The Shaking Table Test on the Performance of Cement-mixed Piles in Liquefiable Railway Foundations

Cement-mixed piles,as countermeasure against liquefaction of silt and sand ground,can improve the shear strength and bearing capacity of foundation soil,meaning cement-mixed piles are capable of resisting displacement when an earthquake happens. However,investigations of cement-mixed piles by experimental methods such as the shaking table test is few and far between. It is especially true for the seismic performance of cement-mixed piles in liquefiable railway foundations in high seismic intensity regions. To this end,a cross-section of the Yuxi-Mengzi railway was selected as the prototype and studied by the shaking table test in this study. The results showed that composite foundation of cementmixed piles was not liquefied when the seismic acceleration was lower than 0. 30g. In the process of acceleration increasing from 0. 30g at 2Hz to 0. 60g at 3Hz,the upper middle silt outside slope toe was partly liquefied. The foundation soil under the shoulders and center of subgrade was far from the initial liquefaction criterion during the test. Cementmixed piles can effectively reduce the embankment settlement and differential settlement. It can be concluded that, the design of cement-mixed piles can ensure the seismic performance of the subgrade,and satisfy the seismic design requirements of the YuxiMengzi railway in areas of VIII degrees seismic fortification intensity.

Deformation and stability of the seawall,considering the strength uncertainty of cement mixing piles

The cement mixing (CM) pile is a common method of improving soft offshore ground. The strength growth of CM piles under complex conditions is affected by many factors, especially the cement and moisture contents, and shows significant uncertainty. To investigate the stochasticity of the early strength of CM piles and its impact on the displacement and stability of a seawall, a series of laboratory tests and numerical analyses were carried out in this study. Vane shear tests were conducted on the cement-solidified soil to determine the relationships between the undrained shear strength s_(u) of the cement soil curing in the seawater and the cement content a_(c), as well as the in situ soil moisture content w. It can be inferred that the 24 h undrained shear strength follows a normal distribution. A numerical model considering the random CM pile strength was established to investigate the deformation of the seawall. Due to the uncertainty of CM pile strength, the displacement of the seawall demonstrates a certain discreteness. The decrease of the mean undrained shear strength of CM piles causes a corresponding increase in the average displacement of the seawall. When the mean strength of CM piles is lower than a certain threshold, there is a risk of instability. Furthermore, the heterogeneity of the strength within an individual CM pile also has an impact on seawall displacement. Attention should be paid to the uncertainty of CM pile strength to control displacement and stability.

Field testing of stiffened deep cement mixing piles under lateral cyclic loading

Construction of seaside and underground wall bracing often uses stiffened deep cement mixed columns （SDCM）. This research investigates methods used to improve the level of bearing capacity of these SDCM when subjected to cyclic lateral loading via various types of stiffer cores. Eight piles, two deep cement mixed piles and six stiffened deep cement mixing piles with three different types of cores, H shape cross section prestressed concrete, steel pipe, and H-beam steel, were embedded though soft clay into medium-hard clay on site in Thailand. Cyclic horizontal loading was gradually applied until pile failure and the hysteresis loops of lateral load vs. lateral deformation were recorded. The lateral carrying capacities of the SDCM piles with an H-beam steel core increased by 3-4 times that of the DCM piles. This field research clearly shows that using H-beam steel as a stiffer core for SDCM piles is the best method to improve its lateral carrying capacity, ductility and energy dissipation capacity.

Bearing Behaviors of Stiffened Deep Cement Mixed Pile

A series of investigations were conducted to study the bearing capacity and load transfer mechanism of stiffened deep cement mixed （SDCM） pile. Laboratory tests including six specimens were conducted to investigate the frictional resistance between the concrete core and the cementsoil. Two model piles and twenty-four full-scale piles were tested to examine the bearing behavior of single pile. Laboratory and model tests results indicate that the cohesive strength is large enough to ensure the interaction between core pile and the outer cement-soil. The full-scale test results show that the SDCM piles exhibit similar bearing behavior to bored and cast-in-place concrete piles. In general, with the rational composite structure the SDCM piles can transmit the applied load effectively, and due to the addition of the stiffer core, the SDCM piles possess high bearing capacity. Based on the findings of these experimental investigations and theoretical analysi , a practical design method is developed to predict the vertical bearing capacity of SDCM pile.

