A Survey on Injury Incidence in School Children in Shantou City, China

To study incidence characteristics and causes of injury, and its medical consequences in school children of China. Methods A total of 2 553 school children aged 7-16 years were recruited from Shantou City in Gunagdong by cluster sampling method, and were investigated with questionnaires on cases of injuries occurred among them from October 1, 1996 to September 30, 1997. Results Injuries tended to increase with children抯 age, with an overall incidence rate of 37.96%, higher in boys than in girls (P<0.05); and 38.1% of children had more than two episodes of injury during this period. Falls took leading place of injury incidence both in boys and girls and in all age groups. Most injuries occurred when they were playing, sporting, riding and walking at home or in school. Self-inflicted injury ranked the first place of all injuries, followed by hurt caused by others (classmates, sibling or others). Moderate and serious injuries accounted for 8% of the total with a disability rate of 121.4/100 000. Conclusions Currently, injury has become one of the serious public health problems in China. For the improvement of children survival, it is crucial to reduce their injury to strengthen research on child safety and to implement safety-promotion programs.

Disaster preparedness, pediatric considerations in primary blast injury, chemical, and biological terrorism

Both domestic and foreign terror incidents are an unfortunate outgrowth of our modern times from the Oklahoma City bombings, Sarin gas attacks in Japan, the Madrid train bombing, anthrax spores in the mail, to the World Trade Center on September 11 th, 2001. The modalities used to perpetrate these terrorist acts range from conventional weapons to high explosives, chemical weapons, and biological weapons all of which have been used in the recent past. While these weapons platforms can cause significant injury requiring critical care the mechanism of injury, pathophysiology and treatment of these injuries are unfamiliar to many critical care providers. Additionally the pediatric population is particularly vulnerable to these types of attacks. In the event of a mass casualty incident both adult and pediatric critical care practitioners will likely be called upon to care for children and adults alike. We will review the presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment of victims of blast injury, chemical weapons, and biological weapons. The focus will be on those injuries not commonly encountered in critical care practice, primary blast injuries, category A pathogens likely to be used in terrorist incidents, and chemical weapons including nerve agents, vesicants, pulmonary agents, cyanide, and riot control agents with special attention paid to pediatric specific considerations.

New era of treatment and evaluation of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury

Traumatic brain injury（TBI）and spinal cord injury（SCI）are leading causes of death and disability worldwide（Center for Disease Control,2006）.Both injuries are induced by external traumatic event and likely happen together.After the primary traumatic incident,the secondary injury,including ischemic,inflammatory,metabolic and biochemical cascades,is likely more devastating（Blumbergs,1997）.To date,all clinical trials have failed to cure TBI and SCI,due to the

Incidence and pattern of traumatic spine injury in a single level I trauma center of southern Iran

Purpose:Spine injury is one of the leading causes of death and mortality worldwide.The objective of this study was to determine the incidence,pattern and outcome of trauma patients with spine injury referred to the largest trauma center in southern Iran during the last 3 years.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study conducted between March 2018 and June 2021 in the largest trauma center in the southern Iran.The data collection form included the age,sex,injury location(cervical,thoracic,and lumbar),cause of injury(traffic accidents,falls,and assaults),length of hospital stay,injured segment of spine injury,severity of injury,and outcome.Statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS software version 24.Results:Totally 776 cases of spine injury were identified.The spine injury rate was 17.0%,and the mortality rate was 15.5%.Cervical spine injury(20.4%)more often occulted in motorcycle accident,and thoracic spine injury(20.1%)occulted in falls.The highest and lowest rates of spine injurys were related to lumbar spine injury(30.2%)and cervical spine injury(21.5%),respectively.There was a statistically significant relationship between the mechanism of injury and the location of spine injury(p<0.001).And patients with lumbar spine injury had the highest mortality rate(16.7%).Injury severity score(OR=1.041,p<0.001)and length of stay(OR=1.018,p<0.001)were strong predictors of mortality in trauma patients with spine injury.Conclusion:The results of the study showed that the incidence of traumatic spine injury rate was approximately 17.0%in southern of Iran.Road traffic injury and falls are the common mechanism of injury to spine.It is important to improve the safety of roads,and passengers,as well as work envi-ronment,and improve the quality of cars.Also,paying attention to the pattern of spine injury may assist to prevent the missing diagnosis of spine injury in multiple trauma patients.

