Drivers for Inter-city Innovation Networks Across Chinese Cities:Modelling Physical Versus Intangible Effects

Cross-region innovation is widely recognized as an important source of the long-term regional innovation capacity.In the recent past,a growing number of studies has investigated the network structure and mechanisms of cross-region innovation collaboration in various contexts.However,existing research mainly focuses on physical effects,such as geographical distance and high-speed railway connections.These studies ignore the intangible drivers in a changing environment,the more digitalized economy and the increasingly solidified innovation network structure.Thus,the focus of this study is on estimating determinants of innovation networks,especially on intangible drivers,which have been largely neglected so far.Using city-level data of Chinese patents(excluding Hong Kong,Macao,and Taiwan Province of China),we trace innovation networks across Chinese cities over a long period of time.By integrating a measure on Information and Communications Technology(ICT)development gap and network structural effects into the general proximity framework,this paper explores the changing mechanisms of Chinese innovation networks from a new perspective.The results show that the structure of cross-region innovation networks has changed in China.As mechanisms behind this development,the results confirm the increasingly important role of intangible drivers in Chinese inter-city innovation collaboration when controlling for effects of physical proximity,such as geographical distance.Since digitalization and coordinated development are the mainstream trends in China and other developing countries,these countries'inter-city innovation collaboration patterns will witness dramatic changes under the influence of intangible drivers.

Entrepreneurship corporate social responsibility and flexible innovation networks： On the interaction between TNCs＇ R＆D activities and local development

Entrepreneurship corporate social responsibility is concerned with obligations that should be undertaken by an enterprise or ＂enterprise citizen＂ to the society including interrelationship between enterprise and some related interest dependents. And it is a sense of value, discipline and respect to the people, community and environment-related policies of the enterprise. Obviously, the core of the notion refers to a commitment of the enterprise in order to improve living standard of related interest counterparts. Nowadays, entrepreneurship corporate social responsibility has been not only an ethical call, but also an institutional constraint. The consensus is that in operation process an enterprise should take into account of its economic, social and ethical effects on consumers, staffs, shareholders, communities, local governments and environment and make a better prospect to them. Based on this point of view, by field work and questionnaire method, this paper discusses specifically the interaction between TNCs＇ R＆D activities and local development of the Pudong New Area, a China＇s largest special economic zone in Shanghai to explore dynamics of the TNCs＇ R＆D activities, growth of the local economy and their roles in promoting flexible innovation networks for sustainable futures. This involves： a. notion of the entrepreneurship corporate social responsibility; b. current state and trend of TNCs＇ R＆D activities; c. mode and linkage tightness between TNCs＇ R＆D activities and the local economy; d. main problems of the TNCs＇ R＆D activities in Pudong; e. the context of flexible innovation networks; and f. manner and ways in creation of flexible innovation networks.

Evolution Characteristics of Government-Industry-University-Research Cooperative Innovation Network for China＇s Agriculture and Influ- encing Factors： Illustrated According to Agricultural Patent Case

Under the special background of China, the cooperative innovation between different government-industry-university-research institutes plays an increasingly important role in the agricultural field. However, the existing literature has paid little attention to it. Considering the cooperation patents, published in the agriculture field stemming from the Full-text Database of China Patents as the study object, the spatial and institutional attribute of the authors as the data source, and by combining the social network and spatial econometrics analysis, this paper analyzes the structure evolution characteristics of cooperative innovation networks of agricultural government-industry-university-research institute in the city level of China in 1985–2014, based on the triple helix theory, with the influence factors discussed. This shows that, 1) since 1985, China's agricultural innovation level has been substantially increased, but the development degree of the cooperative innovation network is low, and the patent cooperation mainly relies on authors in the same unit; 2) enterprises play a leading role in the agricultural cooperative innovation. The effect of the government and hybrid organizations driven by the government is not obvious; 3) the cooperative innovation in the province and city dominates, and a multi-pole pattern has been formed. The cooperative innovation network structure evolves from a single helix empty core and double helix multi core to a double helix hierarchical network; 4) the city's science, education funding and personnel investment are key factors determining the agricultural cooperative innovation, while the agricultural development of the city presents slight negative impacts on it. The spatial mismatch of supply and demand is present in the technical cooperative innovation of China's agriculture. Therefore, the science enhancement and education investment to big agricultural provinces should be promptly implemented.

