CIE during anal sex in the past six months(aOR=1.71,95%CI:1.19-2.46),HIV infection(aOR=1.72,95%CI:1.11-2.66)and syphilis infection(aOR=1.98,95%CI:1.23-3.17).Conclusions:This study found that nitrite inhalants were the most commonly used recreational substance among MSM and nitrite inhalants use were associated with higher probability of HIV and syphilis infection.Therefore,increased attention and counselling should be given to nitrite inhalants-using MSM.展开更多
Objective:To analyze the clinical efficacy of tiotropium bromide(TB)combined with budesonide formoterol(BUD/FM)inhalation in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).Methods:62 COPD patients admitted to th...Objective:To analyze the clinical efficacy of tiotropium bromide(TB)combined with budesonide formoterol(BUD/FM)inhalation in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).Methods:62 COPD patients admitted to the hospital between June 2020 and December 2022 were selected as samples for this study.The patients were divided into a combination group and a conventional group using the random number table method,with 31 cases in each group.The patients in the combination group were treated with TB combined with BUD/FM inhalation,whereas the patients in the conventional group were treated with BUD/FM inhalation only.The treatment efficacy and changes in lung function indicators of both groups were compared.Results:The total efficacy of treatment in the combined group was higher than that in the conventional group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Before treatment,there was no difference in pulmonary function indicators between the two groups(P>0.05).After three months of treatment,all lung function indicators of the combined group were higher than those of the conventional group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Combining TB with BUD/FM inhalation therapy increases the efficacy of treatment for patients with COPD.Besides,it also improves lung function and leads to a better prognosis.展开更多
With the influence of many factors such as the aging of the population,the younger smokers,and the serious air pollution,the incidence of chronic respiratory diseases is increasing year by year.In the treatment of res...With the influence of many factors such as the aging of the population,the younger smokers,and the serious air pollution,the incidence of chronic respiratory diseases is increasing year by year.In the treatment of respiratory diseases,clinical intervention is still mainly based on drug control of pulmonary symptoms.However,systemic drugs have disadvantages such as many adverse reactions and severe systemic side effects.In recent years,the research and development of local drug delivery systems for the respiratory tract has brought new changes to the treatment of respiratory diseases.Locally delivered drugs can directly act on the airways and have the characteristics of fast onset,good curative effect and small side effects.It is a simple,efficient and safe treatment method,which has a very significant effect,and has become a hot topic of current research and promotion.This paper briefly reviews the development track and latest research progress of respiratory local drug delivery systems at home and abroad,in order to provide reference for clinical workers in drug selection and application.展开更多
Objective:To determine the most common mistakes made during the use of a metered-dose inhaler(MDI),and the effect of the repeated trainings performed with demonstration method by providing one-to-one feedback on these...Objective:To determine the most common mistakes made during the use of a metered-dose inhaler(MDI),and the effect of the repeated trainings performed with demonstration method by providing one-to-one feedback on these mistakes.Methods:This is a quasi-experimental study with a control group.A total of 100 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)patients(50 in the control group and 50 in the experimental group)were included in the research.“Patient Information Form(PIF)”(to determine the descriptive characteristics of patients)through the face-to-face interview method,using“MDI Skill Assessment Form”(MDISAF)(it is composed of 10 skill steps about the use of MDI)through observation method was used.Patients in both the groups were asked to use MDI and their abilities regarding use of MDI were assessed.Then in the intervention group,usage of MDI was explained by a nurse via demonstration and placebo MDI.Trainings were repeated on days 1,3,and 5 as from hospitalization of the patient.In the intervention group,three methods were used in this study:“face-to-face training,”“one-to-one,”and“with feedbacks and repeated.”Routine training regarding use of MDI was given by the nurses in the clinic to patients in the control group.The use of an MDI was assessed using MDISAF before training and after the training on the first,third and fifth days of hospitalization.On the seventh day,the last measurement was performed.Percentage,chi square,and mean were used to assess the data.Results:After repetitive training with one-to-one feedback,several differences between the groups in favor of the experimental group were found in 7 of the 10 skill levels of the MDI.There was a significant difference after“training”between the groups in the third,fourth,fifth,sixth,seventh,eighth and ninth MDI steps in posttest measurement(P<0.05).Evaluating the skills of the groups to use MDI from pretest to posttest,it was determined that while the intervention group made less mistakes in steps in which mistakes were made mostly,the control group continued to make mistakes.Conclusions:Inhaler technique intervention with repeated,face to face,and one-to-one feedback trainings can significantly enhance the MDI techniques in COPD patients.The patients in the intervention group made less mistakes during MDI application and their application skills improved.It may be asser ted that the training provided to the intervention group was effective for using the device correctly,while the training provided in the clinic for the control group was inadequate.展开更多