Epidemiology of insertional and midportion Achilles tendinopathy in runners:A prospective cohort study

Background:Achilles tendinopathy(AT)is a common problem among runners.There is only limited evidence for risk factors for AT,and most studies have not defined the AT subcategories.No study has compared the incidence and risk factors between insertional AT and midportion AT,though they are considered distinct.This study aimed to assess incidence and risk factors of AT based on data from a large prospective cohort.The secondary aim was to explore differences in risk factors between insertional and midportion AT.Methods:Participants were recruited from among registered runners at registration for running events.Questionnaires were completed at baseline,1 month before the event,1 week before the event,and 1 month after the event.Information concerning demographics,training load,registered events,and running-related injuries were collected at baseline.The follow-up questionnaires collected information about new injuries.A pain map was used to diagnose midportion and insertional AT.The primary outcome was the incidence of AT.Multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to identify risk factors for the onset.Results:We included 3379 participants with a mean follow-up of 20.4 weeks.The incidence of AT was 4.2%.The proportion of insertional AT was 27.7%and of midportion AT was 63.8%;the remaining proportion was a combined type of insertional and midportion AT.Men had a significantly higher incidence(5%,95%confidence interval(95%CI):4.1%-6.0%)than women(2.8%,95%CI:2.0%-3.8%).AT in the past12 months was the most predominant risk factor for new-onset AT(odds ratio(OR)=6.47,95%CI:4.27-9.81).This was similar for both subcategories of AT(insertional:OR=5.45,95%CI:2.51-11.81;midportion:OR=6.96,95%CI:4.24-11.40).Participants registering for an event with a distance of 10/10.55 km were less likely to develop a new-onset AT(OR=0.59,95%CI:0.36-0.97)or midportion AT(OR=0.47,95%CI:0.23-0.93).Higher age had a significant negative association with insertional AT(OR=0.97,95%CI:0.94-1.00).Conclusion:The incidence of new-onset AT among recreational runners was 4.2%.The proportion of insertional and midportion AT was 27.7%and 63.8%,respectively.AT in the past 12 months was the predominant risk factor for the onset of AT.Risk factors varied between insertional and midportion AT,but we could not identify clinically relevant differences between the 2 subtypes.

压力性损伤风险评估表对手术患者压力性损伤发生的护理效果分析

目的探究压力性损伤风险评估表对手术患者压力性损伤发生的护理效果影响。方法随机选取2020年1月-2021年12月潍坊市益都中心医院收治的200例外科手术患者为研究对象,以随机数表法分为观察组和对照组,每组100例。观察组采用Braden压力性损伤评估量表护理干预,对照组采用常规护理干预,对比两组患者的相关指标。结果观察组压力性损伤发生率为6.00%,低于对照组的17.00%,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=5.944,P<0.05)。观察组压力性损伤分期结果中,1期4例,2期1例,3期1例,4期0例,和对照组(1期3例,2期4例,3期10例,4期0例)相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组护理满意度为97.00%,高于对照组87.00%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论通过采用压力性损伤风险评估表护理干预,能够对压力性损伤患者的压力性损伤风险进行评估,也能够对患者的恢复情况进行判别。