Innovation in the Manufacturing Sector： The Case of Serbia

The paper presents the results of research on innovation activities of manufacturing firms in Serbia. In order to answer the question how innovation takes place in one transition country, key influencing factors were identify （i.e., firm＇s size, age, ownership, industry sector, personnel qualifications and experience）. Based on the analysis of a sample comprising 73 firms, the study tried to highlight certain innovation barriers, which may have a negative impact on the total efficiency of economic performance, and growth and development of manufacturing firms in Serbia. Comparing overall innovation activities of Serbian firms to the other transition countries, it can be concluded that majority of the fhnns had innovation performances below the level EU-27. This study draws out the potential contributions to existing literature of managing innovation in Serbia.

Exploring Regional Innovation Growth Through A Network Approach:A Case Study of the Yangtze River Delta Region,China

As the leading urban agglomeration in China,the Yangtze River Delta(YRD)is experiencing a factor-driven to innovationdriven transition.However,the dynamics of regional innovation growth are not yet fully understood.This paper combines the complex network methodology with spatial econometrics to disentangle the contributions of innovation endowments,innovation network flows,and innovation network positions to regional innovation growth,as well as their spatial spillover effects.The primary findings suggest that regional innovation growth results from the networked agglomeration economies,which is shaped by the interactions between agglomeration factors and network factors.Specifically,agglomeration factors play a fundamental role in regional innovation growth.In contrast,network factors,such as the network flows and network positions,may contribute to new path creation by promoting access to external innovation resources.Additionally,the institutional factors show multiplexity in fostering regional innovation patterns.Such findings indicate that the YRD region should shift the innovation growth pattern from competitive involution to mutually beneficial cooperation to reduce regional disparities.In this regard,the institutional capacity of organizing network flows and fostering reciprocal inter-city partnerships has become increasingly critical for promoting sustainable innovation and regional development.

The Study on the Evolutional Mechanics of Technological Innovation Network

Based on the statistical mechanics and technology innovation network, this paper analyzed network evolutional mechanics, and constituted its evolutional model.

The Risk Evaluation of Enterprise Technological Innovation Network Based on Extenics

Growing competition has prompted enterprises to choose construct Technological Innovation Network to promote innovation, however the innovation network is a risky innovation system, how to carry out a comprehensive risk assessment of the innovation network is particularly important. This paper focused on the technological innovation network risk analysis, used extenics to define which risk levels should these various risk factors in technological innovation network belongs to. And used Shanghai Caohejing hi tech park to do the empirical research, comfirmed risk factors which have the larger influence on technological innovation network.Enterprises can face them as the main objects of enterprise risk managemenL in order to improve the success rate of the innovation of the enterprise technological innovation network.

The Risk Evaluation of Enterprise Technological Innovation Network Based on Extenics

Growing competition has prompted enterprises to choose construct Technological Innovation Network to promote innovation, however the innovation network is a risky innovation system, how to carry out a comprehensive risk assessment of the innovation network is particularly important. This paper focused on the technological innovation network risk analysis, used extenics to define which risk levels should these various risk factors in technological innovation network belongs to. And used Shanghai Caohejing hi tech park to do the empirical research, comfirmed risk factors which have the larger influence on technological innovation network.Enterprises can face them as the main objects of enterprise risk management, in order to improve the success rate of the innovation of the enterprise technological innovation network.

ZTE Launches Innovative Energy-Saving Solution for LTE Networks

19 November, 2012, Shenzhen-ZTE Corporation, a publicly listed global provider of telecommunications equipment, network solutions, and mobile devices, announced the launch of its Energy Saving Solution for operator LTE networks. According to test results, a single site employing this solution can save up to 40 percent power.

WTO与江苏区域创新网络建设

This article analyzes the challenge for Jiangsu technical innovation caused by entrance into WTO. On the basis of it, this article puts forward some suggestions about how to establish a technical innovation network in Jiangsu having distinguished features, and regards it as one of important countermeasures for improving independent technical innovation ability in Jiangsu and meeting challenge.

A configurational approach to innovation performance:The role of creativity

In this study,we analyze new ways of conceptualizing improvements in firms'innovation by implementing the"right-factors configuration,"illustrated through an analog of a recipe and its ingredients.Specifically,we research the multiple combinations of three ingredients(creativity,innovation networks,and resources)required to accomplish the innovation recipe.Using a sample of firms from a Spanish science and technology park,we apply qualitative comparative analysis(QCA)-specifically,fuzzy-set QCA(fsQCA)-to test the importance of each component in technological and non-technological innovation.First,the results suggest a map of combinations of innovative ingredients with eight possible patterns.Second,they show that the only ingredient needed is the combination of a creative climate and creative intensity.Finally,the methods of obtaining technological and non-technological innovations differ.The implications for management and policymakers are discussed,and directions for future research are highlighted.