The Tongon mine, the largest gold mine in C?te d’Ivoire, has been in operation since April 2010. However, to our knowledge to date, no study has been conducted on metallic contamination in suspended particulate matte...The Tongon mine, the largest gold mine in C?te d’Ivoire, has been in operation since April 2010. However, to our knowledge to date, no study has been conducted on metallic contamination in suspended particulate matter (PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>) where there is a lack of information on the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to human health associated with the exposure of populations in the Tongon area to these pollutants. The general objective of this study is to evaluate the level of contamination of PM<sub>10</sub>;PM<sub>2.5</sub> by heavy metals and their impact on the health of populations exposed to these pollutants in the Tongon gold mine area. The sampling and measurement of suspended particulate matter (PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>) were done using a MiniVol TAS passive air sampler. Heavy metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (Nex ION 2000 ICP-MS, USA). The results indicate that the average concentrations of suspended particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub>) obtained are all above the recommended exposure limits. In addition, among the heavy metals contained in the suspended particles, the concentrations of arsenic and nickel are high and all above the standard limit values. The assessment of the health risks related to the inhalation of PM<sub>10</sub> particles reveals that their inhalation over a long period could cause a carcinogenic risk.展开更多
Pulmonary fibrosis(PF)is a chronic,progressive,and irreversible pulmonary interstitial disease with unclear pathogenesis.Currently,there are few treatment options for managing PF.Inhalation therapy,as a routine treatm...Pulmonary fibrosis(PF)is a chronic,progressive,and irreversible pulmonary interstitial disease with unclear pathogenesis.Currently,there are few treatment options for managing PF.Inhalation therapy,as a routine treatment for respiratory diseases,is being used to study the treatment of PF.Some herbal medicines and their active ingredients have been reported to have anti-PF effects.This review aims to provide an overview of the latest developments in inhalation therapy,focusing on the utilization of chemical medicines and herbal medicines for the treatment of PF in both clinical practice and basic research.The inhalation of chemical drugs such as pirfenidone,nintedanib,N-acetylcysteine,and interferon-γhas been shown to demonstrate anti-PF effects.Additionally,the inhalation of various natural products derived from herbal medicines,encompassing polyphenols,alkaloids,flavonoids,saponins,terpenoids,and herbal extracts,contributes to the therapeutic management of PF through diverse mechanisms.The inhalation of both chemical and herbal medicines presents promising advantages in the treatment of PF.Further clinical trials are required to investigate the effectiveness,safety,and mechanism of action of inhalation therapy utilizing natural products derived from herbal medicines.展开更多
The most common supply of freshwater for drinking,irrigation,and other domestic uses is groundwater;however,because of increased radon concentrations brought on by mining activities,its quality is still a severe conce...The most common supply of freshwater for drinking,irrigation,and other domestic uses is groundwater;however,because of increased radon concentrations brought on by mining activities,its quality is still a severe concern.Using a liquid scintillation detector,this study investigated the radon content,its related toxicity,and its risk to human health in the groundwater of the Keana in Nasarawa,Nigeria.Ten(10)borehole samples and five(5)well samples totaling fifteen(15)groundwater samples were taken.The results showed that the average radon concentration in water samples from Keana was 2.25 Bq/L.The mean annual effective dosage(ingestion)for adults and children in Keana was 0.016 mSv/y and 0.027 mSv/y,respectively.In Keana,the additional lifetime cancer risk per adult was 5.65×10^(-5),and per child,it was 8.79×10^(-5).The study’s radon concentration was lower than the benchmark of 11.1 Bq/L established in 1991 by the Nigerian Standard Organization and the US Environmental Protection Agency.The results of this study indicate that the level of radon is safe;as a result,people can continue farming and other activities.To reduce the risk of cancer,however,more research could be done in the area.Further research should be done by looking at additional sources in the study area in order to cover the entire zone.Further investigation should be carried out both during the dry and wet seasons because radon concentrations in groundwater alter over time due to dilution by recharge from rainfall.展开更多
Objective:To explore and analyze the effect of nebulized budesonide inhalation on children with asthma and its influence on immune indexes.Methods:300 children who were with asthma admitted to the Pediatric Respirator...Objective:To explore and analyze the effect of nebulized budesonide inhalation on children with asthma and its influence on immune indexes.Methods:300 children who were with asthma admitted to the Pediatric Respiratory Department of our hospital from January 2021 to January 2023 were selected as the research subjects.The patients were divided into a nebulization group(n=150)and a reference group(n=150)by drawing lots.The nebulization group received routine treatment along with budesonide nebulization inhalation therapy,while the reference group only received routine treatment.The treatment effect,the immune indicators,the time taken for the disappearance of symptoms,and the pulmonary function indicators of both groups were compared.Results:The total efficacy of treatment received in the nebulization group was significantly higher than that in the reference group(P<0.05).Before treatment,there was no statistically significant difference in the CD4^(+),CD8^(+),CD4^(+)/CD8^(+),between the two groups(P>0.05);after treatment,the nebulization group’s CD4^(+),CD8^(+),CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)and other immune indicators were significantly better than the reference group(P<0.05).The time taken for the disappearance of symptoms like wheezing,coughing,crackles,shortness of breath,and other symptoms in the nebulization group was significantly shorter than in the reference group(P<0.05).Before treatment,there was no statistically significant difference in the pulmonary function indexes such as FEV1,PEF,and FVC between the two groups(P>0.05);after treatment,the pulmonary function indexes of the patients in the nebulization group were significantly better than those in the reference group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Nebulized budesonide inhalation therapy has shown significant efficacy in the treatment of pediatric asthma,with notable improvements in immune indicators.Therefore,it is worthy of recommendation and further promotion.展开更多