Gadolinium-doped injectable magnesium-calcium phosphate bone cements for noninvasive visualization

Injectable bone cements are used in minimally invasive surgical techniques including vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty.This work is devoted to the development of magnesium-calcium phosphate cements(MCPCs)doped with gadolinium ions(Gd^(3+))for bone defect repair.Interaction between cement powders and a cement liquid resulted in the formation of newberyite and brushite phases,which gave mechanical strength up to 17 MPa without a thermal effect.The introduction of Gd3+into the lattice was confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy;the doping increased injectivity while giving rise to antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli.Assays of the cement samples soaking in Kokubo’s simulated body fluid revealed the formation of calcium phosphate coatings on the cements’surface.The cements manifested biocompatibility with the MG-63 cell line and significantly enhanced contrast when Gd-MCPC was placed into a bone defect and examined by X-ray micro-computed tomography.For the first time,visualization of a Gd-doped cement material was achieved in a model of a bone defect analyzed by MRI.

Experimental Study of Dynamic Characteristics on Composite Foundation with CFG Long Pile and Rammed Cement-Soil Short Pile

Based on the idea of optimization design of pile type, the two kinds of the typical pile type are selected, which containing flexibility pile (e.g. rammed cement-soil pile is for short RCSP), and rigid pile (e.g. cement-flyash-gravel pile is for short CFGP). The three kinds of the composite foundation are designed, which are CFGP, CFG long pile and CFG short pile (for short CFGLP-CFGSP), CFG long-short pile and rammed cement-soil short pile (for short CFGLP-RCSSP). Natural earthquake is simulated by using the engineering blasting;the dynamic characteristics and dynamic response of the composite foundation are studied through field test. CFGLP-RCSSP is closed to linear relation. The bearing capacity of the four composite foundation of the CFGP, CFGLP-CFGSP, and CFGLP-RCSSP in the site are 225 kPa, 179 kPa, and 197 kPa, separately increases 150%, 98.8% and 119% compared to the natural foundation. The vibration main frequency is mainly depended on properties of foundation soil and piles between vibration source and measuring point, pilling load value. Horizontal vibration main frequency greater than the vertical vibration main frequency and the vertical vibration main frequency close to the first-order natural frequency of composite foundation. With the pilling load increasing, the CFGLP-RCSSP pile composite foundation combined frequency decreased. Under the same blast energy, the acceleration peak on the CFG pile composite foundation is less than CFGLP-CFGSP the corresponding values, as the load increases, the peak acceleration gently. CFG pile composite foundation is favorable on seismic. The distribution of peak acceleration is consistent within 4 m from pile top in the CFGLP_RCSSP composite foundation. The maximum of the horizontal acceleration peak along the pile body occurs at a distance of pile top 4 m or the pile top, and that of vertical acceleration peak occurred at a pile top.

The Dynamic Characteristic Experimental Method on the Composite Foundation with Rigid-Flexible Compound Piles

Based on the idea of optimization design of pile type, the composite foundations, which include cememt-flyash-gaavel (for short CFG) long piles and cement-soil (for short CS) short piles, and CS piles with CFG core as well, are formed. The method of the site dynamic characteristic tests of the composite foundations is discussed. The test results show that fireworks bomb may replace demolitions as the vibration resource. Vibration time is about 0.1 sec. Horizontal vibration major frequency is at 22.476 - 56.436 Hz, and vertical vibration major frequency is at 15.538 - 55.884 Hz. The pile arrangements of the composite foundation in the same site have more effect on the acceleration peak value. From the point of vibration, the anti-seismic effect of the CS piles with CFG core is better than others.