去骨瓣减压术治疗颅脑损伤后血肿增大的风险因素分析

目的研究去骨瓣减压术治疗颅脑损伤后血肿增大的风险因素。方法回顾性分析2022年1月至2023年8月本院收治的颅脑损伤117例,所有患者均行去骨瓣减压术,根据术后CT检查血肿是否增大分为发生组(n=62)与未发生组(n=55)。比较两组一般资料及鹿特丹CT评分(Rotterdam CT)、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)间的差异,经多因素Logistic回归分析去骨瓣减压术治疗颅脑损伤后血肿增大的危险因素。结果两组患者性别、合并高血压、高脂血症、冠心病比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),发生组年龄≥65岁、瞳孔散大、发病至开颅时间<4h占比及RotterdamCT评分、血糖、骨瓣最大径明显高于非血肿增大组,GCS评分低于未发生组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、Rotterdam CT评分、GCS评分、瞳孔状态、发病至开颅时间、血糖、骨瓣最大径是颅脑损伤患者术后血肿增大的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论颅脑损伤患者术后血肿增大受诸多因素影响,其中年龄、瞳孔状态、GCS评分、Rotterdam CT评分、发病至开颅时间、血糖、骨瓣最大径可预测患者术后血肿情况,应予以密切关注。

脊柱后路手术患者术中压力性损伤危险因素的Meta分析

目的:对脊柱后路手术患者发生术中压力性损伤的危险因素进行Meta分析,为临床预防术中压力性损伤提供依据。方法:检索中英文数据库,检索时限为建库至2022年12月31日,收集有关脊柱后路手术患者发生术中压力性损伤危险因素的文献,由2名研究者独立进行文献筛选、资料提取和质量评价后,采用RevMan 5.4软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入10篇文献,共6402名患者,结果显示,脊柱后路手术患者术中压力性损伤的发生率为13%。BMI≥28 kg/m^(2)[OR=1.91,95%CI(1.06~3.41)]、合并糖尿病[OR=2.48,95%CI(1.56~3.95)]、麻醉持续时间≥4 h[OR=13.60,95%CI(6.30~29.34)]、手术时间≥4 h[OR=2.96,95%CI(1.97~4.45)]是脊柱后路手术患者发生术中压力性损伤的危险因素。结论:脊柱后路手术患者术中压力性损伤的发生率高,但对其危险因素的研究仍较局限,需要针对危险因素进行全面调查,为今后采取预防措施提供干预靶点,以纠正可控影响因素,做好医生、护士和麻醉师三方协同配合,以减少术中压力性损伤的发生。

Incidence and risk factors for early renal dysfunction after liver transplantation

AIM: To determine renal dysfunction post liver transplantation, its incidence and risk factors in patients from a Belgian University Hospital.METHODS: Orthotopic liver transplantations performed from January 2006 until September 2012 were retrospectively reviewed(n = 187). Patients with no renal replacement therapy(RRT) before transplantation were classified into four groups according to their highest creatinine plasma level during the first postoperative week. The first group had a peak creatinine level below 12 mg/L, the second group between 12 and 20 mg/L, the third group between 20 and 35 mg/L, and the fourth above 35 mg/L. In addition, patients who needed RRT during the first week after transplantation were also classified into the fourth group. Perioperative parameters were recorded as risk factors, namely age, sex, bodymass index(BMI), length of preoperative hospital stay, prior bacterial infection within one month, preoperative ascites, preoperative treatment with β-blocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, preoperative creatinine and bilirubin levels, donor status(cardiac death or brain death), postoperative lactate level, need for intraoperative vasopressive drugs, surgical revision, mechanical ventilation for more than 24 h, postoperative bilirubin and transaminase peak levels, postoperative hemoglobin level, amount of perioperative blood transfusions and type of immunosuppression. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed using logistic ordinal regression method. Post hoc analysis of the hemostatic agent used was also done.RESULTS: There were 78 patients in group 1(41.7%), 46 in group 2(24.6%), 38 in group 3(20.3%) and 25 in group 4(13.4%). Twenty patients required RRT: 13(7%) during the first week after transplantation. Using univariate analysis, the severity of renal dysfunction was correlated with presence of ascites and prior bacterial infection, preoperative bilirubin, urea and creatinine level, need for surgical revision, use of vasopressor, postoperative mechanical ventilation, postoperative bilirubin and urea, aspartate aminotransferase(ASAT), and hemoglobin levels and the need for transfusion. The multivariate analysis showed that BMI(OR = 1.1, P = 0.004), preoperative creatinine level(OR = 11.1, P < 0.0001), use of vasopressor(OR = 3.31, P = 0.0002), maximal postoperative bilirubin level(OR = 1.44, P = 0.044) and minimal postoperative hemoglobin level(OR = 0.059, P = 0.0005) were independent predictors of early post-liver transplantation renal dysfunction. Neither donor status nor ASAT levels had significant impact on early postoperative renal dysfunction in multivariate analysis. Absence of renal dysfunction(group 1) was also predicted by the intraoperative hemostatic agent used, independently of the extent of bleeding and of the preoperative creatinine level.CONCLUSION: More than half of receivers experienced some degree of early renal dysfunction after liver transplantation. Main predictors were preoperative renal dysfunction, postoperative anemia and vasopressor requirement.