Ethyl chloride was popular as an inhalant recreational drug in the 1980s.It is easily available in pharmacies as well as sold online as a topical anesthetic spray for pain relief.In recent times,its use is gaining pop...Ethyl chloride was popular as an inhalant recreational drug in the 1980s.It is easily available in pharmacies as well as sold online as a topical anesthetic spray for pain relief.In recent times,its use is gaining popularity again among the youth as an inhalant drug due to its neuro-stimulatory effects.To avoid the risks associated with use of illegal drugs,and ease of availability of ethyl chloride without restrictions,there is a rising trend to use it as a“substitute”drug of abuse.In this paper,we try to highlight to the critical care and emergency physicians that majority of these cases present with predominant neurological symptoms,with occasional involvement of the cardiovascular system.The diagnosis of ethyl chloride poisoning is primarily clinical and supportive care is the mainstay of treatment,along with subsequent counseling.Ethyl chloride abuse should be considered as a differential diagnosis in young patients presenting with predominant neurological symptoms.Alongside raising public awareness,the manufacturers and retail distributors of these products have an important role to play in reducing the risk of abuse.展开更多
Nowadays, use of alternative and complementary therapies with mainstream medicine has gained the momentum. Aromatherapy is one of the complementary therapies which use essential oils as the major therapeutic agents to...Nowadays, use of alternative and complementary therapies with mainstream medicine has gained the momentum. Aromatherapy is one of the complementary therapies which use essential oils as the major therapeutic agents to treat several diseases. The essential or volatile oils are extracted from the flowers, barks, stem, leaves, roots, fruits and other parts of the plant by various methods. It came into existence after the scientists deciphered the antiseptic and skin permeability properties of essential oils. Inhalation, local application and baths are the major methods used in aromatherapy that utilize these oils to penetrate the human skin surface with marked aura. Once the oils are in the system, they remodulate themselves and work in a friendly manner at the site of malfunction or at the affected area. This type of therapy utilizes various permutation and combinations to get relief from numerous ailments like depression, indigestion, headache, insomnia, muscular pain, respiratory problems, skin ailments, swollen joints, urine associated complications etc. The essential oils are found to be more beneficial when other aspects of life and diet are given due consideration. This review explores the information available in the literature regarding therapeutic, medical, cosmetic, psychological, olfactory, massage aromatherapy, safety issues and different plants used in aromatherapy. All the available information was compiled from electronic databases such as Academic Journals, Ethnobotany, Google Scholar, PubM ed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and library search.展开更多
AIM:To study the effects of combined early fluid resuscitation and hydrogen inhalation on septic shockinduced lung and intestine injuries.METHODS:Wistar male rats were randomly divided into four groups:control group(G...AIM:To study the effects of combined early fluid resuscitation and hydrogen inhalation on septic shockinduced lung and intestine injuries.METHODS:Wistar male rats were randomly divided into four groups:control group(Group A,n = 15);septic shock group(Group B,n = 15);early fluid resuscitation-treated septic shock group(Group C,n = 15);and early fluid resuscitation and inhalation of 2% hydrogentreated septic shock group(Group D,n = 15).The activity of hydroxyl radicals,myeloperoxidase(MPO),superoxide dismutase(SOD),diamine oxidase(DAO),and the concentration of malonaldehyde(MDA) in the lung and intestinal tissue were assessed according to the corresponding kits.Hematoxylin and eosin staining was carried out to detect the pathology of the lung and intestine.The expression levels of interleukin(IL)-6,IL-8,and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α in lung and intestine tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.The expression levels of Fas and Bcl2 in lung tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.RESULTS:Septic shock elicited a significant increase in the levels of MDA(10.17 ± 1.12 nmol/mg protein vs 2.98 ± 0.64 nmol/mg protein) and MPO(6.79 ± 1.02 U/g wet tissue vs 1.69 ± 0.14 U/g wet tissue) in lung tissues.These effects were not significantly decreased by Group C pretreatment,but were significantly reduced by Group D pretreatment(MDA:4.45 ± 1.13 nmol/mg protein vs 9.56 ± 1.37 nmol/mg protein;MPO:2.58 ± 0.21 U/g wet tissue vs 6.02 ± 1.16 U/g wet tissue).The activity of SOD(250.32 ± 8.56 U/mg protein vs 365.78 ± 10.26 U/mg protein) in lung tissues was decreased after septic shock,and was not significantly increased by Group C pretreatment,but was significantly enhanced by Group D pretreatment(331.15 ± 9.64 U/mg protein vs 262.98 ± 5.47 U/mg protein).Histological evidence of lung hemorrhage,neutrophil infiltration and overexpression of IL-6,IL-8,and TNF-α was observed in lung tissues,all of which were attenuated by Group C and further alleviated by Group D pretreatment.Septic shock also elicited a significant increase in the levels of MDA,MPO and DAO(6.54 ± 0.68 kU/L vs 4.32 ± 0.33 kU/L) in intestinal tissues,all of which were further increased by Group C,but significantly reduced by Group D pretreatment.Increased Chiu scoring and overexpression of IL-6,IL-8 and TNF-α were observed in intestinal tissues,all of which were attenuated by Group C and further attenuated by Group D pretreatment.CONCLUSION:Combined early fluid resuscitation and hydrogen inhalation may protect the lung and intestine of the septic shock rats from the damage induced by oxidative stress and the inflammatory reaction.展开更多
