Discrete Particle Simulation of Gas-Solid Flow in Air-Blowing Seed Metering Device

In this paper,the gas and seed flow characters in the air-blowing seed metering device are investigated by using the coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method(CFD-DEM)in three dimensions(3D).The method of establishing boundary model based on the computer-aided design(CAD)drawing,has been used to build the boundary model of seed metering device.The 3D laser scanning technique and multi-element method are adopted to establish the particle model.Through a combined numerical and experimental effort,using 3D CFD-DEM software,which is based on the in-house codes,the mechanisms governing the gas and solid dynamic behaviors in the seed metering device have been studied.The gas velocity field and the effect of different rotational speeds and air pressures on the seeding performance and particle velocity have been studied,similar agreements between numerical and experimental results are gained.This reveals that the 3D CFD-DEM model established is able to predict the performance of the air-blowing seed metering device.It can be used to design and optimize the air-blowing seed metering device and other similar agriculture devices.

Vacuum and Air Flow for 2QXP-1 Vacuum Precision Seed Metering

Vacuum precision seed metering is the key part of vacuum seed planter. Planting performance of planter is affected by vacuum and air flow which are important parameters for choosing fan. Effects of qualification percent and miss percent on air chamber vacuum 3, 4, 5 and 6 kPa were studied at different operating speeds. The results showed that operating performance of the seed metering was excellent when air chamber vacuum was 5 and 6 kPa, which air flow was 7.4-8.0 m3·s-1 and 8.0-8.8 m3·s-1 , respectively.

Iterative learning control approach for ramp metering

An iterative learning control scheme is developed to the traffic densitycontrol in a macroscopic level freeway environment. With rigorous analysis, the proposed intelligentcontrol scheme guarantees the asymptotic convergence of the traffic density to the desired one. Thecontrol scheme is applied to a freeway model, and simulation results confirm the efficacy of theproposed approach.

Energy flow problem solution based on state estimation approaches and smart meter data

Accurate electric energy(EE)measurements and billing estimations in a power system necessitate the development of an energy flow distribution model.This paper summarizes the results of investigations on a new problem related to the determination of EE flow in a power system over time intervals ranging from minutes to years.The problem is referred to as the energy flow problem(EFP).Generally,the grid state and topology may fluctuate over time.An attempt to use instantaneous(not integral)power values obtained from telemetry to solve classical electrical engineering equations leads to significant modeling errors,particularly with topology changes.A promoted EFP model may be suitable in the presence of such topological and state changes.Herein,EE flows are determined using state estimation approaches based on direct EE measurement data in Watt-hours(Volt-ampere reactive-hours)provided by electricity meters.The EFP solution is essential for a broad set of applications,including meter data validation,zero unbalance EE billing,and nontechnical EE loss check.

Generation of Arbitrary Pressure Pulsation of Wide Frequency Range for Flow Meter Testing in a Laminar Gas Pipeline

The present paper presents a device to test flow meters under an arbitrary pressure pulsation in a gas pipeline with a laminar flow containing frequency components up to 50 Hz, with the amplitude reaching hundreds of pascals. In order to reduce flow noise, the device has a strainer-like element connected to a pipeline under test and uses an open-loop control law based on the frequency response test. The control signal is calculated by adding the inputs to obtain each of the sinusoidal waves included in the original wave, which was decomposed by Fourier analysis. The validity of the developed method is demonstrated through the generation tests of superimposed pressure waves containing frequency components up to 50 Hz. Analysis of the relative uncertainty demonstrated the relative uncertainty to be less than 10% when the generated pressure is larger than 360 Pa.

Computer Aided Design of Differential Pressure Flow Meters

New methodology of designing the differential pressure flow meters for fluid energy carriers is developed in order to provide minimum uncertainty of results of flow rate measurement. This methodology is implemented in “Raskhod-RU” CAD system for computer aided design and calculation of differential pressure flow meters. “Raskhod-RU” CAD meets the requirements of new Standards implemented in CIS countries (GOST 8.586.1,2,3,4,5-2005) and provides accomplishment of the following tasks: verification of conditions (constraints) for application of the differential pressure method according to the requirements of new Standards;calculation of parameters of primary device, pipe straight lengths and flow meter in general according to the requirements of new Standards;calculation of uncertainty of results of fluid flow rate and volume measurement.