Acute kidney injury following adult lung transplantation

Background:Acute kidney injury(AKI)is a common and serious complication following lung transplantation(LTx),and it is associated with high mortality and morbidity.This study assessed the incidence of AKI after LTx and analyzed the associated perioperative factors and clinical outcomes.Methods:This retrospective study included all adult LTx recipients at the China-Japan Friendship Hospital in Beijing between March 2017 and December 2019.The outcomes were AKI incidence,risk factors,mortality,and kidney recovery.Multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors.Survival analysis was presented using the Kaplan-Meier curves.Results:AKI occurred in 137 of the 191 patients(71.7%),with transient AKI in 43(22.5%)and persistent AKI in 94(49.2%).AKI stage 1 occurred in 27/191(14.1%),stage 2 in 46/191(24.1%),and stage 3 in 64/191(33.5%)of the AKI patients.Renal replacement therapy(RRT)was administered to 35/191(18.3%)of the patients.Male sex,older age,mechanical ventilation(MV),severe hypotension,septic shock,multiple organ dysfunction(MODS),prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO),reintubation,and nephrotoxic agents were associated with AKI(P<0.050).Persistent AKI was independently associated with pre-operative pulmonary hypertension,severe hypotension,post-operative MODS,and nephrotoxic agents.Severe hypotension,septic shock,MODS,reintubation,prolonged MV,and ECMO during or after LTx were related to severe AKI(stage 3)(P<0.050).Patients with persistent and severe AKI had a significantly longer duration of MV,longer duration in the intensive care unit(ICU),worse downstream kidney function,and reduced survival(P<0.050).Conclusions:AKI is common after LTx,but the pathogenic mechanism of AKI is complicated,and prerenal causes are important.Persistent and severe AKI were associated with poor short-and long-term kidney function and reduced survival in LTx patients.

Incidence of injuries in professional snow sports:A systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose:The study aimed to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of injury incidence in professional skiers and snowboarders.Methods:We systematically searched PubMed,Web of Science,and MEDLINE for studies on injury incidence published from inception to April 2020.Injury data were extracted,alongside information on injury location,severity,type,cause,and sport discipline.Incidence of injuries was presented per 1000 athlete-days,with 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs).Results:The search identified 462 articles,and 22 were included in our review.The overall incidence of injuries among professional skiers and snowboarders was 3.49 per 1000 athlete-days(95%CI:2.97-4.01).Lower extremity had the highest injury incidence(1.54 per 1000 athletedays,95%CI:1.24-1.84).Incidence rates of slight,mild,moderate,and severe injuries were 0.26,0.31,0.57,and 0.59 per 1000 athlete-days,respectively.Contusion had the highest incidence rate(1.82 per 1000 athlete-days,95%CI:1.01-2.63).The most common cause of injury was contact trauma(3.20 per 1000 athlete-days,95%CI:1.32-5.08).Freestyle skiing had the highest incidence rate(6.83 per 1000 athlete-days,95%CI:4.00-9.66),and Nordic skiing had the lowest rate(2.70 per 1000 athlete-days,95%CI:1.94-3.46).Conclusion:Professional skiers and snowboarders have a substantial risk of sustaining injuries.Our findings can be used to inform the planning and provision of healthcare for elite participants in different snow sports.