Astrocytes, the major component of blood-brain barriers, have presented paradoxical profiles after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in vivo and in vitro. Our previous study showed that sevoflurane preconditioning imp...Astrocytes, the major component of blood-brain barriers, have presented paradoxical profiles after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in vivo and in vitro. Our previous study showed that sevoflurane preconditioning improved the integrity of blood-brain barriers after ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. This led us to investigate the effects of sevoflurane preconditioning on the astrocytic dynamics in ischemia and reperfusion rats, in order to explore astrocytic cell-based mechanisms of sevoflurane preconditioning. In the present study, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and Garcia behavioral scores were utilized to evaluate cerebral infarction and neurological outcome from day 1 to day 3 after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion surgery. Using immunofluorescent staining, we found that sevoflurane preconditioning substantially promoted the astrocytic activation and migration from the penumbra to the infarct with microglial activation from day 3 after middle cerebral artery occlusion. The formation of astrocytic scaffolds facilitated neuroblasts migrating from the subventricular zone to the lesion sites on day 14 after injury. Neural networks increased in the infarct of sevoflurane preconditioned rats, consistent with decreased infarct volume and improved neurological scores after ischemia and reperfusion injury. These findings demonstrate that sevoflurane preconditioning confers neuroprotection, not only by accelerating astrocytic spatial and temporal dynamics, but also providing astrocytic scaffolds for neuroblasts migration to ischemic regions, which facilitates neural reconstruction after brain ischemia.展开更多
The formulation and device collectively constitute an inhalation drug product.Development of inhaled drugs must consider the compatibility between formulation and device in order to achieve the intended pharmaceutical...The formulation and device collectively constitute an inhalation drug product.Development of inhaled drugs must consider the compatibility between formulation and device in order to achieve the intended pharmaceutical performance and usability of the product to improve patient compliance with treatment instruction.From the points of formulation,device and patient use,this article summarizes the inhalation drugs,including pressurized metered dose inhaler(pMDI),dry powder inhaler(DPI),and nebulizer that are currently available in the US and UK markets.It also discusses the practical considerations for the development of inhalers and provides an update on the corresponding regulations of the FDA(U.S.Food and Drug Administration)and the EMA(European Medicines Agency).展开更多
Ever since the success of developing inhalable insulin,drug delivery via pulmonary administration has become an attractive route to treat chronic diseases.Pulmonary delivery system for nanotechnology is a relatively n...Ever since the success of developing inhalable insulin,drug delivery via pulmonary administration has become an attractive route to treat chronic diseases.Pulmonary delivery system for nanotechnology is a relatively new concept especially when applicable to lung cancer therapy.Nano-based systems such as liposome,polymeric nanoparticles or micelles are strategically designed to enhance the therapeutic index of anti-cancer drugs through improvement of their bioavailability,stability and residency at targeted lung regions.Along with these benefits,nano-based systems also provide additional diagnostic advantages during lung cancer treatment,including imaging,screening and drug tracking.Nevertheless,delivery of nanobased drugs via pulmonary administration for lung cancer therapy is still in its infancy and numerous challenges are expected.Pharmacology,immunology,toxicology and largescale manufacturing(stability and activity of drugs)are some aspects in nanotechnology that should be taken into consideration for the development of inhalable nano-based chemotherapeutic drugs.This review will focus on the current inhalable nano-based drugs for lung cancer treatment.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND We report a patient who was diagnosed with toxic myopericarditis secondary to hydrocarbon abuse using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging(CMR).CASE SUMMARY A 25-year-old male presented to emergency department with chest pain for 3 d.Patient also reported sniffing hydrocarbon containing inhalant for the last 1 year.Labs showed elevated troponin and electrocardiography was suggestive of acute pericarditis.Echocardiogram showed left ventricular(LV)ejection fraction(EF)of 40%.Given patient’s troponin elevation and reduced EF,cardiac catheterization was performed which showed normal coronaries.CMR was performed for myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries evaluation.CMR showed borderline LV function with edema in mid and apical LV suggestive of myocarditis.CONCLUSION CMR can be used to diagnose toxic myopericarditis secondary to hydrocarbon abuse.
文摘In the paper, the in vitro dissolution of borneol in 12 hours from 6 batches of optimized inhalant samples were investigated. As a new dosage form, the in vitro release apparatus of nasal inhalant was invented and a pushing bump was used according to the simulation of the nose expiration and inspiration. Based on the data of r2 in the profile and similar factor f2 from 6 linear release tendencies, a good controlled release and a zero order tendency were observed. It can be suggested that there is a good correlation between the in vitro controlled release and the nose steady self-controllable expiration and inspiration, which will contribute to the trend of insoluble volatile drug controlled release and the effect of quick absorption in nasal pulmonary delivery to cure severe or acute cardiovascular or lung diseases at patients' sleeping, such as angina or breathing obstruction. Also, it was concluded that the prescription composed of insoluble volatile drugs can be prepared to be nasal inhalant from which drugs can be absorbed through nose steady self-controllable inspiration to the lung then into the blood and have a great effectiveness improvement of bioavailability at night timing drug delivery system.
