Extracting Eco-hydrological Information of Inland Wetland from L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar Image in Honghe National Nature Reserve, Northeast China

Taking a typical inland wetland of Honghe National Nature Reserve (HNNR), Northeast China, as the study area, this paper studied the application of L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image in extracting eco-hydrological information of inland wetland. Landsat-5 TM and ALOS PALSAR HH backscatter images were first fused by using the wavelet-IHS method. Based on the fused image data, the classification method of support vector machines was used to map the wetland in the study area. The overall mapping accuracy is 77.5%. Then, the wet and dry aboveground biomass estimation models, including statistical models and a Rice Cloudy model, were established. Optimal parameters for the Rice Cloudy model were calculated in MATLAB by using the least squares method. Based on the validation results, it was found that the Rice Cloudy model produced higher accuracy for both wet and dry aboveground biomass estimation compared to the statistical models. Finally, subcanopy water boundary information was extracted from the HH backscatter image by threshold method. Compared to the actual water borderline result, the extracted result from L-band SAR image is reliable. In this paper, the HH-HV phase difference was proved to be valueless for extracting subcanopy water boundary information.

Seasonal Abundance and Diversity of Birds of Prey and Owls in Al Wathba Wetland Reserve in Abu Dhabi, UAE

Inland wetlands in Abu Dhabi Emirate are wintering and stopover sites for migratory birds of prey. We conducted long-term regular monitoring surveys in Al Wathba Wetland Reserve (AWWR) from January 1995 to December 2022. Both diurnal and occasionally nocturnal surveys were undertaken to record the migratory raptors and owls in the Wetland Reserve. During the study, a total of 1282 regular monitoring visits were undertaken and 27 species of diurnal raptors and owls representing five families and three orders were detected. These represent 57% of the total species of birds of prey recorded in the UAE. Overall, 63% of all the species that we observed were Accipitriformes followed by 26% Falconiformes and 11% Strigiformes. We found that changes in mean daily temperature have a positive effect on raptor species diversity and abundance in the Wetland Reserve. The species encounter rate was higher in low temperature as compared to high temperature and overall regression equation was statistically significant F (4, 1126) = 8.49), p = 0.00). However, the numbers of raptors did not vary significantly across the years (p = 0.51). Western Marsh-harrier (Circus aeruginosus) and Greater Spotted Eagle (Clanga clanga) were recorded to be the most abundant species in the wetland reserve followed by Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus). However, the encounter rate of globally threatened Greater Spotted Eagle was detected to have significantly decreased since 2016. Moreover, 63% of the species detected were uncommon and rarely recorded such as 1) Saker Falcon 2) Lanner Falcon 3) Long-eared Owl & Merlin, which were the rare records from the wetland reserve. Furthermore, 27 years of regular monitoring in the wetland have yielded diverse diurnal raptors and owl fauna (H) = 0.83, (E) = 1.43 (Shannon Diversity Index). The results demonstrate that long-term monitoring surveys in arid environments are essential to determine the trends in the raptor populations and to document rare and globally important species.

Soil Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations and Stoichiometries Across a Chronosequence of Restored Inland Soda Saline-Alkali Wetlands, Western Songnen Plain, Northeast China

Soil carbon(C), nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) concentrations and stoichiometries can be used to evaluate the success indicators to the effects of wetland restoration and reflect ecosystem function. Restoration of inland soda saline-alkali wetlands is widespread, however, the soil nutrition changes that follow restoration are unclear. We quantified the recovery trajectories of soil physicochemical properties, including soil organic carbon(SOC), total nitrogen(TN), and total phosphorus(TP) pools, for a chronosequence of three restored wetlands(7 yr, 12 yr and 21 yr) and compared these properties to those of degraded and natural wetlands in the western Songnen Plain, Northeast China. Wetland degradation lead to the loss of soil nutrients. Relative to natural wetlands, the mean reductions of in SOC, TN, and TP concentrations were 89.6%, 65.5% and 52.5%, respectively. Nutrients recovered as years passed after restoration. The SOC, TN, and TP concentrations increased by 2.36 times, 1.15 times, and 0.83 times, respectively in degraded wetlands that had been restored for 21 yr, but remained 29.2%, 17.3%, and 12.8% lower, respectively, than those in natural wetlands. The soil C∶N(RC N), C∶P(R CP), and N∶P(R NP) ratios increased from 5.92 to 8.81, 45.36 to 79.19, and 7.67 to 8.71, respectively in the wetland that had been restored for 12 yr. These results were similar to those from the natural wetland and the wetland that had been restored for 21 yr(P > 0.05). Soil nutrients changes occurred mainly in the upper layers(≤ 30 cm), and no significant differences were found in deeper soils(> 30 cm). Based on this, we inferred that it would take at least 34 yr for SOC, TN, and TP concentrations and 12 yr for RC N, R CP, and RN P in the top soils of degraded wetlands to recover to levels of natural wetlands. Soil salinity negatively influenced SOC(r =-0.704, P < 0.01), TN(r =-0.722, P < 0.01), and TP(r =-0.882, P < 0.01) concentrations during wetland restoration, which indicates that reducing salinity is beneficial to SOC, TN, and TP recovery. Moreover, plants were an important source of soil nutrients and vegetation restoration was conducive to soil nutrient accumulation. In brief, wetland restoration increased the accumulation of soil biogenic elements, which indicated that positive ecosystem functions changes had occurred.