Feature and Tendency of Technology Transfer in Z-Park Patent Cooperation Network:From the Perspective of Global Optimal Path

Purpose:This study aims to provide a new framework for analyzing the path of technology diffusion in the innovation network at the regional level and industrial level respectively,which is conducive to the integration of innovation resources,the coordinated development of innovative subjects,and the improvement of innovation abilities.Design/methodology/approach:Based on the Z-Park patent cooperation data,we establish Inter-Enterprise Technology Transfer Network model and apply the concept of Pivotability to describe the key links of technology diffusion and quantify the importance of innovative partnerships.By measuring the topologically structural characteristics in the levels of branch park and the technosphere,this paper demonstrates how technology spreads and promotes overall innovation activities within the innovation network.Findings:The results indicate that:(1)Patent cooperation network of the Z-Park displays heterogeneity and the connections between the innovative subjects distribute extremely uneven.(2)Haidian park owns the highest pivotability in the IETTN model,yet the related inter-enterprise patent cooperation is mainly concentrated in its internal,failing to facilitate the technology diffusion across multiple branch parks.(3)Such fields as“electronics and information”and“advanced manufacturing”are prominent in the cross-technosphere cooperation,while fields such as“new energy”and“environmental protection technology”can better promote industrial integration.Research limitations:Only the part of the joint patent application is taken into account while establishing the patent cooperation network.The other factors that influence the mechanism of technology diffusion in the innovation network need to be further studied,such as financial capital,market competition,and personnel mobility,etc.Practical implications:The findings of this paper will provide useful information and suggestions for the administration and policy-making of high-tech parks.Originality/value:The value of this paper is to build a bridge between the massive amount of patent data and the nature of technology diffusion,and to develop a set of tools to analyze the nonlinear relations between innovative subjects.

Empirical Study of ＂Double Threshold＂ Modified Model on New Product Diffusion

The innovations actually diffuse among social network nowadays.Individual heterogeneity,interactions between individuals and network topology influence a lot.We established a "double threshold" modified model and took the number of neighbors,neighbors' adoption and the cost-benefit parameters as crucial influencing factors.The diffusion of DaLingTong(CDMA450)products in MeiShan city of SiChuan province during 2004 to 2007 has been used to verity the model on Matlab.The validation results fit the actual diffusion pattern of DaLingTong(CDMA450) products very well.The results indicate that there exists a "tipping point(threshold)" in the process of innovation diffusion.If the initial adoption quantity is larger than the tipping point,then the product will spread to a large portion of people,otherwise is will collapse to zero.The model can effectively predict the diffusion of new products,and can influence the diffusion process by changing the value of the parameters.

A look at the ASEAN-NDI: building a regional health R&D innovation network

Globally,there are growing efforts to address diseases through the advancement in health research and development(R&D),strengthening of regional cooperation in science and technology(particularly on product discovery and development),and implementation of the World Health Assembly Resolution 61.21(WHA61.21)on the Global Strategy and Plan of Action on Public Health,Innovation,and Intellectual Property(GSPA-PHI).As such,the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)is responding to this through the establishment of the ASEAN-Network for Drugs,Diagnostics,Vaccines,and Traditional Medicines Innovation(ASEAN-NDI).This is important in the ASEAN considering that infectious tropical diseases remain prevalent,emerging,and reemerging in the region.This paper looks into the evolution of the ASEAN-NDI from its inception in 2009,to how it is at present,and its plans to mitigate public health problems regionally and even globally.

An Information Fusion Model of Innovation Alliances Based on the Bayesian Network

To solve the problem of information fusion from multiple sources in innovation alliances, an information fusion model based on the Bayesian network is presented. The multi-source information fusion process of innovation alliances was classified into three layers, namely, the information perception layer, the feature clustering layer,and the decision fusion layer. The agencies in the alliance were defined as sensors through which information is perceived and obtained, and the features were clustered. Finally, various types of information were fused by the innovation alliance based on the fusion algorithm to achieve complete and comprehensive information. The model was applied to a study on economic information prediction, where the accuracy of the fusion results was higher than that from a single source and the errors obtained were also smaller with the MPE less than 3%, which demonstrates the proposed fusion method is more effective and reasonable. This study provides a reasonable basis for decision-making of innovation alliances.

Research on Influencing Factors of Innovation Network Performance of Industrial Enterprises above Designated Size in Nanjing Based on System Dynamics

Based on the method of system dynamics,this paper simulates the cycle of collaborative innovation network,involving enterprises,government,research institutions,and science and technology intermediaries from the perspective of capital flow.The results of model analysis show that among the influencing factors,the number of innovation achievements is the most complex variable,and the influence of patent elimination rate is the most significant.The number of Research and Development(R&D)projects is most sensitive to the positive impact of the number of technology intermediaries,and with the passage of time,this kind of effect gradually increases.At the same time,the total industrial assets are positively affected by the intensity of enterprise innovation investment,but there is about three years delay in this effect.