基金This project was funded by joint project of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission and Chongqing Health and Family Planning Commission(2018QNXM044)Science and Technology Commission of Tongliang District,Chongqing(2018–20).
文摘Background:Emerging evidence indicates nitrite inhalants have become increasingly prevalent among men who have sex with men(MSM).The present study aimed to describe the prevalence and correlates of nitrite inhalants use and its association with risky sexual behaviors and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)/syphilis infection among MSM in Chongqing,a city in China where MSM were burdened with the highest pooled HIV prevalence in the country.Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted in Chongqing between March 2019 and February 2020.Information of demographics,drug use,sexual behaviors and HIV testing was collected through an anonymous survey.Blood samples were drawn from each participant for the diagnoses of HIV and syphilis.Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors correlated with nitrite inhalants use and its relationship with risky sexual behaviors and HIV/syphilis infection.Results:Of the 1151 eligible participants,18.9%(218)reported use of at least one type of recreational drugs in the past 6 months,and nitrite inhalants were the most commonly used substance(17.7,95%confidence interval[CI]:15.6-20.2%).The proportions of participants reported engaging in group sex and practicing condomless internal ejaculation during anal sex in the past six months were 5.8%(95%CI:4.4-7.2%)and 41.7%(95%CI:38.7-44.7%),respectively.The general prevalence of HIV and syphilis infection among the enrolled MSM were 16.8%(95%CI:14.7-19.0%)and 12.6%(95%CI:10.7-14.4%),respectively.Factors positively associated with nitrite inhalants use included:age<25(adjusted odds ratio[aOR]=2.08,95%CI:1.10-3.94),monthly individual income≥CNY 3000(Chinese Yuan)(aOR=1.95,95%CI:1.18-3.22),preferring receptive anal intercourse(aOR=2.27,95%CI:1.34-3.84)and versatile anal intercourse(aOR=2.60,95%CI:1.64-4.13),age at first anal intercourse<18(aOR=1.79,95%CI:1.21-2.67),engaging in group sex in the past six months(aOR=9.34,95%CI:4.95-17.63),having multiple male sex partners in the past 6 months(aOR=2.32,95%CI:1.50-3.58),practicing CIE during anal sex in the past six months(aOR=1.71,95%CI:1.19-2.46),HIV infection(aOR=1.72,95%CI:1.11-2.66)and syphilis infection(aOR=1.98,95%CI:1.23-3.17).Conclusions:This study found that nitrite inhalants were the most commonly used recreational substance among MSM and nitrite inhalants use were associated with higher probability of HIV and syphilis infection.Therefore,increased attention and counselling should be given to nitrite inhalants-using MSM.
文摘Objective:To analyze the clinical efficacy of tiotropium bromide(TB)combined with budesonide formoterol(BUD/FM)inhalation in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).Methods:62 COPD patients admitted to the hospital between June 2020 and December 2022 were selected as samples for this study.The patients were divided into a combination group and a conventional group using the random number table method,with 31 cases in each group.The patients in the combination group were treated with TB combined with BUD/FM inhalation,whereas the patients in the conventional group were treated with BUD/FM inhalation only.The treatment efficacy and changes in lung function indicators of both groups were compared.Results:The total efficacy of treatment in the combined group was higher than that in the conventional group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Before treatment,there was no difference in pulmonary function indicators between the two groups(P>0.05).After three months of treatment,all lung function indicators of the combined group were higher than those of the conventional group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Combining TB with BUD/FM inhalation therapy increases the efficacy of treatment for patients with COPD.Besides,it also improves lung function and leads to a better prognosis.
基金Hainan Innovation Team Project of Hainan(820CXTD448)Hainan Province Key R&D Program International Science and Technology Cooperation Project(GHYF2022011)+8 种基金Key R&D Projects in Hainan ProvincZDYF2020223Hainan Provincial Major Science and Technology Project(ZDKJ2021036)Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of High-level Talent Project 2019RC212Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Medical and Health Science and Technology Innovation Engineering Project(2019-12M-5-023)Major Science and Technology Project of Hainan Province(ZDKJ2021039,ZDKJ202004)Key Topics of Hainan Medical College's Educational and Scientific Research Projects(HYZD202111)National Natural Science Foundation of China(81860001,82011530049 and 82160012)Open Project of the Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Prevention and Control of the NHC(2021NHCTDCKFKT21008)Hainan Provincial Clinical Medical Center Construction Project Fund。
文摘With the influence of many factors such as the aging of the population,the younger smokers,and the serious air pollution,the incidence of chronic respiratory diseases is increasing year by year.In the treatment of respiratory diseases,clinical intervention is still mainly based on drug control of pulmonary symptoms.However,systemic drugs have disadvantages such as many adverse reactions and severe systemic side effects.In recent years,the research and development of local drug delivery systems for the respiratory tract has brought new changes to the treatment of respiratory diseases.Locally delivered drugs can directly act on the airways and have the characteristics of fast onset,good curative effect and small side effects.It is a simple,efficient and safe treatment method,which has a very significant effect,and has become a hot topic of current research and promotion.This paper briefly reviews the development track and latest research progress of respiratory local drug delivery systems at home and abroad,in order to provide reference for clinical workers in drug selection and application.