CONCEPT, DISTRIBUTION LAW AND FORMATION MACHANISM OF INLAND SALINE ALKALINE WETLAND─ ─ Taking Songliao Plain for Example

The paper, taking Songliao Plain for example, studied the concept, distribution law and formation mechanism of inland saline alkaline wetland. The inland saline alkaline wetland is distributed over the inland region of arid or semi arid climate; it is the wet or slightly stagnant environment, forming saline alkaline soil and salt vegetation and making the geogra phical environment fonming complex with an ecosystem of saline alkaline wetland. The laws of zone nature and non zone nature control the distribution of the inland saline alkaline wetland that extensively spreads in north part of China and other countries. The inland saline alkaline wetland is formed jointly by atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere including intellectual sphere. Under the special condition, the artificial activity is possibly the key function. In order to improve the human environment, it is a great duty confronting the whole world to rationally transform the inland saline alkaline wetland. Therefore, we presented an anti inland theory to promote the environment transformation.

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF LOW-LYING PRAIRIE WETLAND IN MIDDLE REACHES OF HEIHE RIVER IN NORTHWEST CHINA

Low-lying prairie wetland, which has characteristics of both grassland and wetland, has irreplaceable ecological functions in inland river basins of Northwest China. Owing to its small-scale distribution, so far, the observation and research on it are rare. The estimation of evapotranspiration is significant to ecological and environmental construction, scientific management of pasture and protection of wetland. For studying the evapotranspiration (ET) of low-lying prairie wetland in the middle reaches of the Heihe River, an inland river, in Northwest China, the automatic weather station in Linze Ecological Experimental Station of Lanzhou University (39°15′3″N, 100°03′52″E), Linze, Gansu Province, was selected as a case study. Based on meteorological data collected, Bowen-Ratio Energy Balance (BREB) method was used to calculate the evapotranspiration (ET) of low-lying prairie wetland. The analysis results showed that in a whole year (September 2003 - August 2004), the total ET was 611.5mm and mean daily 1.67mm/d. The ET varied with different growing stages. In non-growing stage (NGS), initial growing stage (IGS), middle growing stage (MGS) and end growing stage (EGS), the ET was 0.57, 2.01, 3.82 and 1.49mm/d, with a percentage of total ET of 18.26%, 9.20%, 61.83% and 10.71% respectively. In March, ET began to increase. But in April, the ET increased most. After that, it increased gradually and got the maximal value in July. From then on, the ET decreased gradually. In September, the ET decreased rapidly. With the ending of growing and the freezing of soil, the ET stopped from the middle of November to February in next year. Hourly ET analysis showed that at 8:00 a.m. (during MGS at 7:00 a.m.), the evapotranspiration began, at 13:00 p.m. got its maximal value and at 19:00 p.m. (during MGS at 20:00 p.m.), the evapotranspiration stopped. The intensity of ET in sunny day was much larger than that in cloudy day in the same growing stage.

Responses of nitrogen cycling and related microorganisms to brackish wetlands formed by evapotranspiration