THE SEEPAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF HETEROGENEOUS BODY WITH DIFFERENT SPREADING SOLUTION MODES AND ITS APPLICATIONS

As the dump was a typically heterogeneous body, the seepage was different with varied spreading solution modes. The phenomenon of lamination that occured in the site was simulated using three layers in an indoor experiment, and the seepage effect comparison experiment of the inside spreading solution model and the top spreading solution model have been carried out. In the inside spreading solution mode, the phreatic planar flew without infiltration and the parallel layer motion model was used to calculate the seepage coefficient and equivalent seepage coefficient of each state respectively. In the top spreading solution model, the phreatic planar flew with an even infiltration on the surface, and the vertical layer motion model was adopted to calculate the above coefficient. The results showed that the seepage coefficient of the inside model was larger than the top model in the heterogeneous body, The ratio of them was between 1.42 and 3.07. On the basis of these results, the following new technologies were discussed： installing a few small diameter mechanical pore sand piles with every lamination in the using dump; drilling some holes one-off in the unused dump. These two methods could changed the top spreading solution into the inside model, thus the seepage in the dump was improved.

FEM for Stability Analysis Against Overturning of Portal Water Injection Sheet Pile

Portal water injection sheet pile (PWISP), as a retaining wall, appeared in seashore engineering in 2000. Although there have been many systematic methods addressing the issue, there are very few focusing on the new structure because of the difficulties in defining the earth pressure between the two piles. A new method is proposed in this paper to obtain the earth pressure between the PWISPs. Stability analysis against overturning follows as a consequence. Using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software ANSYS, both the nonlinear characteristics of the soil and those of the contact elements are taken into account to obtain the earth pressure distribution on the contact surface. Based on the results of the FEA, Rankin’s theory and the slip plane theory, the formula of the earth pressure on the inner surfaces between the piles is given. Assuming the PWISP as the analysis object and the earth pressure as an outside force acting upon it, the equation of stability against overturning of the PWISP is presented. Finally, some parameters are discussed about the stability of the PWISP against overturning, such as the embedded depth of the front pile, the distance between the two rows of piles, the internal friction angle and the cohesion of the earth. The results show that the increase of the cohesion and the internal friction angle will decrease the distance and the embedded depth, and therefore enhance the stability against overturning. Specifically, when the distance is 1/3-2/3 of the maximal excavation depth, the two rows of piles give the best performance in stability.

Mechanical Behaviors and Deformation Properties of Retaining Wall Formed by Grouting Mould-Bag Pile

The simplified mechanical model and finite element model are established on the basis of the measured results and analysis of the grouting pile deformation monitoring,surface horizontal displacement and vertical displacement monitoring,deep horizontal displacement(inclinometer)monitoring,soil pressure monitoring and seepage pressure monitoring in the lower reaches of Wuan River regulation project in Shishi,Fujian Province.The mechanical behavior and deformation performance of mould-bag pile retaining wall formed after controlled cement grouting in the silty stratum of the test section are analyzed and compared.The results show that the use of controlled cement grouting mould-bag pile technology is to strengthen the soft stratum for sealing water and reinforcement,so that it can rock into a retaining wall,which can both retain soil and seal water with excellent effect.The control of cement grouting technology not only makes the soft soil rock in the range of retaining wall of mould-bag pile,but also makes a wide range of soil around the mould-bag pile squeeze and embed to compaction;and its cohesion and internal friction angle increased,so as to achieve the purpose of reducing soil pressure and improving mechanical and deformation properties of retaining wall.

Injectable bone cements:What benefits the combination of calcium phosphates and bioactive glasses could bring?

Out of the wide range of calcium phosphate(CaP)biomaterials,calcium phosphate bone cements(CPCs)have attracted increased attention since their discovery in the 1980s due to their valuable properties such as bioactivity,osteoconductivity,injectability,hardening ability through a low-temperature setting reaction and moldability.Thereafter numerous researches have been performed to enhance the properties of CPCs.Nonetheless,low mechanical performance of CPCs limits their clinical application in load bearing regions of bone.Also,the in vivo resorption and replacement of CPC with new bone tissue is still controversial,thus further improvements of high clinical importance are required.Bioactive glasses(BGs)are biocompatible and able to bond to bone,stimulating new bone growth while dissolving over time.In the last decades extensive research has been performed analyzing the role of BGs in combination with different CaPs.Thus,the focal point of this review paper is to summarize the available research data on how injectable CPC properties could be improved or affected by the addition of BG as a secondary powder phase.It was found that despite the variances of setting time and compressive strength results,desirable injectable properties of bone cements can be achieved by the inclusion of BGs into CPCs.The published data also revealed that the degradation rate of CPCs is significantly improved by BG addition.Moreover,the presence of BG in CPCs improves the in vitro osteogenic differentiation and cell response as well as the tissue-material interaction in vivo.