文摘Objective:To determine the most common mistakes made during the use of a metered-dose inhaler(MDI),and the effect of the repeated trainings performed with demonstration method by providing one-to-one feedback on these mistakes.Methods:This is a quasi-experimental study with a control group.A total of 100 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)patients(50 in the control group and 50 in the experimental group)were included in the research.“Patient Information Form(PIF)”(to determine the descriptive characteristics of patients)through the face-to-face interview method,using“MDI Skill Assessment Form”(MDISAF)(it is composed of 10 skill steps about the use of MDI)through observation method was used.Patients in both the groups were asked to use MDI and their abilities regarding use of MDI were assessed.Then in the intervention group,usage of MDI was explained by a nurse via demonstration and placebo MDI.Trainings were repeated on days 1,3,and 5 as from hospitalization of the patient.In the intervention group,three methods were used in this study:“face-to-face training,”“one-to-one,”and“with feedbacks and repeated.”Routine training regarding use of MDI was given by the nurses in the clinic to patients in the control group.The use of an MDI was assessed using MDISAF before training and after the training on the first,third and fifth days of hospitalization.On the seventh day,the last measurement was performed.Percentage,chi square,and mean were used to assess the data.Results:After repetitive training with one-to-one feedback,several differences between the groups in favor of the experimental group were found in 7 of the 10 skill levels of the MDI.There was a significant difference after“training”between the groups in the third,fourth,fifth,sixth,seventh,eighth and ninth MDI steps in posttest measurement(P<0.05).Evaluating the skills of the groups to use MDI from pretest to posttest,it was determined that while the intervention group made less mistakes in steps in which mistakes were made mostly,the control group continued to make mistakes.Conclusions:Inhaler technique intervention with repeated,face to face,and one-to-one feedback trainings can significantly enhance the MDI techniques in COPD patients.The patients in the intervention group made less mistakes during MDI application and their application skills improved.It may be asser ted that the training provided to the intervention group was effective for using the device correctly,while the training provided in the clinic for the control group was inadequate.
文摘The Tongon mine, the largest gold mine in C?te d’Ivoire, has been in operation since April 2010. However, to our knowledge to date, no study has been conducted on metallic contamination in suspended particulate matter (PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>) where there is a lack of information on the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to human health associated with the exposure of populations in the Tongon area to these pollutants. The general objective of this study is to evaluate the level of contamination of PM<sub>10</sub>;PM<sub>2.5</sub> by heavy metals and their impact on the health of populations exposed to these pollutants in the Tongon gold mine area. The sampling and measurement of suspended particulate matter (PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>) were done using a MiniVol TAS passive air sampler. Heavy metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (Nex ION 2000 ICP-MS, USA). The results indicate that the average concentrations of suspended particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub>) obtained are all above the recommended exposure limits. In addition, among the heavy metals contained in the suspended particles, the concentrations of arsenic and nickel are high and all above the standard limit values. The assessment of the health risks related to the inhalation of PM<sub>10</sub> particles reveals that their inhalation over a long period could cause a carcinogenic risk.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant[No.82004141]Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation[No.2023A1515011243]+2 种基金Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Development Foundation under Grant[No.2020KJCX-KTYJ-5,2022KJCX-ZJZL-11]Science,Technology,and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality under Grant[No.JCYJ20190808160407500]Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Research Program under Grant[No.BAZYY20220701].
文摘Pulmonary fibrosis(PF)is a chronic,progressive,and irreversible pulmonary interstitial disease with unclear pathogenesis.Currently,there are few treatment options for managing PF.Inhalation therapy,as a routine treatment for respiratory diseases,is being used to study the treatment of PF.Some herbal medicines and their active ingredients have been reported to have anti-PF effects.This review aims to provide an overview of the latest developments in inhalation therapy,focusing on the utilization of chemical medicines and herbal medicines for the treatment of PF in both clinical practice and basic research.The inhalation of chemical drugs such as pirfenidone,nintedanib,N-acetylcysteine,and interferon-γhas been shown to demonstrate anti-PF effects.Additionally,the inhalation of various natural products derived from herbal medicines,encompassing polyphenols,alkaloids,flavonoids,saponins,terpenoids,and herbal extracts,contributes to the therapeutic management of PF through diverse mechanisms.The inhalation of both chemical and herbal medicines presents promising advantages in the treatment of PF.Further clinical trials are required to investigate the effectiveness,safety,and mechanism of action of inhalation therapy utilizing natural products derived from herbal medicines.