Elevated evapotranspiration due to warmer air temperature could raise salinity and nutrient levels of some inland wetlands, potentially impacting nitrogen cycling. To characterize the impact of high evapotranspiration on soil microbial nitrogen cycling in inland wetlands, we compared freshwater and brackish marsh(or non-marsh) wetlands in terms of sediment ammonia-oxidizing rate(AOR), denitrifying rate(DR), and related microbial communities in a typical inland basin, the Hulun Lake basin, in China. Results showed that marsh ecosystems(ME) exhibited 31% higher AOR and 65% higher DR than non-marsh ecosystems(NE). For NE, freshwater non-marsh wetland exhibited 12% higher AOR than brackish non-marsh wetland. This was probably due to the inhibitory effects of high NH_4~+ and salinity levels on ammonia-oxidizing archaea in brackish non-marsh wetland. Conversely, DR in brackish non-marsh wetland was 23% higher than that in freshwater non-marsh wetland, with total organic carbon(TOC) significantly influencing this difference,suggesting that the higher DR in brackish non-marsh wetland was mainly due to its higher TOC level. For ME, due to the direct and indirect interference of salinity, brackish marsh wetland displayed 26% lower AOR and 19% lower DR than freshwater marsh wetland. Besides, brackish wetlands harbored distinct ammonia-oxidizing and denitrifying microbial communities compared to freshwater wetlands. The assembly of these communities was dominated by stochastic processes, while brackish wetlands exhibited more prominent deterministic processes than freshwater wetlands. Overall, high evapotranspiration altered activities and community characteristics of ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers in inland brackish wetlands by enhancing salinity and nutrient levels,while emergent plants occurring in ME could mitigate the adverse effects of salt stress of inland brackish wetlands on nitrogen cycling.

天津滨海湿地土壤盐分空间演变规律研究

天津滨海的天然湿地主要起源于全新世中、晚期以来的海陆变迁,后来的海陆交互作用以及人类活动使其产生了不同程度的盐渍化.为研究湿地土壤盐分自潮间带向内陆演进的演变规律,依据距海距离,选取潮间带（0 km）、北大港（24 km）、七里海（38 km）和大黄堡（70 km）4个典型滨海湿地,对其土壤盐分的演变规律进行分析.结果显示：（1）土壤含盐量和电导率自潮间带向内陆呈显著指数递减趋势,并表现出表层（0～5 cm）聚集特征.（2）除（HCO3-＋CO32-）外,离子含量与距海距离之间呈极显著指数负相关关系.潮间带、七里海和大黄堡湿地的土壤阳离子均以Na＋为主,而北大港湿地以Na＋和Ca2＋组成占绝对优势.从潮间带到内陆温地,土壤中阴离子从以Cl-为主过渡到以Cl-、SO42-和HCO3-＋CO32-为主.（3）除大黄堡湿地,各湿地含盐量均与Cl-呈极显著正相关,与SO42-从潮间带湿地到内陆湿地由不相关过渡到极显著正相关,HCO3-＋CO32-与含盐量仅在北大港湿地呈极显著正相关.（4）潮间带湿地土壤表层 （0～5 cm）和中间层（20～50 cm）为弱碱化土,次表层（5～20 cm）和深层（50～100 cm）为中度碱化;北大港和大黄堡湿地整个1 m土层均为弱碱化;七里海湿地为中度碱化.

湿地与我国内陆城市的可持续发展

在我国,内陆城市的城市发展水平和经济发展水平都相对落后,因此我国内陆城市的可持续发展是关系到整个国家能否高速、健康发展的决定性因素。湿地是城市生态环境和城市生态支持系统的重要组成部分,城市中以自然景观为主的公共开放空间。本文通过对城市湿地和城市周边湿地功能作用的分析,指出湿地可以为解决我国内陆城市的生态环境问题,实现城市可持续发展,提供基础条件和生态保障。对我国生态城市的发展和建设具有借鉴意义。

内陆湿地保护的水环境控制模式研究

水是湿地生态的基本因子 ,对湿地的形成、演化、保护及发挥其功能具有决定性的控制作用 ,保护湿地的重要措施之一是保护湿地的水环境。根据水对湿地的决定性作用 ,在湿地水量均衡和水质均衡模型的基础上 ,提出湿地保护的水环境控制模式及措施。内陆湿地必须通过补水并适当排水才能控制湿地的水质、水量 ,达到保护湿地的目的。以吉林省查干湖湿地为例应用所建立的数学模型进行分析计算 ,确定该湿地保护所需的补水量及排水量。

松嫩平原内陆盐碱湿地的类型特征及分布规律

内陆盐碱湿地是湿地的重要组成部分,其类型、特征及分布规律的研究十分薄弱。松嫩平原是世界上内陆盐碱湿地发育的典型地区之一。本文参考国内外湿地分类标准,结合松嫩平原的特点,建立了内陆盐碱湿地的分类体系,将该区的盐碱湿地划分为2个湿地类,6个湿地型,13个湿地亚型,描述了各类型的主要特征,并阐述了松嫩平原内陆盐碱湿地的分布规律。这对我国的湿地分类系统是一个重要的补充,对进一步实施内陆盐碱湿地的保护、恢复和重建,促进松嫩平原社会经济和环境的可持续发展都具有重要意义。