A novel binder and binder extraction method for powder injection molding of tungsten cemented carbide

An improved wax based multi component binder and a new debinding method termed high pressure condensed solvent extraction were developed for powder injection molding of tungsten cemented carbide. The results indicate that a critical powder loading of 65% (volume fraction) and an ideal rheological properties were obtained by the feedstock based on the binder. High debinding rate and specimens with high strength were obtained by the debinding method. Moreover, by making high temperature holding time adjustable, it makes the subsequent thermal degradation process more flexible to debinding atmosphere and carbon content of the as debinded specimens controllable. The transverse rupture strength, hardness and density of the as sintered specimens made by an optimized PIM process are 2.48 GPa, HRA90 and 14.72 g/cm 3, respectively. Good shape retention and about 0.02% dimension deviation were achieved.

Seismic Response Analysis of Portal Water Injection Sheet Pile

To further the study on the newly developed portal water injection sheet pile under static loads, in this paper, by adopting the nonlinear calculation module of FEM software ANSYS, a model for the interaction between the soil and the sheet piles is set up, and the seismic response analysis for this type of space-retaining structure is performed. The effects of the embedded depth and the distance between the front pile and the back pile on the dynamic characteristics of the portal water injection sheet pile are studied.

Injectable Premixed Cement of Nanoapatite and Polyamide Composite

A new type of injectable premixed bone cement consisting of nano hydroxyapatite (n HA) and polyamide 66(PA66) composite is investigated. This cement can be handled as paste and easily shaped, which can set in air, in physiological saline solution and in blood. The setting time, injectability and compressive strength of the cement largely depend on the ratio of liquid to powder (L/P). Moreover, the content of n HA in composite also affects the compressive strength and injectability of the cement. The premixed composite cement can remain stable in the package for a long period and harden only after delivery to the defects site. The results suggest that injectable premixed cement has a reasonable setting time, reasonable viscosity for injecting, excellent washout resistance and high mechanical strength, which can be developed for root canal filling, sealing and various bone defects augmentation.

混合现实技术在椎体成形治疗中的应用

背景:如何提高椎体成形术中穿刺的精准性、减少手术损伤、提高手术效率是目前椎体成形治疗技术探索和改进的焦点之一。目的:探讨混合现实临床设计方案在脊柱骨折经皮椎体成形过程中应用的临床意义。方法:选择2023年6月大连市第二人民医院收治的2例脊柱骨质疏松性腰椎椎体压缩骨折患者,患者术前行腰椎128排CT扫描并获得医学数字成像和通信原始数据,Visual Volume软件构建脊柱压缩性骨折三维网络模型。运用全息影像眼镜将三维网络模型影像精确映射于真实世界,协助术者完成术前模拟、术前病情及治疗方案阐述,以及术中引导穿刺及骨水泥注射。结果与结论:①在混合现实临床设计方案辅助下可实现经皮椎体成形治疗的精准穿刺,术后影像学检查示骨水泥充填良好、无明显渗漏,术后患者症状缓解良好,术后当天即可下地活动;②提示混合现实临床设计方案有助于术者术前进行完善的手术设计、提高与患者及家属的沟通效率;术中协助精准穿刺、缩短手术时间、减少副损伤,是一种新的有效的临床诊疗模式,在脊柱外科微创化、精准化、个性化的治疗中具有发展潜力。