文摘The most common supply of freshwater for drinking,irrigation,and other domestic uses is groundwater;however,because of increased radon concentrations brought on by mining activities,its quality is still a severe concern.Using a liquid scintillation detector,this study investigated the radon content,its related toxicity,and its risk to human health in the groundwater of the Keana in Nasarawa,Nigeria.Ten(10)borehole samples and five(5)well samples totaling fifteen(15)groundwater samples were taken.The results showed that the average radon concentration in water samples from Keana was 2.25 Bq/L.The mean annual effective dosage(ingestion)for adults and children in Keana was 0.016 mSv/y and 0.027 mSv/y,respectively.In Keana,the additional lifetime cancer risk per adult was 5.65×10^(-5),and per child,it was 8.79×10^(-5).The study’s radon concentration was lower than the benchmark of 11.1 Bq/L established in 1991 by the Nigerian Standard Organization and the US Environmental Protection Agency.The results of this study indicate that the level of radon is safe;as a result,people can continue farming and other activities.To reduce the risk of cancer,however,more research could be done in the area.Further research should be done by looking at additional sources in the study area in order to cover the entire zone.Further investigation should be carried out both during the dry and wet seasons because radon concentrations in groundwater alter over time due to dilution by recharge from rainfall.
文摘Objective:To explore and analyze the effect of nebulized budesonide inhalation on children with asthma and its influence on immune indexes.Methods:300 children who were with asthma admitted to the Pediatric Respiratory Department of our hospital from January 2021 to January 2023 were selected as the research subjects.The patients were divided into a nebulization group(n=150)and a reference group(n=150)by drawing lots.The nebulization group received routine treatment along with budesonide nebulization inhalation therapy,while the reference group only received routine treatment.The treatment effect,the immune indicators,the time taken for the disappearance of symptoms,and the pulmonary function indicators of both groups were compared.Results:The total efficacy of treatment received in the nebulization group was significantly higher than that in the reference group(P<0.05).Before treatment,there was no statistically significant difference in the CD4^(+),CD8^(+),CD4^(+)/CD8^(+),between the two groups(P>0.05);after treatment,the nebulization group’s CD4^(+),CD8^(+),CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)and other immune indicators were significantly better than the reference group(P<0.05).The time taken for the disappearance of symptoms like wheezing,coughing,crackles,shortness of breath,and other symptoms in the nebulization group was significantly shorter than in the reference group(P<0.05).Before treatment,there was no statistically significant difference in the pulmonary function indexes such as FEV1,PEF,and FVC between the two groups(P>0.05);after treatment,the pulmonary function indexes of the patients in the nebulization group were significantly better than those in the reference group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Nebulized budesonide inhalation therapy has shown significant efficacy in the treatment of pediatric asthma,with notable improvements in immune indicators.Therefore,it is worthy of recommendation and further promotion.
文摘Ethyl chloride was popular as an inhalant recreational drug in the 1980s.It is easily available in pharmacies as well as sold online as a topical anesthetic spray for pain relief.In recent times,its use is gaining popularity again among the youth as an inhalant drug due to its neuro-stimulatory effects.To avoid the risks associated with use of illegal drugs,and ease of availability of ethyl chloride without restrictions,there is a rising trend to use it as a“substitute”drug of abuse.In this paper,we try to highlight to the critical care and emergency physicians that majority of these cases present with predominant neurological symptoms,with occasional involvement of the cardiovascular system.The diagnosis of ethyl chloride poisoning is primarily clinical and supportive care is the mainstay of treatment,along with subsequent counseling.Ethyl chloride abuse should be considered as a differential diagnosis in young patients presenting with predominant neurological symptoms.Alongside raising public awareness,the manufacturers and retail distributors of these products have an important role to play in reducing the risk of abuse.
基金Funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research,King Abdulaziz University,Jeddah under grant number(G-1436-156-590)
文摘Nowadays, use of alternative and complementary therapies with mainstream medicine has gained the momentum. Aromatherapy is one of the complementary therapies which use essential oils as the major therapeutic agents to treat several diseases. The essential or volatile oils are extracted from the flowers, barks, stem, leaves, roots, fruits and other parts of the plant by various methods. It came into existence after the scientists deciphered the antiseptic and skin permeability properties of essential oils. Inhalation, local application and baths are the major methods used in aromatherapy that utilize these oils to penetrate the human skin surface with marked aura. Once the oils are in the system, they remodulate themselves and work in a friendly manner at the site of malfunction or at the affected area. This type of therapy utilizes various permutation and combinations to get relief from numerous ailments like depression, indigestion, headache, insomnia, muscular pain, respiratory problems, skin ailments, swollen joints, urine associated complications etc. The essential oils are found to be more beneficial when other aspects of life and diet are given due consideration. This review explores the information available in the literature regarding therapeutic, medical, cosmetic, psychological, olfactory, massage aromatherapy, safety issues and different plants used in aromatherapy. All the available information was compiled from electronic databases such as Academic Journals, Ethnobotany, Google Scholar, PubM ed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and library search.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No. 81101415