内陆碱化湿地土壤有机质和全磷的时空分布特征

以付老文泡湿地为研究对象,分析了内陆碱化湿地土壤有机质和全磷含量的时空分布特征。研究结果表明7月表层土壤有机质和全磷空间分布格局的异质性高于亚表层,而9月亚表层土壤则呈现出较高的异质性。2采样期内有机质和全磷含量均呈现由表层向下呈减少趋势,除9月土壤有机质外,上下土壤层内的有机质和全磷含量均存在显著性差异。湿地全磷随土壤有机质增加呈幂函数增长变化。湿地土壤有机质和全磷随土壤水分含量增加均呈对数衰减变化,但土壤有机质和全磷随pH值增加则分别呈现指数和幂函数衰减变化。

中国内陆天然湿地的类型特征及分布规律-Ⅰ类的划分

在综述前人湿地分类方法的基础上,提出了湿地分类应遵循的6条原则,借鉴任继周等提出的草原综合顺序分类法,并依上述原则,提出了依照生物气候-湿地基底物质结构-植被的我国内陆天然湿地的综合顺序分类方法。内陆天然湿地综合顺序分类法第一级为类,分类指标是积水深度和>0℃的年积温(∑θ)。积水深度和>0℃的年积温(∑θ)是量化的指标,利用这2个指标将我国天然湿地分为21个类,并得到湿地类别的检索图。第二级———亚类的划分,以湿地基底物质结构作为指标;第三级———型的划分,以植被类型作为指标,分为挺水型、浮叶型、沉水型以及漂浮型。对我国的天然湿地依照生物气候等指标进行类的划分,结果表明,寒冷浅水类(ⅠB)、微温浅水类(ⅢB)、寒温浅水类(ⅡB)、寒冷深水类(ⅠA)和暖温浅水类(ⅣB)是我国分布面积最广的5个湿地类型,占我国内陆天然湿地总面积的79.75%,主要分布在青海、西藏、新疆、甘肃、四川、内蒙古、吉林、黑龙江;而暖热浅水类(ⅤB)、炎热浅水类(ⅦB)、炎热深水类(ⅦA)、亚热浅水类(ⅥB)、寒温深水类(ⅡA)是我国分布面积最小的5个内陆天然湿地类型,分布在安徽、湖北、云南、广东、广西、海南、贵州、青海,仅占我国内陆天然湿地总面积的0.83%。我国现有内陆天然湿地占湿地综合顺序法中21类的20类,炎热季节性类(ⅦC)在我国无分布。由于湿地综合顺序分类法检索图充分体现了天然湿地各个类之间的发生学关系,从而为在全球气候暖干化的背景下,预测未来天然湿地类的演替奠定了基础。

基于遗传程序设计方法的内陆湿地年蓄水量变化预测研究--以卧龙湖湿地为例

在湿地蓄水量概念及其内涵剖析的基础上,提出了基于遗传程序设计方法的半干旱内陆湿地年均蓄水量变化预测模型。以辽宁省最大的天然内陆湿地卧龙湖为例,通过对湿地系统的分析和参数确定,利用该区连续11年的气象和水文数据,尝试建立了该湿地蓄水量年际变化的预测模型,并以2004—2006连续3年的蓄水量实测数据对模型进行验证。结果表明,模型的平均拟合误差为8.2%,预测结果的相对误差分别为8.5%、9.6%和10.3%,符合湿地生态系统实际管理的需求。该方法对于实施湿地生态保护工程和水资源合理调配具有一定的参考价值。

松嫩平原湿地水禽多样性保护需要关注的问题与对策

松嫩平原地处我国东北半干旱区,内陆沼泽湿地分布集中,是东亚-澳大利亚鸟类迁徙路线上的重要栖息地,水禽多样性极为丰富。近年来,在特殊的自然地理条件与人类活动导致的环境变化共同作用下,该区的水禽多样性发生了较大变化。通过大量的资料收集、数据统计,结合野外实地调查,分析了松嫩平原半干旱区内陆湿地水禽多样性现状及变化趋势,探讨了影响水禽多样性变化的环境因素及存在主要问题,并就这些问题现状提出了切实可行的对策和建议。

扎龙盐沼湿地对乌裕尔流域径流变化的水文响应

乌裕尔河流域水环境的变化导致下游湿地迅速退化。探讨了近65 a(1951-2015)扎龙湿地系统对乌裕尔河流域径流量变化的响应。结果表明:乌裕尔河中下游的径流量急剧减少给下游湿地的演替带来明显的影响,上游来水供给不足导致湿地长期处于干旱缺水的状态,湿地水面面积与蓄水量显著减少,并导致扎龙湿地地下水位显著降低(P<0.05)。湿地持续干旱缺水引发此区域大面积的沼泽退化并发生次生盐渍化。近年来,扎龙湿地发育的盐渍土面积达到250 km^2以上,并且向核心区蔓延。湿地持续退化对在湿地栖息和繁殖的珍稀水禽带来巨大的冲击。