Analysis of ink flow channel between two rotating ink rollers

In order to research how the size of the ink flow channel is affected by the interaction of adjacent ink areas,according to the method of fluid-solid interaction,this paper analyzes the size of the ink flow channel of two ink rollers' rotation.Firstly,this paper simulates the situation of only one ink area.Secondly,this paper simulates the situation of five adjacent ink areas.Then,through comparing the simulation results of two above situations,it' s obvious that the interaction of adjacent ink areas has big effects on the ink pressure and the size of ink flow channel.At last,this paper gets the main factor that affects the size of ink flow channel in the different situations.

Influence of feature size of micro-scale channel on ink flow characteristics

Under the micro-scale condition,feature size of the channel is one of the main factors influencing the fluid flow characteristics. In printing process,ink thickness in the extrusion zone formed by two ink rollers may reach micron scale. Compared with macroscopic fluid,the velocity field and the pressure field of fluid may change when the feature size of fluid channel reaches micron scale. In order to control printing quality,it is necessary to research the influence of feature size on ink flow characteristics in micro scale. This paper analyzes it in theory,and then numerical simulation of an ink flow model with different feature sizes is carried out in no slip condition. The influence of the feature size on the ink flow characteristics and the wall shear force are obtained. Besides,the ink flow model with different feature sizes is simulated numerically in slip condition,and the influence of feature size on ink flow characteristics is obtained. Finally,by comparing and analyzing the above results,it can be concluded that both the ink velocity and pressure at the inlet of the extrusion zone are inversely proportional to the feature sizes whether in slip condition or not. And the ink velocity in slip condition is larger than that without slip,the pressure at the inlet of the extrusion zone is less than that in no slip condition. Within the micro-scale range,the ink velocity difference between the two conditions cannot be ignored. Therefore,it is necessary to consider slip when analyzing the influence of feature size of micro-scale channel on ink flow characteristics.

液阻全桥网络负载口独立电液系统节能控制策略仿真

针对传统电液控制系统节流损失大、能耗高、效率低的问题,采用液阻全桥网络搭建了具有负载口独立控制特性的新型电液控制系统,详细研究了该系统在典型四象限负载下的节能控制策略。液阻全桥网络电液系统由5个二位二通比例阀组成,根据其具有的负载口独立控制特性,将系统归纳为传统三位四通、负载口独立和负载敏感3种控制模式。传统三位四通下,两负载口开度控制模拟三位四通进出口耦合形式;负载口独立模式下,采用一腔控制流量另一腔阀口全开的控制策略;负载敏感模式下,控制泵出口压力比进油腔压力高一个定值,从而实现负载敏感功能。在超越负载下,3种模式都使用流量再生回路进行节能控制。AMESim+Matlab联合仿真结果表明,与传统的三位四通模式相比,三位四通流量再生、负载口独立、负载口独立流量再生、负载敏感模式分别节能43.38%、65.27%、77.91%、83.58%。

一种光纤布喇格光栅涡街流量传感器

在流量计量领域中,利用光纤传感技术对涡街流量计量的研究较少,故具有重要的研究意义。该文设计了一种悬臂梁式的光纤布喇格光栅涡街流量传感器,其利用悬臂梁自由端振动使光纤布喇格光栅中心波长发生周期性移位,从而测量涡街频率,得到流体流量信息。温度传感测试实验与流量传感测试实验结果表明,该传感器温度灵敏度为17 pm/℃,涡街流量灵敏度为0.01895 Hz/(L·h^(-1)),非线性误差为2.23%。实验验证了该传感器可应用于液体涡街流量计量。