复方苦参注射液预防放射性肠炎有效性的meta分析

目的 探讨复方苦参注射液(compound Kushen injection, CKI)预防放射性肠炎(radiation induced bowel injury, RBI)的有效性,为临床使用CKI预防RBI提供循证参考。方法 选取建库至2023年7月20日中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、PubMed及The Cochrane Library等数据库公开发表的关于CKI治疗RBI的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial, RCT),依次通过浏览标题、摘要和全文,应用RevMan 5.4统计软件对提取数据进行meta分析。结果 共纳入10篇文献,包括690例患者,其中对照组(常规治疗方式)335例,联合组(对照组基础上仅加用CKI)355例。Meta分析结果显示,联合组临床有效率高于对照组,RBI发生率、1级RBI发生率及2级RBI发生率低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 CKI可有效降低RBI发生率,增加患者的临床疗效,值得临床推广。

Clinical characteristics of 4355 patients with anterior cruciate ligament injury

Background Clinical features of anterior cruciate ligament （ACL） injury are important for its prevention,diagnosis and treatment.However,few studies have reported such data,especially in China.The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of ACL injury on a large cohort.Methods Between 1993 and 2007,a total of 4355 ACL deficient inpatients （612 athletes and 3743 non-athletes） were registered.Data were collected using a special database system.And the distributions of characteristics in different groups were compared and analyzed statistically.Results All subjects were confirmed with ACL tear during surgery.Statistical analysis revealed that the percentage of females in Athlete Group was significantly higher than that in Non-athlete Group （56.05％ vs.24.95％,P＜0.001）.This study also found that sports trauma was the main cause of ACL tears.Soccer,basketball,judo,wrestling and track and field were the five most responsible activities for athletes.The average injury time for athletes was significantly shorter than that for non-athletes （413.3 days vs.717.5 days,P＜0.001）.Three thousand nine hundred and eight cases were ordered ACL reconstruction （76.04％ single-bundle,18.30％ double-bundle）.Three hundred and forty-five patients （7.92％）were combined with other ligaments injuries,2667 （61.24％） were found with various grades of cartilage lesions,and 3377 （77.54％） were found with meniscal injury.Conclusions Sports trauma was the main cause of ACL tears in China,and reconstruction had become the principal surgical choice.In order to restore knee joint stability and reduce the incidence of cartilage and meniscal injury,patienttailored ACL reconstruction should be suggested at the right moment.

1990~2019年中国颈脊髓损伤的流行病学调查

目的:研究1990~2019年中国颈脊髓损伤的发病率、患病率、致病原因、地域分布及年度变化趋势等流行病学特征。方法:采用全球疾病、伤害和风险因素负担研究报告(Global Burden of Diseases,Injuries,and Risk Factors Study,GBD)2019相关数据来计算中国整体颈脊髓损伤的发病率、患病率、年龄标化发病率和年龄标化患病率,采用中国疾病预防控制中心慢性非传染性疾病预防控制中心提供的不包含台湾地区在内的33个省级行政区数据(包括31个省/自治区/直辖市,香港和澳门特别行政区),对各行政区的颈脊髓损伤致病原因、地域分布及年度变化趋势等进行系统分析。结果:从1990~2019年,中国不包含台湾地区在内的33个省级行政区颈脊髓损伤患病人数从103.4万人增加到248.6万人,增加了140.51%,年龄标化患病率从0.09%增加至0.13%。1990年颈脊髓损伤的患病率在65~69岁达到峰值(男性50~54岁,女性75~79岁),而2019年在90~94岁年龄段达到峰值(男性65~69岁,女性85~89岁)。2019年,东部发达地区的年龄标化发病率和年龄标化患病率最高,如浙江分别为[11.44(7.34~17.48)/10万]和[212.00(196.52~229.10)/10万],上海分别为[10.84(7.15~16.24)/10万]和[226.43(209.93-246.36)/10万],江苏分别为[9.68(6.31~14.70)/10万]和[180.44(167.29~193.92)/10万]。此外,1990~2019年四川的年龄标化发病率和年龄标化患病率变化最大,变化值分别为[0.79(0.64~0.92)/10万]和[0.85(0.73~1.01)/10万]。2019年颈脊髓损伤的主要致病原因是跌倒和道路损伤,但各省级行政区的患病率和具体病因又各有不同。结论:1990~2019年间中国颈脊髓损伤的疾病负担明显加重,但因地域不同又有所差异。鉴于致病原因以跌倒和道路损伤为主,对发达地区和老年患者,应制定精准的预防和治疗策略,从而尽快控制和降低沉重的个人、家庭和社会负担。