玛纳斯河流域湿地平原水库群对流域生态环境作用的研究

玛纳斯河流域湿地水库群上接大河、下通灌区,是流域供水系统中最主要、保证率最高的供水水源。对位于玛纳斯河流域泉水溢出带中的湿地水库群对流域生态环境的作用进行了研究,结果表明,该湿地水库群在防止湿地萎缩退化、防止次生盐渍化、保护流域内生物多样性、防风固沙、防止土壤沙化、抵御洪、旱灾害威胁、加强湿地调控能力以及增加了绿洲的人口承载能力和生产力等方面起到了很好的保护作用。该湿地水库群的建设为干旱区山前潜水平原地区的生态工程建设、水资源安全与可持续利用提供了一种良好的示范。

内陆湿地与水体甲烷厌氧氧化功能微生物研究进展

内陆湿地与水体(如湖泊、河流、水库等)是温室气体甲烷的重要排放源。微生物介导的甲烷厌氧氧化(anaerobic oxidation of methane,AOM)反应在控制内陆湿地与水体甲烷排放中起着不可忽视的作用,对缓解全球温室效应具有重要意义。内陆湿地与水体易形成缺氧环境,且电子受体的种类和数量繁多,是发生AOM反应的理想生境。近年来,不断有研究表明,内陆湿地与水体中存在多种电子受体(NO^(-)_(2)、NO^(-)_(3)、SO^(2-)_(4)、Fe(Ⅲ)等)驱动的AOM途径。NC10门细菌和甲烷厌氧氧化古菌(anaerobic methanotrophic archaea,ANME)的一新分支ANME^(-)_(2)d主导了湿地和水体环境中的AOM反应,其中ANME^(-)_(2)d具有根据环境条件选择不同电子受体的潜力。研究系统综述了内陆湿地与水体中不同电子受体驱动的AOM途径及其参与的主要功能微生物类群;分析了AOM反应在控制温室气体甲烷排放中的作用及其环境影响因素;总结了相关功能微生物的分子生物学检测方法及甲烷厌氧氧化活性测定的同位素示踪技术。最后,对未来相关研究方向进行了展望。

我国北方水陆交错带的功能与发展方向研究

概述了我国北方水陆交错带的几种常见形式,通过分析我国北方治理农业面源污染的实例,总结出农业排水沟渠、湿地塘、河流缓冲带等水陆交错带在防治农业面源污染方面的生态功能。在讨论水陆交错带研究状况和应用前景的基础上,提出了上述几种主要水陆交错带应用的发展方向。

西北内陆干旱区河流绿色走廊湿地景观格局变化及其生态效应研究——以车尔臣河下游为例

应用“3S”技术，通过选取景观的多样性、优势度、破碎度和斑块形状等空间格局指数对车尔臣河下游绿色走廊1975～2007年近32a问湿地景观格局变化进行研究，并对景观格局变化产生的生态效应进行了分析。结果表明：1975—2000年，湿地面积与斑块数量小幅度增大；2000～2007年，湿地面积与斑块数量大幅度减小，斑块平均面积与斑块密度持续减小，斑块形状趋于复杂，景观格局的多样性减小，优势度与破碎化程度增大。在各湿地类型中，河流湿地面积变化幅度较小，湖泊湿地面积大幅度增大，沼泽湿地面积大幅度减小。

张掖黑河湿地近15 a来景观格局变化及其碳储量价值评估

湿地是陆地表面重要的自然景观和碳库之一,具有较大的生态价值功能。以地处中国西北干旱区黑河流域中游的张掖黑河湿地国家级自然保护区为研究区,基于卫星遥感数据和地理国情普查资料,监测分析近15 a来保护区湿地景观格局的动态变化,并利用文献计量法对湿地碳储量进行估算,探讨2000年以来湿地碳储存价值功能变化。结果表明:近15 a来,保护区的湿地景观空间格局发生显著变化,景观整体呈破碎化和复杂化趋势,湿地总面积呈先减少后缓慢增加趋势,人类活动干扰加剧,湿地碳储量及其价值功能也随之发生相应变化。其中,2014年保护区湿地总碳储量约2.99×10^5 t,其碳储量价值约2.48×10^8元,较2000年分别减少5.9×10^4 t和5.2×10^7元。近年来,随着湿地保护区的建立,湿地生态环境逐渐得到改善。