具有变超越负载的液压调平系统负载口独立控制方法

液压调平系统平台回落过程中存在超越负载,且随着负载重心偏移和平台倾角变化,作用于支腿液压缸的负载力也会随之变化。传统液压系统中负载控制阀或平衡阀在平衡变超越负载时速度控制效果差,容易发生速度抖动。为解决这一问题,采用负载口独立控制技术,针对平台回落时液压缸存在的变超越负载工况,提出对液压调平系统中液压缸有杆腔进行压力控制,无杆腔进行流量控制的压力-流量复合控制方法,建立其数学模型,并进行AMESim和Simulink联合仿真验证。结果表明,在负载力发生突变时,液压缸有杆腔压力和无杆腔流量均可在0.2 s内恢复至控制值,平衡掉系统变超越负载的同时,能够满足系统的速度控制需求。

压差式流量计误差自动化修正算法研究

针对在多干扰源扰动下压差式流量计测量结果面临输出不稳、误差较大的问题,提出多源扰动下的压差式流量计误差自动化修正算法。考虑全补偿气体可膨胀性系数、压缩系数、密度系数和流出系数等因素,研究压差式流量计误差自动化修正算法。利用均值滤波滤除信号中的高斯噪声,结合一阶滞后滤波优化卡尔曼滤波算法,修正多源扰动误差。引入自组织算法和Volterra神经网络进一步改进卡尔曼滤波算法,并优化卡尔曼滤波算法的先验模型参数,以实现多源扰动误差的自动化修正。试验结果表明,经该算法控制后:当参考流量为900 m^(3)/h时,示值误差绝对值为0.203%;当参考流量为700 m^(3)/h时,流量计重复性为0.06%。该研究可以有效识别并修正由于多源扰动造成的流量异常值,且流量测量精度较高。

基于智能电表数据的低压配电网拓扑与线路参数联合辨识

在低压配电网中,用户频繁地扩建和改接导致台账存在信息更新滞后、数据缺失等问题,难以获取当前运行状态下的拓扑及线路参数。针对无相角量测信息且含未知数量零注入功率“隐节点”的低压配电网,提出一种基于智能电表数据的低压配电网拓扑与线路参数联合辨识方法。基于低压配电网的电气特性以及辐射状网络的结构特点,推导出一种功率-电压比形式的线性逆潮流模型。通过线性回归求解得到阻抗距离矩阵,再利用无判定阈值形式的改进分组递归算法实现拓扑与线路参数的联合辨识。最后,在IEEE欧洲低压测试馈线和中国南京市某地区的实际低压配电网中对所提算法进行数值仿真,验证了所提算法的有效性。

计及电量交易信息的用电碳计量方法

充分挖掘电碳耦合价值,构建电碳协同市场是实现碳达峰、碳中和目标的重要抓手。电碳信息的耦合依赖一套合理、有效的用电碳计量体系,但我国现行用电碳计量体系中尚未考虑电量交易信息的影响,不能完全厘清每个电量交易行为背后蕴含的碳排放责任。针对此问题,该文从碳排放流理论出发,提出一套计及电量交易行为的用电碳计量新方法。首先,根据碳排放流理论的计算特性,针对有损网络建立其无损等效网络模型;之后,将交易电量和非交易流电量拆解开来,并分别根据其电量来源独立核算其产生的对应碳排放责任。该文方法严格遵守直接和间接碳排放的总量守恒原则,能够厘清电量交易行为背后蕴含的碳排放责任转移,且能够兼顾碳排放因子的时空差异性量化需求,进而具备引导用户开展低碳需求响应的能力。基于PJM-5节点系统和我国某地市实际数据开展仿真分析,仿真结果验证该文方法的有效性。