Epidemiology of animal bite injuries in North of Fars province in Iran

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological situation of animal bites in Rostam city of Fars province.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study.Cases of animal bites registered in health centers of Rostam city of Fars province from the beginning of 2014 to 2020 were analyzed using the census method.The tool for collecting information was the portal of the Ministry of Health and the registration offices of people who were referred to the rabies center.Results:A total of 628 cases of animal bites registered in health centers of Rostam city of Fars province from the beginning of 2014 to 2020.The mean age of the injured was(31.3±20.2)years.Of the total injured cases,414(65.9%)were male,and 491(78.2%)lived in villages.Most of the cases were bitten by dogs(n=420,66.8%)and the upper limb was involved in 280(55.2%)cases.In addition,an increasing trend was observed in the incidence of animal bites from 2015 to 2020.Conclusions:The incidence of animal bites in Rostam City is high,and most of the cases occur in rural areas.Considering the injuries caused by animal bites,the risk of rabies transmission,and the high costs of vaccination and serum therapy,it is necessary to hold control,educational,and vaccination programs.

化工企业的无事故、无伤害安全管理理念

结合在化工企业安全管理遇到的施工人员安全素质较低、违章较多的困境,企业安全管理团队积极推行“无事故、无伤害”安全理念。运用“无事故、无伤害”安全理念开展企业安全管理工作,使员工感受到关爱,避免因为工作原因引起强烈的冲突和对立,同时有助于提高施工人员的安全素质,明显减少事故事件的发生,有力提升了企业的安全管理水平。

接受PD-1抑制剂治疗的肿瘤患者发生肾损伤的风险预测模型构建与评价

目的探讨接受程序性死亡受体-1(PD-1)抑制剂治疗的肿瘤患者发生肾损伤的危险因素,并进一步构建列线图模型预测患者发生肾损伤的可能性。方法本研究为单中心回顾性分析。纳入苏州大学附属第三医院2018年1月-2021年1月使用PD-1抑制剂治疗的肿瘤患者447例,随访至2022年1月。肾损伤定义为急性肾脏疾病(AKD)。根据随访结束时是否发生PD-1抑制剂相关AKD将患者分为AKD组(n=71)与非AKD组(n=376)。比较两组患者的基本信息、疾病信息、用药情况、实验室指标,以及随访期间肾外免疫相关不良事件(irAEs)的发生情况。采用单因素及多因素logistic回归模型确定PD-1抑制剂相关AKD的独立危险因素。将所有患者按照7∶3的比例随机分成训练集(n=313)和验证集(n=134),根据筛选出的独立危险因素在训练集中建立列线图预测模型,通过受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线对模型的区分度进行评价,绘制校准曲线对模型的校准度进行评价,绘制临床决策曲线分析(DCA)探讨模型的临床有效性与获益率。结果AKD组患者联用抗生素、合并糖尿病、高血压、肾外irAEs的比例及胱抑素C(CysC)水平明显高于非AKD组(P<0.05),而血红蛋白(Hb)水平低于非AKD组(P<0.05)。单因素logistic回归分析显示,联用抗生素,合并糖尿病、高血压、肾外irAEs,较低的Hb、估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)、较高的血尿素氮(BUN)、血清肌酐(SCr)、CysC、空腹血糖(FBG)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)是PD-1抑制剂相关AKD的危险因素(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,合并肾外irAEs、较低的Hb、较高的SCr及直接胆红素(DBIL)是PD-1抑制剂相关AKD的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。基于以上独立危险因素进一步建立列线图预测模型,并对该模型进行验证,结果显示该模型的训练集和验证集ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.703(95%CI0.628~0.777)、0.791(95%CI0.671~0.911),提示其具有良好的区分度。训练集和验证集的校准曲线均徘徊在45°的理想线附近,提示该模型具有良好的校准度。DCA显示构建的模型曲线远离两条极端线(净获益为0的曲线和所有样本都是阳性的曲线),提示该模型具有良好的临床效益。结论合并肾外irAEs、较低的Hb、较高的SCr和较高的DBIL是PD-1抑制剂相关AKD的独立危险因素,据此建立的列线图模型具有较好的区分度和校准度,可为临床提供指导。