A Quad Model for Assessing Innovation Potential:Toward a Theory of Innovation Orchestration Quality

The study draws on the prevalent theories for orchestrating cross-organizational innovation and new knowledge development processes,and proposes a new,epistemic perspective for contextualizing innovation with two management dimensions,namely,innovation complexity and innovation orchestration preconditions.Innovation complexity concerns the indeterminacy or contingency of new knowledge,or new competence,to be pursued during the course of organizational innovation.Innovation orchestration preconditions refer to the contextual innovation prerequisites that should be well meshed with one another to provide a sufficiency for innovation success.The preconditions include innovation units’structures and connectivity,behavior,and convenorship.The two dimensions describe a context map-an antithetic quad model-to imply four innovation orchestration qualities,namely,coherence,cohesiveness,congruence,and concordance.Based on the quad model,the study sets forth a measurement of the four qualities,which can assess innovation potential.To corroborate the quad model and the corresponding quality measurements,the study discursively observes a cross-sectoral innovation project.The observation results evidence the multi-finality of the four qualities for innovation success.The results reveal that it is necessary for these four qualities to be managed temporally and dynamically at different stages of innovation,and reject a fallacy that any one of these qualities is more necessary than the others.The study posits that if innovation units can be convened in accordance with the four qualities,the likelihood of innovation success will be sufficiently increased.The study finally discusses theoretical and practical implications of orchestration and convenorship.

中国创新型大企业的城市间创新网络研究

Studies investigating innovation networks shaped by large innovative enterprises(LI-ENTs),which play a very important role in intercity diffusion of technology and knowledge,are rather thin on the ground.Using location information of LI-ENTs in China,we performed a headquarter-branch analysis to generate intercity innovation linkages and analyzed the patterns and dynamics of the generated network of knowledge diffusion.Although the network covers 353 cities across China,its spatial distribution is extremely uneven,with a few cities and city-dyads dominating the structure of the network.Furthermore,intercity linkages of innovation within and of urban agglomerations,as well as their central cities,stand out.With regard to network dynamics,the economic development level,innovation ability,and administrative level of cities,as well as the geographical,institutional,and technological proximity between cities are all found to have a positive impact on intercity linkages of innovations,whilst the impact of FDI on the national distribution of Chinese innovative enterprises is negative.Most importantly,the status of cities within the urban agglomeration exerts a significant positive effect in relation to the innovative enterprises’expansions,which reflects that the top-down forces of government and the bottom-up forces of market function together.

Development Trajectories in the Biotechnology Industry:China versus Leading Countries

The present paper examines China＇s biotechnology industry from a global perspective and explores how its development trajectory differs from that of countries that are leaders in biotechnology. We draw on diverse data to demonstrate the unique development trajectory of the industry in China. China has benefited through targeted spin-offs of R＆D-oriented foreign direct investment from developed countries driven by the effects of globalization, government-encouraged collaboration between the domestic academia and industry, and the input of overseas returnees. Together with an increasing focus of the government and domestic enterprises on independent innovation, such developments have enabled China to catch up with the global biotechnology industry. However, its small scale and low capacity for commercializing innovations under China ＂s current regulations and other barriers pose challenges for the development of the industry. Suggestions for the sustainable development of China＇s biotechnology industry are presented in this study.

An M-ALO-SVR Model to Predict Output of Industry-University-Research Collaboration Network in China

The output prediction of industry-university-research cooperation network is a prerequisite for optimization of network resource allocation and improvement of network innovation performance.Accurate prediction of network output can provide data for feedback systems,offermethods and reference to government macro-level control,and avoid resource wastes caused by improper input of capital and humans.In this paper,a prediction model based on Ant Lion Optimizer and Support Vector Regression is proposed.First,the M-ALO-SVR model was built.Then,Pareto function and regulatory factors were applied to accelerate the convergence of ALO-SVR optimization,improving the global search ability of the algorithm.Finally,the empirical research of the industry-university-research cooperation network was implemented,and simulation experiments were conducted with samples of China Statistical Yearbooks.The results show that the M-ALO-SVR model performs well in the innovation network output prediction.The predictive goodness of fit of the model reaches 99.7%,improved by 0.02%and 3.3%respectively compared with that of ALO-SVR model and SVM.The running time of the model is two seconds fewer than that of the ALO-SVR model.In addition,the optimizing function of the model converges at higher speed and its MSE is optimal.