文摘AIM:To study the effects of combined early fluid resuscitation and hydrogen inhalation on septic shockinduced lung and intestine injuries.METHODS:Wistar male rats were randomly divided into four groups:control group(Group A,n = 15);septic shock group(Group B,n = 15);early fluid resuscitation-treated septic shock group(Group C,n = 15);and early fluid resuscitation and inhalation of 2% hydrogentreated septic shock group(Group D,n = 15).The activity of hydroxyl radicals,myeloperoxidase(MPO),superoxide dismutase(SOD),diamine oxidase(DAO),and the concentration of malonaldehyde(MDA) in the lung and intestinal tissue were assessed according to the corresponding kits.Hematoxylin and eosin staining was carried out to detect the pathology of the lung and intestine.The expression levels of interleukin(IL)-6,IL-8,and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α in lung and intestine tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.The expression levels of Fas and Bcl2 in lung tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.RESULTS:Septic shock elicited a significant increase in the levels of MDA(10.17 ± 1.12 nmol/mg protein vs 2.98 ± 0.64 nmol/mg protein) and MPO(6.79 ± 1.02 U/g wet tissue vs 1.69 ± 0.14 U/g wet tissue) in lung tissues.These effects were not significantly decreased by Group C pretreatment,but were significantly reduced by Group D pretreatment(MDA:4.45 ± 1.13 nmol/mg protein vs 9.56 ± 1.37 nmol/mg protein;MPO:2.58 ± 0.21 U/g wet tissue vs 6.02 ± 1.16 U/g wet tissue).The activity of SOD(250.32 ± 8.56 U/mg protein vs 365.78 ± 10.26 U/mg protein) in lung tissues was decreased after septic shock,and was not significantly increased by Group C pretreatment,but was significantly enhanced by Group D pretreatment(331.15 ± 9.64 U/mg protein vs 262.98 ± 5.47 U/mg protein).Histological evidence of lung hemorrhage,neutrophil infiltration and overexpression of IL-6,IL-8,and TNF-α was observed in lung tissues,all of which were attenuated by Group C and further alleviated by Group D pretreatment.Septic shock also elicited a significant increase in the levels of MDA,MPO and DAO(6.54 ± 0.68 kU/L vs 4.32 ± 0.33 kU/L) in intestinal tissues,all of which were further increased by Group C,but significantly reduced by Group D pretreatment.Increased Chiu scoring and overexpression of IL-6,IL-8 and TNF-α were observed in intestinal tissues,all of which were attenuated by Group C and further attenuated by Group D pretreatment.CONCLUSION:Combined early fluid resuscitation and hydrogen inhalation may protect the lung and intestine of the septic shock rats from the damage induced by oxidative stress and the inflammatory reaction.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81200937(to QY)
文摘Astrocytes, the major component of blood-brain barriers, have presented paradoxical profiles after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in vivo and in vitro. Our previous study showed that sevoflurane preconditioning improved the integrity of blood-brain barriers after ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. This led us to investigate the effects of sevoflurane preconditioning on the astrocytic dynamics in ischemia and reperfusion rats, in order to explore astrocytic cell-based mechanisms of sevoflurane preconditioning. In the present study, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and Garcia behavioral scores were utilized to evaluate cerebral infarction and neurological outcome from day 1 to day 3 after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion surgery. Using immunofluorescent staining, we found that sevoflurane preconditioning substantially promoted the astrocytic activation and migration from the penumbra to the infarct with microglial activation from day 3 after middle cerebral artery occlusion. The formation of astrocytic scaffolds facilitated neuroblasts migrating from the subventricular zone to the lesion sites on day 14 after injury. Neural networks increased in the infarct of sevoflurane preconditioned rats, consistent with decreased infarct volume and improved neurological scores after ischemia and reperfusion injury. These findings demonstrate that sevoflurane preconditioning confers neuroprotection, not only by accelerating astrocytic spatial and temporal dynamics, but also providing astrocytic scaffolds for neuroblasts migration to ischemic regions, which facilitates neural reconstruction after brain ischemia.
文摘The formulation and device collectively constitute an inhalation drug product.Development of inhaled drugs must consider the compatibility between formulation and device in order to achieve the intended pharmaceutical performance and usability of the product to improve patient compliance with treatment instruction.From the points of formulation,device and patient use,this article summarizes the inhalation drugs,including pressurized metered dose inhaler(pMDI),dry powder inhaler(DPI),and nebulizer that are currently available in the US and UK markets.It also discusses the practical considerations for the development of inhalers and provides an update on the corresponding regulations of the FDA(U.S.Food and Drug Administration)and the EMA(European Medicines Agency).
文摘Ever since the success of developing inhalable insulin,drug delivery via pulmonary administration has become an attractive route to treat chronic diseases.Pulmonary delivery system for nanotechnology is a relatively new concept especially when applicable to lung cancer therapy.Nano-based systems such as liposome,polymeric nanoparticles or micelles are strategically designed to enhance the therapeutic index of anti-cancer drugs through improvement of their bioavailability,stability and residency at targeted lung regions.Along with these benefits,nano-based systems also provide additional diagnostic advantages during lung cancer treatment,including imaging,screening and drug tracking.Nevertheless,delivery of nanobased drugs via pulmonary administration for lung cancer therapy is still in its infancy and numerous challenges are expected.Pharmacology,immunology,toxicology and largescale manufacturing(stability and activity of drugs)are some aspects in nanotechnology that should be taken into consideration for the development of inhalable nano-based chemotherapeutic drugs.This review will focus on the current inhalable nano-based drugs for lung cancer treatment.