基于奥马哈问题分类系统的第二受害者伤害评价指标构建

目的构建患者安全事件中关于第二受害者的伤害评价指标,为全面识别第二受害者伤害表现提供参考。方法以奥马哈问题分类系统为理论框架,在文献回顾和专题小组讨论的基础上,初步拟订评价指标的条目池;采用德尔菲法选取20名护理专家开展2轮函询,最终确定第二受害者伤害评价指标内容。结果2轮专家函询有效问卷回收率分别是100%、95.0%;专家权威系数分别是0.81、0.83。第2轮专家函询一级指标、二级指标、三级指标专家意见肯德尔协调系数分别为0.478,0.287,0.294(均P<0.05)。最终确定的第二受害者伤害评价指标包含一级指标4个(生理、心理、社会、经济),二级指标16个,三级指标54个。结论第二受害者伤害评价指标构建的理论基础科学,形成过程规范,结果可靠,可为全面识别第二受害者伤害表现,进一步开发第二受害者相关评估工具,构建有针对性的第二受害者支持方案提供参考。

经眼眶超声技术在创伤性颅脑损伤预警评估中的应用进展

经眼眶超声技术是一种无创、安全、实时、客观的定量评估瞳孔功能和视神经鞘直径的方法,可以提供实时动态图像,为创伤性颅脑损伤患者提供一种定量且安全的评估方法。该文对经眼眶超声技术在创伤性颅脑损伤预警评估中的应用进行综述,从经眼眶超声技术概述、经眼眶超声技术在创伤性颅脑损伤预警评估中的应用及其在提前预警和判断病情严重程度的效果评价方面进行介绍,总结相关经验,以期为神经外科重症患者提供一种新型的护理评估工具。但其评价标准需进一步建立和完善,视神经鞘直径和瞳孔功能的关联性需要进一步研究。

Comparison of ocular trauma between normalized and the COVID-19 epidemic periods in China:a multi-center cross-sectional study

AIM:To compare the feature of ocular trauma between normalized period and the COVID-19 epidemic period in China,and to provide a profile for eye injuries in special times in future.METHODS:This is a multi-center cross-sectional study with 30 participated hospitals involving the China Ocular Trauma Society members.All hospitalized cases who visited the Ophthalmology Department in participated hospitals with eye injuries during the normalized period(2019)and the COVID-19 epidemic period(2020)were included in this study.Demographic characteristic of cases,date of injury,sites and types of injury were collected.RESULTS:This study involved 13525(61 cases with both eyes)injured cases.There were 7269(53.74%)eyeinjured cases and 6256(46.26%)eye-injured cases in 2019 and 2020 separately.Compared with 2019,the incidence of ocular trauma in retirees,housewives and unemployed increased with year-on-year of 4.96%,102.67%,and 11.64%among all occupations.In 2020,the incidence of eye injuries decreased in all injury sites except for an increase in home(30.29%year-on-year).The incidence of mechanical eye injuries decreased,while that of nonmechanical eye injuries(chemical/thermal/radiation)increased(47.45%year-on-year).There were 255(3.51%,255/7269)and 376(6.01%,376/6256)non-mechanical injured cases in 2019 and 2020(Pearson Chi^(2)=47.33,P<0.001)separately.CONCLUSION:During the COVID-19 epidemic period,the total cases of ocular trauma decrease but the proportion of non-mechanical ocular trauma increase.Penetrating is still the highest proportion among all types of mechanical ocular trauma.From a preventive point of view,protection for retired persons,housewives and unemployed persons should be improved during public health events period.