U型科里奥利质量流量计温度影响特性分析

温度对用于液氢等低温流体流量测量的科里奥利质量流量计的影响不可忽略。基于卡氏第二定理,从能量角度出发建立了考虑温度影响的U型科里奥利质量流量计数学模型,并搭建了U型科里奥利质量流量计实验平台,通过实验数据对比验证了模型。在此基础上,考虑测量管固体物性参数对温度的依变,探究了温度对科里奥利质量流量计测量的影响规律,提出了一种包含弹性模量、泊松比和线膨胀系数的低温修正方法。经液氮数值仿真结果和液氦科里奥利质量流量计实验结果对比,发现对弹性模量、泊松比和线膨胀系数三者进行综合修正比恒定温度补偿系数修正的相对误差更小。成果有助于深入理解低温科氏流量计的测量特性。

环形间隙式层流元件设计及流量特性研究

为了解决传统层流流量计(LFM)线性度不佳、长径比较大、加工使用不便和结构易受流体影响等诸多问题,受双锥流量计的启发,提出了一种环形间隙式层流元件结构,介绍了测量原理和流道内非线性压力损失来源。保持该结构外套筒体和圆柱锥体同轴心,其流道截面为同心圆环,通过CFD仿真确定了锥形导流结构的合理锥形角度,确定了层流元件的尺寸参数。将取压孔设置在流道中充分发展的层流段,理论上消除了传统毛细管式LFM进出口处流动局部损失和层流发展段的动能损失。制作3种不同间隙大小的试件并进行试验,结果显示,当测量流量值小于53 mL/min时,层流元件的测量误差在3%以内;当测量流量值在(130~6189)mL/min时,测量误差在±2%以内;层流元件的压差和流量之间具有优秀的线性关系。说明环形间隙式层流元件结构可有效克服传统LFM的非线性影响,同时测量流量范围可随间隙大小变化而改变。

基于微型空间相机的红外加热笼仿真与设计

在航天器热控技术领域,常采用红外加热笼模拟各表面的到达外热流,但随着模拟表面特征尺寸的逐渐变小,需要重新评估该模拟方法的合理性和准确性。本文基于某微型空间相机,以对外热流最为敏感的散热面为研究对象,开展红外加热笼仿真分析与优化设计的研究。采用有限元法建立红外加热笼-黑片热流计的系统仿真模型,分析了传统红外加热笼控制方法对模拟表面总到达能量和热流密度均匀性的影响。基于上述结果,通过适当扩大加热笼尺寸和调整热流计粘贴位置,提高模拟表面的热流密度均匀性,保证总到达能量满足保守设计原则。对比分析得出,优化设计前后散热面热流密度的统计方差由102.0下降至27.0、均匀性提升效果显著。本文研究内容也可为其他空间微小表面外热流的准确模拟提供参考、借鉴。

相关式油井液相计量系统研究与设计

针对现有油井计量方式自动化程度低,误差较大等问题,利用同轴线相位法含水率计设计了一种相关式油井液相计量系统,该系统以同轴线相位法含水率计为传感器构建了相关流量计,基于互相关法建立了计量模型,实现了流量与含水率的同步测量。通过对不同情况下上、下游含水率计信号的分析可知,两路信号之间具有相关性,满足相关流量计的使用条件。该系统在现场试验的测量结果与涡轮流量计相比,平均误差为11.36%。试验结果证明了相关式油井液相计量系统在实际应用中的可行性。

天然气流量次级标准装置计量性能核查技术

针对用于贸易交接流量计流量量值溯源的高精度流量标准装置计量性能实时核查技术不完善问题,开展了天然气流量次级标准装置计量影响因素、实时核查技术指标与方法研究,研究中采用了k-means聚类等大数据统计分析技术,创新提出天然气流量次级标准装置计量性能实时核查技术指标与核查方法。验证表明,采用组合涡轮工作标准表,组合实施一对一核查、多对一核查、多对多核查、总量核查,监控天然气发热量波动率、压力温度稳定系数、喷嘴间温差、喷嘴差压及涡轮工作标准表相对次级标准体积流量偏差及重复性共6项技术指标,能准确实时核查用于检定高准确度检流量计的次级标准装置的计量性能,实时监控流量计检定的过程质量、保证每台次流量计检定结果准确可靠。研究成果对于天然气流量标准装置质量控制具有一定的指导意义。