海上桩基础注水加压拆除法的研究

近年来,全球海上风电发展势头迅猛.单桩基础作为最早应用于海上风电的基础类型,在全球风场中占据主导地位.现有风机的寿命一般约为20年,预计未来10年将迎来大量风机退役,这使得海上桩基础的回收问题变得愈发重要.为更好地解决海上桩基础退役拆除问题,本文通过物理模型实验的方式对注水加压拆除法进行了研究.实验结果显示:大直径桩基础拆除时所需压强更小,更易通过注水加压拆除法进行拆除;桩基础初始倾角对注水加压拆除所需压强影响较小,但初始倾角越大基础越易倾倒;拆除过程中桩基础单位位移引起的舱内压强下降幅度始终相同,不受基础直径、入泥深度以及倾角的影响.根据物理模型实验数据,结合土力学、水力学相关理论,建立了注水加压拆除法全过程理论模型,可大致预测不同桩径、不同入泥深度桩基础的启动舱内压强与舱内压强-位移曲线,并且在此基础上,结合渗流计算,利用有限元模型对水泵在注水回收过程中可产生的最大舱内压强进行了预测,对比最大舱内压强与基础拆除所需的启动舱内压强即可判断此水泵能否用于注水加压拆除.本文所得结论可为海上风电桩基础的退役处理提供参考,有助于保障风场海床资源的可持续利用,具有一定的工程价值.

海洋环境及振动荷载联合作用下注聚平台桩基承载力特性研究

针对老区油田注聚开发过程中注聚泵长期持续高频、大幅值振动导致注聚平台桩基荷载大幅增加的问题,本文构建了海洋环境及注聚泵振动荷载下注聚平台桩土耦合整体及局部分析模型,进而研究了海洋环境及注聚泵振动对注聚平台动力响应及桩基承载力的影响规律。结果表明,注聚泵的振动会显著增加注聚平台桩基的基础承受的荷载,且随着注聚泵开启数量的增加,桩基承受的荷载呈线性增长趋势。与自重条件下桩基所受荷载相比,最大增长约35%,会导致桩基承载力安全系数明显降低。

饱和地基水泥土复合桩近场主动隔振的BEM-FEM耦合分析

人工振动污染是当前城市发展过程中面临的一个难题,单排或多排桩是人工振动污染防治的一种重要方式。传统基桩施工容易造成泥浆污染、振动等各种负面环境问题,而水泥土复合桩是一种低振动、低噪声、无挤土、少排泥浆的新型基桩,特别适合在城区构建排桩屏障。针对饱和地基中单排水泥土复合桩的近场主动隔振问题,建立了动力机器基础环境振动影响的半解析BEM方程;在此基础上,分别采用半解析BEM对饱和地基、FEM对水泥土复合桩进行建模,根据饱和地基-水泥土桩接触面的平衡和相容条件,建立了水泥土复合桩近场主动隔振的半解析BEM-FEM耦合方程,给出了耦合方程稀疏矩阵的存储策略,并对单排水泥土复合桩的近场主动隔振效果进行了计算分析。研究结果表明:单排水泥土复合桩能够有效地对动力机器基础引起环境振动进行隔振;等长芯桩复合桩的隔振效果要优于短芯桩。单排水泥土复合桩的隔振效果随着桩数的增加而逐渐提高;较小桩间距并不一定取得更好的隔振效果,建议相邻桩桩间净距取2.0~2.5λ_(R)(Rayleigh波波长)。随着单排水泥土复合桩距振源距离的增加,屏障隔振效果逐渐降低,但降低幅度相对较小。此外,对水泥土复合桩而言,当内插预制桩的外轮廓尺寸相同时,预制芯桩型式对水泥土复合桩隔振效果影响相对较小,可根据实际工程条件选择合适的芯桩类型。

大庆油田调整井固井技术研究

大庆油田经过多年的调整开发,受地层非均质性、井网加密、动态注采开发等影响,已改变了原始井下环境。针对大庆油田异常高压层油水侵、高渗低压层界面胶结质量差两方面难题,以“地质先行,一井一策”为指导思想,开展了钻井地质、水泥浆体系、固井工具等技术攻关,形成注水开采油田调整井固井配套技术。现场应用取得了良好效果,为大庆油田原油产能建设提供井筒保障。

水泥搅拌桩施工过程中的智能化快速评估方法

水泥搅拌桩技术在地基处理和加固工程中广泛应用,其施工质量直接影响到整个工程的整体质量,而传统的质量评估方法既耗时又复杂。介绍了一种基于智能化技术的快速评估方法,其通过实时监测与人工智能算法快速评估桩体的质量,进而能够提升水泥搅拌桩的施工效率和质量控制水平。